^"s^^l i ^pEWYORKBpTANICALGABPi •ALIS VOLAT PRUPRIIS." EIGHTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE Board of Horticulture OF THE State of Oregon TO THE TWENTY-THIRD LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY [ REGULAR SESSION ] 1905 Lll'.k'ARY NBVV NORK BOTANICAL GARDBN SAI.EM, OREGON J. R. whitne:y, state printer 1905 v'.S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. REPORT OF PRESIDENT OF BOARD AND COMMISSIONER AT LARGE. To the Honorable, the Legislative Assembly of Oregon— Gentlemen : In conformity with the provisions of section 12, horticultural law of 1895, I respectfully submit the eighth bien- nial report of the State Board of Horticulture, embracing the years 1903 and 1904. E. L. Smith, : President of the Board. TO THE FRUIT GROWER. This report is sent to yon Avith the compliments of the board, trusting you may find something of personal interest to yon. For further information, kindly address the commissioner of your district, who will cheerfully answer all communications ap- pertaining to horticultural matters, and who will also visit you, and neighbors, if you so desire. The commissioner of your district will deem it a special favor if you will inform him of any orchards in your neighborhood which are infected, that the owners thereof may be counseled with, in order to cleanse and eradicate any insects on their premises. In order to avoid confusion and simplify matters, we have given only such sprays as we have found by personal experiments to be of any value and yet cover all insects and fungous diseases known to exist in Oregon. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. E.L.SMITH, ...---------- President W. K. NEWELL, ._.-.------- Treasurer GEO. H. LAMBERSON, _...------- Secretary Office: Portland, Oregon. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. state at large, E. L. SMITH, ...---------- Hood River first district, W. K. NEWELL, ..----_------ Dilley SECOND DISTRICT, CHAS. A. PARK, .___.-------- Salem THIRD DISTRICT, A. H. CARSON, ...._------- Grants Pass FOURTH DISTRICT, R. H. WEBER, ....-------- The Dalles FIFTH DISTRICT, JUDD GEER, ..._---------- C't>VE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES. FIRST DISTRICT, Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook Counties. SECOND DISTRICT, Lincoln, Marion, Polk, Benton, Linn, and Lane Counties. THIRD DISTRICT, Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake Counties. FOURTH DISTRICT, Morrow, Wasco, Gilliam, Crook, and Sherman Counties. FIFTH DISTRICT, Umatilla, Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney Counties. REPORT. I, I I - r. ■ \ r\ Y Ni:vv vokK bOlAMCAL UAUUliN In order to arrive at a better understanding as to the constitu- tion of the Board of Horticulture, I beg leave to incorporate in this report section 1 of the amendatory act of 1895: "Section 1. There is hereby created a Board of Horticulture, to consist of six members, who shall be appointed by board, consisting of the Governor, Sec- retary of State, and State Treasurer. One member of the said Board of Hor- ticulture shall represent the State at large and shall be the president and ex- ecutive officer of the Board, and one member shall be appointed to represent each of the five districts as hereby created, to-wit: (1) The First District, which shall comprise the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yam- hill. Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook; (2) the Sec- ond District, Avhich shall comprise the counties of Marion. Polk, Benton, Lincoln, Linn, and Lane; (3) the Third District, which shall comprise the counties of Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Jose- phine, Coos, Curry, and Lake; (4) the Fourth District, which shall comprise the counties of Wasco, Sherman, Morrow, Gilliam, and Crook; (5) the Fifth District, which shall comprise the coun- ties of Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Malheur, Harney and Grant." In order to understand the territoiy to be covered by the Com- missioners, I note the size, approximately, of their respective dis- tricts : The area of the First District exceeds 6,000 square miles. The area of the Second District exceeds 10,000 square miles. The area of the Third District exceeds 26,000 square miles. The area of the Fourth District exceeds 14,500 square miles. The area of the Fifth District exceeds 36,000 scinare miles. To illustrate : 8 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Commissioner Newell's district is about the size of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Commissioner Park's district about equals in area Maine and Delaware. Commissioner Carson of the Third District has a very respectable district as to area, corresponding to that of Connecticut, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Delaware. Commissioner Weber's Fourth District is about the size of Con- necticut, New Jersey, and Delaware. Commissioner Geer of the Fifth District has a nice, roomy dis- trict, equal to the combined area of Connecticut, Vermont, Mas- sachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Delaware. Our horticultural law requires that the Commissioner at Large shall visit each of these districts at least once a year, and that he shall personally inspect most of the orchards (presumably of the State) during the fruit-growing season. Your Commissioner can- didly confesses his inability to comply with this last provision, un- less your honorable body amend the act by very considerably lengthening the fruit-growing season. GENERAL CONDITIONS. For a better understanding as to the physical character of the fruit-growing sections of the State, the condition of this industry at the present time, and the detailed operations of the Board, you are respectfully refeiTcd to the reports of the Commissioners sub- mitted herewith. I beg leave, however, to briefly summarize: First District, Wilbur K. Neivell, C(ynimissioner . ]Mr. Newell finds the acreage, number of trees, and value of crop in the First District to be as follows: Apple Cht^Ty Peur Poach Prime I Plum j Grapes Strawberries . Blackberries. Currants CTOOsoberries Raspberries - Other Jruit. ... Nuts 6,437 870 921 289 7,775 189 683 296 72 60 200 Total value of crop for 1901 . No. of Ti-ees 77.5, HI S7,248 101,162 28,rj38 788,304 Value of Crop f90i 26,.577 14,116 90,000 00 30,000 00 20,000 00 20,000 00 40,000 00 .3.5,000 00 90,000 00 30,000 00 6,000 00 6.000 00 8,000 00 10,000 0(J $ 385,000 00 o> CO Report of Prf:sident and Commissioner at Large. 9 The prune is more largely cultivated in this district than any other fruit, and Commissioner Newell estimates the shortage for 190-4 as not less than 75 per cent. Orchards situated in the hilly sections of the district bore fairly well, while on the lower levels the crop was practically a failure. In a paper read before the Farmers' Congress at Salem on June iK 1902, the writer took occasion to say: "I often cast my eyes longingly to the foothills and to the timbered mountain slopes and benches that inclose this valley, and it requires no gift of prophecy to say that eventually your most valuable apple orchards will be found 500, 1,000, 2,000 feet above the valley, and from these higher elevations your longest-keeping apples will come." Upon other occasions we have emphasized the importance of water and cold air drainage, as both seek lowest levels, in selecting a site for an orchard. Mr. Newell notes the commendable enterprise of the fruitgrowers of Yamhill County, who have organized and built a cannery at Springbrook to utilize their surplus. There should be more of these factories manufacturing various commercial fruit products, as there is nothing that concerns the grower more than the dispo- sition of fruits that the market will not take at living prices. The commissioner gives a good account of the physical character of his district, and on the whole reports the fruit industry in a promising condition. Second District, Charles A. Park, Commissioner. This district includes the larger part of the Willamette Valley, and we regret that his report is so brief. In this district prunes and hops are the great horticultural products, the product of dried fruit in 1903 amounting to 10,000.000 pounds. The nursery interest is also largest in this district, growing an- nually more than 6,000,000 trees. Commissioner Park reports that Salem is the largest primary hop market in the world, and that during the year 1904 there were planted 16,050 acres. Connnissioner Park is manager of the well-known AVallace or- chard, situated in Polk County, and described in Conmiissioner Newell's report. We visited this orchard last September just as a shipment of 65 tons of Bartlett pears had been completed, and 10 Report of State Board of Horticulture. ether kinds were being harvested. We particularly admired a block of Spitzenburg apples of 35 acres, every tree laden with large, well- grown fruit. We learn that 10,000 boxes of No. 1 apples were sold from this orchard at $1.25 per box. We trust that the apple- growers of the Willamette Valley will take heart fn;m the splen- did results obtained from this orchard. Third District, A. H. Carson, Commissioner. Commissioner Carson always writes a full and complete report. He enjoys his work, and has had long experience in practical hor- ticulture. Jackson Coiuity, in this district, is the largest apple and peach- growing district in the State. Mr. Carson reports that the apple orchards of the Rogue River A^ alley have paid their owners from $100 to $500 per acre, the smaller amounts going to those who ex- ercised the least care in growing their crops. We note with great pleasure the rapid progress in this district, the value of fruits sold in the previous biennial term being $703,000, Avhile for the current one, 1903 and 1904, this amounted to $1,370,000, an in- crease of over 90 per cent. During the past two years 7,200 acres have been planted in the counties of Jackson, Josephine, and Douglas to young orchards, largely apples and pears. Anthracnose, or "dead spot," as it is more commonly called, has destroyed niunberless orchards in Western and Southern Ore- gon, and it is only within the past three years that we have learned how to combat this dreaded fungus effectively. Commissioner Car- son's description of the Eisman Brothers' orchard in Josephine County and the accompanying photograph, showing the condition of the trees before and after treatment, afford a striking object les- son. We visited this orchard in company with ^li\ Carson in Sep- tember last, and found the trees making a vigorous growth, foliage and bark in healthy condition, the new growth fast growing over the disfiguring wounds made by the anthracnose. The trees were laden with an abundant crop of large, clean, well-colored Spitzen- burg and Newtowns. Seven thousand boxes were sold from this orchard the present season at $1.50 per box, $10,500. and 3,000 boxes remain unsold. The value of Eisman Brothers' apple crop this year, resulting from the treatment given under the superin- Report of President and Commissioner at Large. 11 tendency of CommLssiouer Carson, exceeds in amount the entire cost of the Board of Horticulture for the current biennial period. Your Commissioner at Large cannot leave this subject without acknowledging his great indebtedness and that of the fruitgrowers of Oregon to Prof. A. B. Cordley, of our Experiment Station at Corvallis, for giving us the life history of this destructive fungus, and consequently its vulnerable points of attack. This valuable bulletin was reprinted in the Sixth Biennial Report of this Board. Fourth District, B. H. Weber,, Commissioner. Mr. Weber reports conditions as highly satisfactory in his dis- trict, and large planting of fruit trees during the current biennial period— chiefly apples in the Hood River and Mosier sections, Avhile cherries and peaches predominated in the vicinity of The Dalles. He estimates the value of the fruit harvest in the Hood River Valley for the season of 1904 to be $275,000. The Mosier section is rapidly increasing its fruit production, and the past sea- son shipped 12,000 boxes of apples, 1,000 crates of strawberries, 3,000 crates of cherries, and 280 tons of plums and pnines. The Dalles section produced 1,000 tons of fresh prunes, 150 tons of plums, 50 tons of cherries, 40,000 boxes of apples, and 35,000 boxes of peaches. Quinces, grapes and melons are also largely grown. Not 5 per cent of fruit lands in this district are now in use for that purpose. The approximate value of all fruits grown in the Fourth District in the season of 1904 is $500,000. Fifth District, Jucld Gecr, Commissioner. This district is situated in the eastern part of the State, and consequently is in the arid and semi-arid belt. It is natural, there- fore, that I\rr. Geer should emphasize the great value of irrigation. Lie writes : " It is fo me one of the most astonishing things in na- ture to witness the white, arid, sag-ebrush land, and adjoining it to see fields green with alfalfa, acres of melons and tomatoes, and orchards laden with fruit. ' ' We are glad to know that the General Government proposes to reclaim vast areas of these sagebrush lands in Malheur and Umatilla Counties at no distant date. Mr. Geer estimates that not 1 per cent of lands adapted to fruitgrowing in the Fifth District are in use for that purpose. Cherries do exceedingly well in many portions of the district, 12 Keport of State Board op Horticulture. the favorite varieties being Black Republican, Royal Ann, Bing, and Lambert; and as they ripen after the markets are bare of Cali- fornia stocks, they command a good price. The commissioner calls attention to the proper thinning of fruit and first-class packing in order to realize the highest prices in the markets. walnut-growing. Commissioner Newell, in his report, discusses to some extent the subject of walnut-growing, and in the appendix will be found an interesting paper by Mr. J. B. Pilkington relative to this branch of horticulture. Your Commissioner at Large has also given this industry consid- <.-rable attention. Conditions in Oregon, particularly in the Wil- lamette section, are especially favorable for the growing of English Avalnuts, and that instead of paying out annually several hundred dollars for nuts, we ought in a few years to be exporting them. In a recent ti-ip through Southern California we saw several hundred acres of these beautiful trees, and was informed that no branch of fruitgrowing is more profitable. In some sections, however, it was said that the nuts failed to fill for want of sufficient moisture. The walnut is a great feeder, thrives at times in indifferent soils, but moisture must not be lacking. Trees planted in Oregon 15 and 20 years ago bear nuts of larger size and better quality than the imported ones. A few years ago we all planted prunes ; this year we ai^e running to hops, but next year it will be walnuts. A word of caution may not be amiss. Do not plant walnuts until you have thoroughly in- vestigated the subject, as success will depend largely on the variety and generation of the trees you plant. I believe that it is a well- attested fact that a second generation tree will bear larger nuts than either the first or third or fourth generation. It follows, therefore, that your trees should be budded or grafted from cions or buds taken from a second generation tree. Again, seedlings grown from nuts however excellent in themselves, may prove unsatisfac- tory from the fact that the flowers from which they were grown had been pollenized by an inferior variety growing in the vicinity. Chestnuts also grow well in Oregon, and it is the writer's opinion that improved American varieties like the Paragon are to be pre- ferred to those coming from Europe, Report of President and Commissioner at Large. 13 MARKETS. There were many more apples grown in the United States in 1904 than in 1903, and consequently the demand for the common grades has not been so strong. The bright, high-colored, high-qualitj' product always commands a good price whether at home or abroad. California was short in apples this year, but a low transportation rate brought large quantities from Colorado, and largely supplied the demand. Oregon Spitzenburgs go largely to New York, and Newtowns to Europe, where they have been selling this fall as high as 14 shillings per box. Our growers are beginning to learn that the best prices and the perfect pack can be secured through or- ganization. What to do with our surplus and second grades is the vital ques- tion. Given as low a trans-Pacific rate as obtained in San Fran- cisco the past year, we can unload enormous quantities in Asia, but in the absence of such a rate we must find at least partial relief through fruit-preserving factories. insect pests. No especially dangerous pests have appeared in this State to my knowledge during the past two years. The ravages of the codlin moth can be reduced to about 10 per cent. The San Jose scale con- tinues to enlarge its territory, and as it lives upon the willow, the rose, and the thorn, and other native shrubs, it can never be wholly eradicated by artificial means. If ever exterminated it must be by some insect or parasitic enemy, and the General Government is experimenting in that direction. The orchardist can, however, hold it in check by once, annually, thoroughly spraying with lime and sulphur. Repeated tests demonstrate that salt adds little or nothing to the value of the compound, and can be eliminated from the formula. The larger orchardists, ever alive to their interests, will take care of the pest on their own premises. It is the owner of a few trees, who is not prepared to spray, and does not spray, and as a result this miserable pest is being diffused over the whole country, and even some of our nurseries have become involved. If we would protect our fruit industry, and we have none more prom- ising, we must wage an active and annual campaign against the San Jose scale, and the query arises, Who will do this and who will pay for it ? and this leads to a discussion of our present 14 Report of State Board of Horticulture. horticultural system. The Legislature appropriates $4,500 to pay the annual expenses 01 our State Board of Horticulture, and the financial exhibit of the Secretary of the Board, which accompanies this report, will show lidw the fund is distributed. Out of this fund must be deducted the Secretaiy's salary, $900, and the incidental expenses of his office, the printing of bulletins, transportation, expenses in attending semiannual meetings of the Board, as provided by law, postage, etc., and in alternate years must pay for the half-tone illustrations and the paper on which they are printed, and. in addition, for 2,000 copies of the biennial report, in order that there may be an ade- quate number to supply the fruitgrower, agricultural, and horti- cultural organizations. What is left of the appropriation (about ■what one qualified man ought to receive) is divided among six com- missioners to investigate, to educate, and to police some 96,000 square miles of territory. On a preceding page I have pointed out tlie immense area of our horticultural districts, the smallest as large as an Eastern State, the largest equal in size to a half dozen of them. All that a commissioner can do is to make hurried visits to fruit centers with little time for inspection, and none to see that his notices for disinfection are complied with. Our quarantine laws need but little change; we do, however, need to enforce them, and in order to do this we must enlarge our horticultural system. The want of our fruit industry at the present time is thorough and general inspection and enforcement of our laws made for its protection. In 1902 our State Horticultural Society appointed a committee to go to Salem and present a bill appropriating the modest sum of $1,500 to pay the expenses of a deputy inspector at Portland, and other towns where fruit is sold or shipped, with the result that the Legislature struck out the appropriation, and then. I believe, passed the bill, and as a consequence we still eat trash and demoralize our markets, to the disgust of the man who cares f(;r his orchard and raises clean fruit. I regret to say that Oregon is far behind her neighbors in the protection of the fruit industry. Let us examine their methods. The State of Washington has a eonnnissioner at large whose offi- cial residence is at Tacoma. He is paid a salary of $2,000 per an- num; incidental expenses, $1,000; office rent and printing of bul- Report of President and Commissioner at Large. 15 ietins, $1,000; clerk hire, $700; fruit exhibit at Tacoma, $300. In addition to this, Washington has a county inspector for each county. This inspector is nominated by the county horticultural society, and must have a certificate of qualification from the state commissioner at large, and is appointed by the county commis- sioners and paid $4 a day while in actual service. He may be re- moved by petition of the county horticultural society and the state commissioner for neglect of duty. He reports to the state connnis- sioner, who fixes the value of his services to the paid by the county. TliG State of Calif omia. Up to 1903 California had a state board of horticulture, consisting of nine commissioners, one for each district and one for the state at large. In that year it repealed that law and created in lieu the office of state commissioner of horticul- ture with a salary of $250 per month, $1,500 for traveling expenses, $1,500 for clerk, and $500 for office rent. He may appoint a deputy with a compensation of $200 per month. In addition to the com- missioner at large, California has county boards, consisting of three commissioners each. It is made mandatory for the county supervisors of a county to appoint three commissioners on the pe- tition of 25 resident fruitgrowers. The county board may appoint ti deputy inspector, who receives $2.50 a day for actual service, and the compensation of the commissioners is $4 a day. They may aiso subdivide the county into districts and appoint a deputy for each subdivision. The commissioner at large is ex-offtcio member of county boards, and all reports are made to him. It is made the duty of the state printer to furnish the commissioner at large with all the printed matter that he may require, and of the secretary of state to furnish his office with all necessary stationery. The state of Idaho has a state board of horticultural inspection, consisting of five members, three of whom are appointed by the governor, the other two being the director of the experiment sta- tion, and professor zoology of the State University. The president and secretary shall be selected from members of the board. The state board shall appoint a state horticultural in- spector, and fix his salary. They shall also divide the state into not more than 10 districts, and the state inspector shall appoint, sub- ject to the confirmation of the board, a horticultural inspector for each district. District inspectors must be practical horticulturists. They shall 16 Report of State Board of Horticulture. receive a compensation of $5 per day, and shall be paid out of the general fund of the state in warrants drawn by the state auditor, only after bills presented for service have been audited and ap- proved by the secretary and majority of the members of the state board of horticultural inspection. From the foregoing you will see that Washington and Califor- nia have, in addition to a state commissioner, county inspectors whose compensation is paid by the county, and in this manner they are able to guard their fruit industiy with the greatest vigilance, that under our present system is not and cannot be done. Your Commissioner at Large, after giving this subject serious considera- tion, respectfully but earnestly recommends : That you enact legislation providing for the appointment by the county commissioners of the several counties of our State a county inspector of horticulture ; that said inspector shall be appointed on the petition of not less than 25 actual fruitgrowers in the county where said petition is presented, together with a certificate of quali- fication from the horticultural commissioner of the district in Avhich the county is situated; and fuilher. that the compensation of said inspector shall be a county charge ; and further, that the inspector shall report montlily to said State Commissioner, who shall determine the value of the service rendered, not exceeding per day; and further, that it shall be the duty of the State Commissioner to educate and instruct said inspector as to the laws and quarantine regulations of the State and as to the duties to be performed by him ; and further, that an inspector may be removed for negligence or incompetency, on the petition of a like number of fruitgrowers and the approval of the State District Commis- sioner by the county commissioners after due hearing; and further, ij' any county for any reason fails to appoint an inspector, then the inspector of an adjacent county may perform such service, and his compensation shall be a charge against the county where such service is performed. It is quite immaterial to your Commissioner whether the State Board is abolished and a state commissioner created in lieu thereof. The expense to the State will be about the same, and I am inclined to the opinion that a State District Commissioner would be in nearer touch and could supervise the work f)f the county inspectors more readily than a commissioner at large. Report of President and Commissioner at Large. 17 If it was known that Portland and otlier market towns had an inspector who would not permit diseased, damaged, and infested fruit to be offered for sale, it will stimulate our growers to raise a better quality of fruit and to build preserving factories in our large fruit sections. It will encourage the careful, intelligent fruit- grower, and it will drive the careless, negligent one out of business. This system will clean up the orchards of Oregon and popularize the most intelligent methods. It will multiply orchards, advance land values, build homes, and give our State a yet greater reputa- tion for the superior quality of her fruits. Did we not all rejoice when, at Buffalo, Oregon received the highest award for her ex- hibit, and again a little later at St. Louis, where our fruits were awarded 127 medals'? And, better yet, the only county in the United States receiving a grand prize was an Oregon county. Respectfully submitted, E. L. Smith, President of Board and Commissioner at Large. Hood River, Oregon, December, 1904. HOR. 18 Report of State Board of Horticulture. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER FIRST DISTRICT. I'o the President and Members of the State Board of Hortieulture. I herewith submit my biennial report for the term ending: Sep- tember 30, 1904. The First Horticultural District comprises the counties of INIultnomah, Clackamas, Wash- ington, Yamhill, Columbia, Clatsop, and Til- lamook. The five eonnties first named are splendidly adapted to all kinds of fruit com- monly gTown in the temperate zone, and the other two, though not strictly first-class fruit-growing localities, are still capable of great development in this line, particularly iu the matter of growing small fi'uits, ber- ries, etc. All of these counties are more or less monn- tainons, comprising the northern part of the Willauiette Valley, with the numerous small valleys tributary thereto, and a long; stretch of country along the coast. The soil of the valleys is allu- vial of most all grades that can be classed under that general title, in some places a little gravelly, in others sandy or loamy, in still others a deep black soil locally known as "beaverdam." The foot- hills, and even the highest mountains, save in the few places where rock croi)s (Uit, are a fertile clay loaui. The native trees comprise an innnense number of varieties, but by far the most common and most valuable is the Douglas spruce, connnonly called the Doug- las fir. Many of the valleys have valuable tracts of ash, and the southern part of Clackamas and the larger part of Yamhill coun- ties contain considerabh^ (luantities of oak timber. At the present time the principal commercial orchards are in Yamhillj Washington, Multnomah, western Clackamas, and north- ern Columbia counties, the principal berry and small-fruit farms in ^Multnomah and the eastern parts of Washington and Yamhill counties, and grapes in western Washington, and in ^Multnomah, near Portland. However, there is nothing in climatic or soil con- Report of Commissioner First District. 19 ditions to prevent the extension of the growth of any or all of these fruits over practically the entire district. Not 5 per cent of the available fiiiit land of the district has yet been used for that ]')nrpose. Estimating as nearly as possible, though, of course, it cannot be claimed to be very accurate, the acreage of the different fruits in the different counties is about as follows : Apple Fear Cherry Peach Prune) Plum i Grapes Strawberries Blackberries Currants Gooseberries Raspberries- Clackamas 2,200 275 261 143 2,543 58 140 37 12 8 20 MtiUnamah 845 197 227 29 800 20 400 190 48 26 118 Washington Yamhill 1,305 130 100 31 1,074 100 40 6 3 4 8 1,407 145 193 72 3,01S 9 86 45 4 16 28 Oulumbia 355 56 77 6 260 2 5 4 3 3 15 Clatsop 190 12 8 1 40 Tillamook 135 6 4 1 10 10 7 1 I' The total number of trees of standard and miscellaneous fruits is about as follows : Apple I'herry Peach Pear Prune ) Plum J y people who are engaged exclusively in this bi-anch of horticulture, and the Oregon prune, the way it has been prepared Por the market, has fomid favor with the trade, and it is indeed a beautiful and delicious fruit. The apple responds quickly and profitably to all who give their trees the proper attention. The beautiful red apple of Oregon, that did so much to court favor of the world, was first raised in the Willamette Valley, and we are happy to say that other sections of the State have found that they, too, can grow the blushing beauties. Among the varieties of cherries we would mention as foremost the Royal Ann, Bing. and Lambert as excellent varieties of this fruit. Do we have no pests to destroy and injure our fruit? Yes, as a rule, we have all of them. Without them the horticulturist could rejoice in no victory, and fruit would be of little commercial value. One of the chief pests of the apple is the codlin moth, and I have found in my District that apples grown west of the summit of the Coast Range are free from this pest. Why this territory has not been invaded I cannot say. A great deal of nursery stock is grown in the Second District. In 1903 there was 421 acres planted to nursery stock, upon which was raised 5,500,000 trees. In 1904 there was 475 acres planted to nursery stock and 6.300,000 trees. All of the nurseries are well equipped with facilities for taking care of their nursery stock, and all of the stock is young and clean. I wish to incorporate in my report a few facts concerning the hop industry, which comes under the jurisdiction of this Board. During the present year there has been planted to hops in this District 16,050 acres, which produced approximately 900 pounds per acre. Salem, in Marion County, is the largest primary liop market in the United States. Respectfully yours, Charles A. Park, Commissioner Second District. Report of Commissioner Third District. 27 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER THIRD DISTRICT. To' the Honorable President (uid Members of the State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : I respectfully submit the following report for the biennial year ending September 30, 1904, in regard to the horti- cultural industry of the Third Horticultural District : The Third District embraces Coos, Curry, Douglas, Josephine, Jackson, Lake, and Klamath Counties, all southern counties of the State, beginning at the Pacific and run- ning thence east along the northern Califor- nia line to the western boundary of the State of Idaho. All of these counties are mountainous, with large and small valleys, with rolling foothills, with various soils, such as alluvial along the rivers and creek bot- toms, red loam and ashy granite on the foothills. The alluvial soils along the rivers and creeks are of inexhaustible richness, as the winter rains bring down from the highest levels plant food that is constantly renewing these soils, and as a rule they are sub-irrigated, and any kind of a crop planted in them yields bountifully. These were the first soils settled on and im- proved by the pioneers of Oregon. Subsequent settlers took up homesteads on the foothills, and where possible built ditches and conducted the waters of the streams to their farms, and by that means made these foothills very pro- ductive. With water it was found that the foothill lands were as productive as the alluvial soils; that these foothill soils contained rich plant food when the same could be watered. Of the seven counties in the Third District, only three at the present time are engaged in horticultural pursuits in a commercial sense, to wit: Douglas, Josephine and Jackson. "28 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Coos and Curry, both coast counties, are largely engaged in the dairy business. Lake and Klamath Counties, in southeastern Ore- gon, owing to the vast ranges of bunch grass on the mountains, and the .wonderful yield of alfalfa in the valleys, are principally devoted to stockraising. The want of railroad facilities has re- tarded their horticultural development. The soils and climatic conditions of these counties are favorable to horticultural development, and it will be but a short time until the great profits from apple-growing will engage the attention of the people of these four counties, as railroads are now being built into these counties. To describe by counties the value and extent of lands adapted to horticultural pursuits in the Third District I find is impossible. The area of such lands is so vast that an estimate of the acreage and value would be mere guesswork and of little practical value. It is not unreasonable for me to say that at the present not 10 per cent of the lands of the seven counties of the Third District adapted to horticultural pursuits are planted and devoted to the industry. To approximate the value of horticultural land, there are bearing apple orchards in the Rogue River Valley that for the past three years have paid their owners $600 an acre. It must be understood not all bearing apple orchards in the Rogue River Valley during that time have paid their o\^Taers that sum per acre, as there are orchards that have only paid $150 to $200 per acre. These men who derived the less amount per acre from their orchards, so far as soil and age of orchard are concerned, had equal opportunity with the men who made $600 per acre ; but many lit- tle details, such as thinning out their fruit at the proper time, the neglect to spray for the moth, etc., lessened their profits. The profits, greater or less, is purely a question of personality, a love of the business, and to do things, and not drift. That the Third District has greatly improved in horticultural pursuits during the past two years, for comparative purposes I sub- mit the gross value of f imits sold in 1901 and 1902 : Apples, boxes Pears, boxes Prunes, pounds cured Apples, pounds dried Peaches, pounds Small fruits, berries, etc., crates— _ Gross value for the two years. 300,000 ItiO.OOO 8,000,000 200,000 130,000 50,000 S . 703,000 00 Report of Commissioner Third District. 2£^ For 1903 and 1904, the following is a careful estimate for those years : 1903 1904 Apples, boxes Pears, boxes Prunes, pounds cured Peaclies, boxes, 20 pounds each. Small fruits, crates Gross value Apples, boxes Pears, boxes Prunes, pounds cured Peaches, boxes, 20 pounds each- Small fruits, crates Gross value 300,000 120,000 7,000,000 10,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 3,000,000 250,000 75,000 Total gross value for 1903-1901. 040.000 00> 760,000 00 9 1,390,000 OO' By comparing the gross value of the output of 1901 and 1902 with 1903 and 1904, it will be seen that the value has increased in two years $587,000. This, notwithstanding in 1903, our peach crop was nearly a failure, and in 1904 our prune crop was not over 35 per cent of a normal crop. This increase in value the past two years is due to the fact that many new orchards have come into bearing, and growers, by thinning out their fruitj and better culti- vation and spraying, have grown a higher grade of fruit that com- mands better prices in the markets. For the years 1903 and 1904, the several counties of the District produced the following amount of fruit: Jackson County Douglas County Apples, boxes Pears, boxes Prunes, pounds cured Peaches, boxes Sinall fruits, crates Apples, boxes Pears, boxes Prunes, pounds cured Peaches, boxes Small fruits, crates Josephine County— Apples, boxes -.. Pears, boxes Prunes, pounds- Peaches, boxes. Small fruits, crates 500,000- 100,000 1,000,000 150,000 .50,000 125,000 80,000 8,750,000 130,000 50,000 75,000 20,000- 250,000 30,000 25,000- The above estimates are made from careful data gathered through the years 1903-4 for the three counties above tabulated that are engaged in commercial fruitgrowing. From the best data I am able to obtain, Coos, Curry, Lake, and Klamath Counties produce more than enough apples, prunes, and small fruits, such as strawberries, blackberries, etc., for domestic 30 Report of State Board of Horticulture. use; and Coos and Curiy export to California markets about 5,000 boxes of apples annually. From the foregoing estimates it will be observed that the hor- ticultural industry' of the Third District is in a healthy condition and rapidly expandins:. During 1903 and 1904 were planted in Jackson County about 4 000 acres of apples and peai^s. During the same period Douglas County planted 1,500 acres in apples and pears, and Josephine County about 200 acres in apples, making a total of 7,200 acres of new orchards for the two years. From present horticultural production, and only 10 per cent of the land adapted to fruitraising planted in the District, the magni- tude of the industry in a few years Avill be large. The great profits derived from apple and pear-growing is from year to year stimulating the planting of new orchards. I estimate that Jackson County will plant 3,000 acres to apple and pear trees next winter, Douglas County 2,000 acres, and Jo- sephine 500 acres. Irrigation is becoming a factor in successful apple-growing in this District. In all cases where pumping plants have been put in, and apple and pear orchards irrigated, the profits from the orchards have doubled. Gasoline is found to be a cheap and effective power, and will be largely used in one or two years more. Where water for pumping cannot be had from running streams or lakes, wells are dug, and with tunnels to create reservoirs, an abundance of water can be developed on any 40-acre tract to ir- rigate it. At the present, the future of fruitgrowing in the Third District is bright, and promises to become one of the greatest industries o-f Southern Oregon. Climate and soil being congenial to the apple and pear, and the markets of the IMiddle West and Atlantic States, together with the European demand for our Yellow Newtowns, and the Oriental trade that can be had, stimulates men of capital to plant out large orchards as an investment. Our present production of fruits by comparison will look very small to what it will be 10 years hence. Report of Commissioner Third District. 31 field work. Uurinj; the past two years I have visited and inspected 225 orchards, varyino' from one acre to 350 acres in size. I always found the owners glad to welcome me, and all were pleased with the advice and encouragement I suggested as to the best methods of cultivating, pruning, and spraying their orchards. In all cases where I found want of practical knowledge as to in- sect pests and fungus diseases, I taught the owners how to identify the pests or disease, the remedies for the same, and urged their use. Each fall I have inspected eight nurseries within the District, and in all cases found them healthy and free of insect pests. During the winters (jf 1902-3-4, have inspected approximately 250,000 nursery trees iinported from other states. In nearly all cases found these imported trees healthy and free of pests. In only two instances did I have to order disinfection, which was done. Have mailed and distributed 500 volumes of the Seventh Bien- nial Report of the Board to fruitgrowers within the District. Have received and answered 325 letters from fruitgrowers on al- most every' subject pertaining to the fruit industry. Have received and answered 70 letters from residents of Min- nesota, Wisconsin, ^Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, each de- siring specific information in regard to price of lands in Oregon adapted to fruit-growing, profits, etc. ; also one letter from Auck- land, New Zealand, and one from Pago Pago, Samoan Islands, both asking for information as to fruit lands. During the packing season each fall I have visited and inspected all of the packing houses in the District. In all cases found the packers alive and alert, superintending their help, rejecting dis- eased and infected fruit, and destroying the same. The care of the packers in packing clean fruit has done much for Oregon fruits in giving them a reputation abroad. APPLE TREE ANTHRACNOSE. Through the able investigation and study of this fungus by Prof. A. B. Cordley, of the Oregon Agricultural College at Corvallis, Oregon, whose bulletin covering this subject was published on page 405 of the Sixth Biennial Report of this Board, I am con- 32 Report of State Board of Horticulture. fident this fungus, which so seriously threatened apple-growing: in Western and Southern Oregon the past few years, can he controlled if Prof. Cordley's suggestions and advice given in that bulletin are energetically followed. Prof. Cordley is without doubt the first entomologist to correctly describe the fungus and suggest to the apple-grower a practical remedy. That his investigation and study of the fungus is of practical value to the apple-growers of Southern Oregon. I take pleasure in recording. Eisman Brothers own an apple orchard of 35 acres near Grants Pass, which, in 1901, was so badly diseased with anthracnose that they were about to dig it up. Every tree in the orchard was diseased with the fungus. Nearly half of the tops of the trees were dead or dying. The vitality of the orchard was so low that it did not produce apples enough to pay expenses. The brothers worked faithfully cutting out dead spots and dead wood during early spring months, but the fungus continued to increase. At my suggestion Eisman Brothers began spraying with bor- deaux early in the fall before the leaves were off the trees, as sug- gested in Prof. Cordley's bulletin. The benefits of their first fall spraying were very pronounced. The spring following showed but very little new tissue affected with the fungus. It was evident the early fall spraying had caught the spores of the fungus as they began germinating and destroyed them. Eisman Brothers followed up their spraying in the fall of 1902-3, and today their orchard is very vigorous and free of the fungus. As a reward for the energy and pluck of the brothers, this year (1904) their orchard has produced 10,000 boxes of as fine, clean, healthy four-tier apples as were ever grown in any apple district in the United States. From this crop they sold 7,000 boxes, four-tier. Yellow New- town and Spitzenburg, at $1.50 per box, $10,500 worth of apples, and have 3,000 boxes of Ben Davis and Winesaps left that will bring them from $1 to $1.25 per box. William Hellwell, of Yoncalla, in Douglas County, had the same result with fall spraying for anthracnose as had by Eisman Brothers. - »sttV')?y {■■■ \K > ' V A^ i^\ A . ■' h' 1- .A ■■^~s^ / '^1^5 *- ," *^-*v^-v^<- E o M m o n c T c o « c O c ■n V ■4-> c m a. ■a re o O >> o Report of Commissioner Third District. 33 There can be no question but that early fall spraying with bor- deaux will destroy the fungus anthracnose, known locally as "canker," "dead spot," or "black spot." San Jose scale and other insect pests continue to compel the at- tention of all fruit men. With modern spraying rigs, and knowledge of tried remedies, these pests are now regarded only an incident in the growing of a fruit crop. A. H. Carson, Commissioner Third District. HOR. 3 34 Report of State Board of Horticulture. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER FOURTH DISTRICT. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture — Gentlemen : Again I appear before you fully prepared to chronicle a most satisfactory and successful condition of the fruit industry in the Fourth District. Though weather conditions were at times very dis- couraging, trying even the mettle of the most seasoned veterans in the business, and though the early prospects were veiled with much uncertainty, the final chapter is, neverthe- less, one of complete success and entire sat- faction. While ours is a rich soil and splendid cli- mate, weather and soil conditions alone will not produce a profitable crop. It is essential that orchardists be ever on the alert; now cultivating, now spray- ing, now pruning and thinning their fruit. Thorough cultivation is, of course, one of the necessities to suc- cess in orcharding, and in our semi-arid climate no system produces better results than shallow plowing in early spring, which should be followed immediately with a thorough harrowing, sufficient to break up all the clods, leaving the surface finely pulverized. After the ground has been thus put in good shape, a common drag har- row run over it at intervals of 10 days to two weeks will create suf- ficient dust mulch to retain moisture as well as to keep the weeds in check. In my orchard work, I confine myself almost entirely to plow and drag harrow, having practically discarded all other kinds of tools. Armed with a copy of the Spray Bulletin issued by this Board for a manual, a first-class spray pump loaded with the proper so- lution, discharged according to directions, the fruitgrower is fully equipped to wage sanguinary and successful war against his nu- merous insect enemies. Report of Commissioner Fourth District. 35 Closer attention must, however, be given by some growers not only to the correct and proper preparation of the different solu- tions recommended, but also to the time of application, as only by following directions carefully can desired results and complete success be obtained. Much less failure to successfully combat insect pests of all kinds would be reported if, instead of the half-hearted and desultory fashion now in vogue with some growers, they would give more at- tention to details, and the prompt and thorough application of the remedies recommended. I deem it needless here to repeat any of the recipes recommended by the Board, as the bulletins containing them are within the easy reach of all interested parties. Some complaint has reached me about the inefficiency of the remedy recommended by the Board for combating the San Jose scale. Upon looking into these cases I find that either the com- plainant's orchard is on a creek bottom, near willows growing along the stream, or in close proximity to an orchard infested with the insects, and whose owner is negligent of his duty. Where the former is true, relief can be had only by removing the brush on which the insects feed and breed, but where orchards are infested, and spraying is neglected by their owners, I make it my duty to have the nuisance abated by a thorough spraying of the infested trees. Settings of new orchards have been very extensive in this District during the last planting season, apples predominating, particu- larly in Hood River and Hosier, while at The Dalles and other sections of the District, cherries and peaches were very largely set out. An idea as to the extent and growth of the fruit industry may be formed from the amount of our exports, which this year will exceed $20,000,000, as against $3,000,000 in 1894 and $2,000,000 in 1884, a gain of over $17,000,000 in 10 years' time. A very healthy growth, indeed. Hood River Valley leads in the production of apples in this Dis- trict, and has at this time about 3,000 acres in apple orchards, which is about 10 per cent of the available land suitable for this fruit in the valley. This year's apple crop amounts to practically 100,000 boxes, and is valued at $125,000. Strawberries yielded 36 Report of State Board of Horticulture. heavier than ever before, and fully 100,000 crates of this luscious fruit were shipped, which brought the growers about $135,000. About 1,200 acres are now devoted to strawberry culture in the valley. Pears do exceptionally well here, though as yet they re- ceive but scant attention ; only about four carloads were put on the market from here this year. I am convinced, however, that pear culture will, in the near future, receive more attention, as par- ticularly the heavier soils are splendidly adapted to the production of high-grade fruit of this variety. Besides the above, cherries and blackberries are quite extensively grown here. The approxi- mate value of the Hood River fruit crop will this year reach the magnificent sum of $275,000. Hosier is also steadily forging ahead as a fruit center, and is fast making a reputation as a shipping point for fancy apples, cherries, prunes, and strawberries. This year about 12,000 boxes of apples, valued at $12,000, will be shipped from here. Further, we find that 1,000 crates of strawberries were marketed at an average price of $2.25 per crate, or $2,250 for the crop ; 3,000 crates of cherries at 60 cents per crate, $1,800 ; 250 tons prunes, $3,750 ; 30 tons plums, $500. There are at present about 300 acres devoted to apples and 10 acres to strawberries, which is about 10 per cent of the available area suitable for fruit culture in the territory com- prising the Hosier country. The fruit crop at The Dalles was exceptionally heavy this year, and all the numerous varieties of fruit grown here yielded abun- dantly. In point of quantity, prunes are in the lead. The yield of these was about 1,000 tons, value $15,000. Fifty carloads of the above have found their way, in the fresh state, to eastern markets, principally New York. Further, we have here 150 tons of plums, value $2,250 ; 40,000 boxes apples, value $30,000. I will state here that the apparent disparity in the value of Hood River apples and those grown at Hosier and The Dalles is attributable to the larger per cent of Yellow Newtown Pippin, and Spitzenburg grown at the former place, which, selling at a higher price than other va- rieties, naturally increases the average. Easily 50 tons of cherries found a ready market at The Dalles canneries at $80 per ton, and fully 35,000 boxes of peaches were disposed of by the gi'owers in this section; value about $15,000. Peaches attain wonderful perfection in the soils of this locality. Report of Commissioner Fourth District. 37 Apricots of large size and excellent flavor are produced in ever- increasing quantities. Quinces, too, are largely produced, while grapes grow luxuriantly on the south and east exposures of our more hilly soils. Not to exceed 5 per cent of the available area suitable to fruit culture tributary to The Dalles is at this time de- voted to this industry. The approximate value of the entire fruit crop of the Fourth District this season is $500,000. Other sections of this District will soon be heard from as pro- ducers of large quantities of various kinds of fruits. Much of the arid land along the south bank of the Columbia River is only awaiting the magic touch of irrigation to be turned from its pres- ent desert state into a broad oasis producing bounteously most luscious peaches, grapes, and other varieties of fruit. Efforts now being made at Trrigon, IMorrow County, are ample evidence that with sufficient moisture, artificially administered, these lands will yield abundantly. Much valuable fruit land in this district now remains unde- veloped from lack of transportation facilities, but the several rail- roads now building, and others contemplated, Avill be a great in- centive to the development of the industry in many favorable sections. In the year 1905, Avhen thousands of our transcontinental cousins will visit our fair State to take a look at the Lewis and Clark Ex- position in Portland, the acknowledged hub of the Pacific North- west, special efforts should be made by the fruitgrowers to produce a crop of unexcelled quality to fully demonstrate to our visitors the superior advantages possessed by Oregon and the Pacific Northwest in the lines of horticulture for the production of the greatest variety of high-grade fruit in the temperate zone. Respectfully submitted, R. H. Weber, Commissioner Fourth District. DO Report of State Board of Horticulture, KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER FIFTH DISTRICT. Cove, Oregon, September 30, 1904. To the President of the State Board of Horticulture— The following is a brief report of the work done in the Fifth District during the biennial term ending September 30, 1904: My district comprises the counties of Uma- tilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Grant, ]\Ial- heur, and Harney. For one to give a good and true report of a country so diversified is no easy task. The territory is a difficult one to cover, many parts of it being somewhat isolated and necessitating long drives over a mountainous country. Nor can I always time my visits so as to see a county when inspection ^vill do the most good. Places, like people, are sometimes at their best, and all look fair and bounteous; again, adverse conditions may rule for a time, and one would hardly recognize it as the same place. THE HOME orchard. For convenience, I would divide the orchards in my District into two classes— the home orchard and the commercial orchard. Of course, there are 50 growers of the home orchard to one of the other, and I would gladly give them a greater share of my time, but it is almost impossible for one man with limited means to work so fast. Nevertheless, I wish they were more numerous. It indi- cates a move in the right direction in any community where a gen- eral interest is taken in horticulture as directed in beautifying and improving the homes. It is a fascinating branch of home-building. and I doubt very much if there is a better or truer indication of the life within the home than the one we may read from people's door- yards and gardens. Report of Commissioner Fifth District. 39 There are few commercial fruitgrowers who did not develop a love for the work in some little home orchard. It is a common re- mark among the old settlers wherever I have been in Eastern Ore- gon: "They told me when I set those trees that it was no use. I was wasting time and money. Fruit would never grow in this country." And the eyes of the old settler lights with pride as they lovingly fall on the fruits of his labor. Often they are trees over 30 years old, still sound to the very tops, and bearing their enor- mous burdens of perfect fruit. How much we owe to these pioneer fruitgrowers ! One place after another has been tried by them, and really I have yet to find the place where an honest effort has met with defeat. Early histories of Eastern Oregon describe it as being mostly mountainous and arid wastes of land, but cultivation and irriga- tion are working wonders in many parts which were once considered worthless. It is often difficult to convince the home fruitgrower that time and money are wisely spent buying and using good spray pumps. He argues that he gets what fruit he wants, gives to any of his neighbors that wants it, and then much rots on the ground. He asks no more, and apparently wishes to be let alone. Well, our work is largely one of education with the grower. We can only be just to all. There are some pests which are a menace to the surrounding orchards that must be severely dealt with. The biennial reports have proved a valuable aid to me in my work. It is surprising how many write to me requesting one, or call at my home to obtain one. Let no one underrate the little home orchard. The home-loving instinct has, in nearly every instance, prompted some pioneer to reproduce the favorite varieties grown in his boyhood eastern home, and the wonderful perfection attained, combined with beauty of coloring, firmness of texture and rare keeping qualities unknown in the old home, has induced the keen business man to become the commercial orchardist. THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. Here we have a class of growers easy to convince, as a rule. It is not hard to convince a man when it increases the bulk of his poeketbook. The more easy-going, it is true, are found in this 40 Report of State Board of Horticulture. business as well as many others, but the majority are eager to learn everything obtainable in the way of ciilture, varieties, pruning, and packing and shipping commercial fruit. In every instance I have found that the more the business developed in one locality, the more profitable it proved for all interested. For instance, if a given place has 20 carloads of one variety of fruit, the growers can always obtain better prices than a place having only one car- load to market. More buyers are in the field. Their methods of picking, grading, and packing are all on a higher scale. The com- mercial grower does not and need not fear competition in his busi- ness. Even an over-supply for a season or two should not discour- age him, provided his location is good for raising a high grade of fruit. It induces men to build canneries, evaporators and cold storage plants, which greatly benefit, as off years will come in the business, and a small local market can never expect to have such accessories to the business. IRRIGATED LANDS. Umatilla, INIalheur, and Harney Counties contain large tracts of arid lands which are now coming onto the market. Some of it is al- ready covered by large ditches, which furnish water for irrigation. ]\[uch more will be. It is hard to believe the possibilities of this land without having seen results. It is to me one of the most as- tonishing things in nature to witness the white arid sagebrush land, and adjoining it to see fields green with tons of alfalfa, acres of melons, tomatoes, and orchards loaded wnth fruit. The climate is all that could be desired during the growing sea- son. The question of water is under control of the grower. Rains do not interrupt him or miiii liis hay after it is cut or rot or crack his fruit. The Umatilla project contemplates directing water from the Uma- tilla River below the city of Pendleton and taking it westerly to the region of Butter Creek, where a number of shallow depressions can be converted into stronger reservoirs. By building long, low earthen banks of the reservoirs thus made, the water can be con- ducted onto the arid laud. The lands to be irrigated are undulating in character, and are accessible to the markets. INIalheur and the Owyhee Rivers rise in the mountainous regions of the eastern part of Oregon, and flow in generally eastern Report of CoMxMISsioner Fifth District. 41 or northeastern direction, and enter Snake River in the southeast- ern part of Oregon. In the k>wer part of their courses these rivers pass through broad valleys already partly developed, the summer flow being used for irrigation. In order to reclaim additional lands it "will be necessary to store the flood flow in various valleys traversed by these rivers. Such changes as these, it can readily be seen, would have a great bearing in changing j)ortions of East- ern Oregon. No one should get the mistaken idea that water is everything. It cannot take the place of cultivation. After irrigation, cultiva- tion is all the more necessary. An orchard should be cultivated both ways after being thoroughly irrigated. Water will be needed less often, and the fruit will be of better quality; in fact, more naturally developed, than where too much dependence is placed on water alone. Some argue that irrigation produces a fruit of poor flavor. I contend that it is the manner in which the water is applied that af- fects the quality of the fimit. An intelligent application of mois- ture, combined Avith climate and good soil, will produce good fruit. THE APPLE. I The apple is destined to ever head the list of commercial fniits in Eastern Oregon. Nor could we wish for a worthier fruit to be at the head could we have the whole world to choose from. All of the foothills and many of the creek bottoms, as well as numerous prairies, are well adapted to apple culture, and land that produces good wheat will produce good apples. Reall3^ I think barely 1 per cent of the good apple land in my District is in use for that pur- pose. To the amateur orchardist I would say : First, select your loca- tion near a good orchard. Second, don't experiment on a large scale. Try to observe what apples mature to perfection in your im- mediate vicinity. Many of the choicest apples attain perfection only in certain locations, Mobile other varieties equally as good and highly profitable may be grown with most satisfactory results. Study the markets, the demands of the buyers, shipping and cold- storage men in making up your list, and then do not make it too large. A carload of one or two varieties always commands a higher price than one made up of a dozen different varieties, even though 42 Report of State Board of Horticulture. they all be equally as choice. I would suggest for the higher val- leys and foothill lands the Rome Beauty, King of Tompkins Coimty, York Imperial, Rhode Island Greening, and Jonathan, while if I were planting in the lower warmer valleys I would choose Yellow Newtown and Spitzenburg. CHERRIES. Sweet cherries of unusual size and firmness excel in many parts of my District. While they do not mature early enough to catch the first big sale which the California fruit obtains, we still can produce the goods, and if we had canneries to handle them when there is danger of the eastern markets becoming overstocked, I am sure that, as a money-making venture, they would stand sec- ond in the list of commercial fruits. The varieties I would select for a commercial orchard would be Royal Ann, Black Republican, Bing, and Lambert. "While the Black Republican is not as large as many other black cherries, it is the most wonderful keeper known, and has a distinct cherry flavor all its own that so many cherry lovers like, and has proved in the long run one of the best money-makers in the whole cherry family. Our Black Republicans reach an eastern market which is practically bare of California stock, which helps us materially. PEACHES. Where the best shipping varieties of peaches do well, they soon bring good returns to the amateur fruitgrower. A peach is not long lived, and as we have to depend so much on a distant market, I would by no means recommend it as the main dependence. PEARS. So far as I have been able to learn, none of the commercial pear- orchards have yet proved good money-makers with us. Conditions, I think, will change with us somewhat as the coiuitry develops and new markets open up. GRAPES. Grapes do well in many localities, and are sold largely in the local markets and mining camps. Report of Commissioner Fifth District. 43 thinning. No lesson that the fruitgrower has to learn seems so difficult as that of properly thinning the overloaded trees. In spite of every- thing he seems to take a sort of pride in looking at his trees when they are simply loaded with half-grown fruit, and he feels that he is robbing himself and almost committing a sin were he to properly strip the trees of one-half, and perhaps more, of its growing crop. If he has the courage to do so, however, he thereby lessens the cost of picking and packing, and probably raises the fruit from second to first class, and nearly doubles his actual profits, as the expense of putting second grade fruit is the same as first grade, likewise shipping and commission charges. When the market is overstocked, first grade fruit always sells first, which is another advantage. THE MiVEKET. When growers learn to grow first-class fruit, learn to pack it in a first-class manner, putting equally perfect fruit throughout the package, and have a sufficient quantity of the same, buyers will come to them. They will need to hunt no market. The values of the various fruits produced in my District during the years of 1903 and 1904 are as follows: Apples 1 $ 150,000 00 Cherries ! 40,000 00 Peaches 20,000 00 Pears : 25,000 00 Prunes ■ 35,000 00 Strawberries ' Ss.OOO 00 Other fruits j 10,000 00 Totals for the years 1903-1904 j S 318,000 00 i904 170,000 00 (50,000 OO 20,000 00 5,000 OO 30,000 00 40,000 00 10,000 00 i 335,000 00 Respectfully, JuDD Geer, Commissioner Fifth District. 44 Report of State Board of Horticulture. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. To the Honorable President and Members of the State Board of Horticidture — Gentlemen: Herewith is submitted my report for the biennial term ending December 31, 1904: All semi-annual meetings of the Board have been attended by the members, each furnishing a \^Titten re- port of conditions in his district, the same being placed on file in the office of the Board. Discussion of the various horticultural prob- lems had at this time, from the standpoint of experience, result in much good to the fruit industry in this State, an excerpt of these meetings being published in the daily and horticultural papers. More interest is being taken in horticultu- ral matters than formerly. Every orchard- ist should become familiar with his insect enemies, as well as approved methods of cul- ture. We find them more alert and observ- ing. If anything new in the form of an insect heretofore unob- served by them has been discovered, it is immediately captured and forwarded to this office or the Experiment Station for identifica- tion, to make sure whether he be friend or foe. The reputation of this office as a bureau of information has been well kept up in the past two years. Not alone from within our own borders do the seekers for information come, but from our sister states as well. There is a growing inquiry from the east for in- formation on the fruit-growing industry in Oregon. All letters receive prompt reply, accompanied with printed matter to cover the subject. The Seventh Biennial Report issued by the Board has been widelv distributed to the fruit-growers in this State and sister Report of the Secretary. 45 states, very many complimentary notices having been received and commending the good wohk the Board has accomplished through its its publication. Many of the half-tones used in the reports have been cheerfully loaned to the horticultural press from the Pacific to the Mississippi Valley, which has done much in advertising the horti- cultural possibilities of Oregon. Frequently eastern papers ask for a write-up on some subject of horticulture, and desire to have the same illustrated with Oregon scenes. The Board is now in a posi- tion to co-operate in this matter, having obtained the necessary ap- paratus to be used in this work. The value to the State of this mode of publicity is certainly very great and far reaching. We are able to trace the work accomplished in this way by the large correspondence coming to this office from citizens of other states seeking a location in a desirable fruit belt. ORCHARD PLANTING. Oregon is coming to the front in the matter of orchard planting, which has been general in all parts of the State. These thousands of fertile acres planted to apple orchards, once in bearing, means that Oregon will be heard from in no uncertain way as one of the great fruit states of this Union. The Willamette Valley, once the home of "the Oregon big, red apple," is again to be reckoned with as a producer of choice fruit. In the Wallace orchard, near Salem, was harvested a large and fine crop of Spitzenburgs— 10,000 boxes, grading first class, and 75 tons for the dryer, 700 boxes of Baldwins, 165 tons of Bartlett pears that went to the cannery, 1,800 boxes of fall pears that were packed and shipped. The 8-year-old apple and pear-orchard of H. C. Bushnell, of Junction City, Lane County, produced 4,500 boxes of Jonathans, and some Baldwins and Spitzenburgs this season. The first crop, when the orchard was four years old, amounted to 1,500 boxes. It goes without saying, however, that these orchards were well kept and cared for. It would appear not to be so much a matter of location as it is in the care and attention bestowed upon the orchard. • GRAPE culture. More attention each year is being paid to the cultivation of the grape. A few years ago our markets were almost AvhoUy supplied 46 Report of State Board of Horticulture. by California. By the cultivation of varieties that mature early in the season, our grapegrowers have nearly shut California out of this market. In the hill section southwest of Forest Grove is a prosperous grape-growing and wine-making community. Nearly all vineyards are being enlarged and new ones being planted. Prof. George C. Husmann, U. S. Viticulturist, who is familiar with grape-growing in Oregon, says there is no reason why Oregon should not produce her own unfermented grape juice, and in the near future be an ex- porter as well. fruit canning. For a country unsurpassed in the production of all the fruits, there is a field for the canner practically unoccupied. Some por- tions of the State are supplied with these very necessary adjuncts to the fruit business, but the State at large is short on this friend and upbuilder of the fruit industry, NURSERY stock SHIPMENTS. Beginning with October 16, 1902, and ending April 1, 1903, a period of five and a half months, there was received into Oregon, by the way of Portland, 68 shipments of nursery stock. These ship- ments consisted of one box or bale to a carload. The greater por- tion were destined for Willamette and Rogue River Valley points. This is not a complete list of the number, for when they come into the eastern part of the State from eastern points, or into the south- ern part of the State from the south. The commissioner who makes the inspection is notified direct by the transportation companies, and no report made to this office. strawberries in DECEMBER. From June 1st to December 1st is a long strawberry season. But there has hardly been a day between those dates but what the markets of Portland have been supplied with this fruit. On December 3d of this year some very fine grapes were on the markets of Portland from the vineyard of A. H. Carson, of Grants Pass, in this State. Report of the Secretary. 47 1903 fruit crop. Apples $ 640,000 Pears 148,500 Prunes 900,000 Peaches 75,000 Cherries 35,000 Grapes 50,000 Small fruits 652,500 $2,501,000 1904 FRUIT CROP. Apples $ 935,000 Prunes 362,500 Pears 245,000 Peaches 186,000 Cherries 125,000 Grapes 100,000 Strawberries 205,000 Small fruits 255,000 $2,413,500 All fruit products for 1904 show a marked increase over 1903, with the exception of the prune, which was only one-third of the previous season, a falling off of over half a million dollars on this crop. From this time on the apple is to be the staple fruit grown in Oregon, and will lead all others. The growth of the apple in dol- lars, for this season over last, is nearly $300,000. "With the large acreage planted to new apple-orchards, now coming into bearing, $1,000,000 is the least we can expect the apple to bring into the State, beginning with 1905, and to even double that before 1910. 48 Report of State Board of Horticulture. FINANCIAL report FOR 1903-190i TO SEPTEMBER 30. Expended by President Expended by Commissioner First District.-. Expended by Commissioner Second District Expended by Commissioner Third District.. Expended by Commissioner Fourth District Expended by Commissioner Fifth District— . Secretary 333 32 515 8.5 384 80 451 39 276 46 480 85 900 00 216 45 354 90 500 10 321 40 217 50 375 90 675 00 Totals $ 3,842 67 8 2,661 25 OFFICE EXPENSES, 1903-1904 TO SEPTEMBER 30. Postage for office and Commissioners Printing Miscellaneous— Freight, expressage, telephone, telegraph, develop- ing and printing pictures, stationery, subscriptions, traveling expenses, etc. Camera and fixtures Total expended from January 1, 1903, to September 30, 1904. Total 549 77 870 75 884 90 772 79 493 96 856 75 1,575 00 « 6,003 92 400 00 79 10 112 98 60 10 S 6.52 18 « 6,003 92 652 18 $ 6,6.56 10 Respect fvilly submitted, George H. Lamberson, Secretary. o CT> 1^ O CO o CO a o o o u V SI 4-' 3 o CO w XI m 4-» CO < (0 (0 0) I V v H Spray Calendar. 49 SPRAY CALENDAR. This calendar has been prepared to answer the question, so often asked, when to spray, what to spray with, hotv to spray, and what to spray for, thus obviating the error to use the wrong spray for any given insect or fungus. All fruit trees should be sprayed in the fall, as soon as all the leaves have dropped, with sulphur, lime, and salt ; if no scale are present, full strength of bordeaux mixture will be found snfficient. SULPHUR, LIME, AND SALT. This is a winter spray, and used for all scale insects, pear-leaf blister mite, green aphis, twig borer, bud moth, and clover mite. HOV^ PREPARED. Ingredients— hime (unslacked), 50 pounds. Sulphur, 50 pounds. Stock salt, 50 pounds. This will make 150 gallons of wash. Directions— ^l&ck 50 pounds of lime, then add the 50 pounds of sulphur, boil it over a brisk fire for one hour, then place all the salt with it in the boiler and boil for 15 minutes more, then add the necessary water to make 150 gallons. This solution should be used at a temperature of at least 100 degrees. Before using, strain it. The utility of this wash depends a great deal upon the strength of the sulphur. It is therefore recommended that those who use this wash have a Beaumes scale for acid. When it shows eight de- grees when cold it is of the proper strength. These scales can be obtained through any druggist at a cost not to exceed 50 cents. This combination is the result of Mr. Emile Schanno's extensive experiments in the Fourth District. FOR SAN JOSE SCALE, GREEDY SCALE, AND TURTLE-BACK SCALE. Sulphur, lime, and salt in the fall as soon as the leaves have dropped, and again in the spring before the buds begin to swell. HoR. 4 50 Report of State Board of Horticulture. for green aphis. First application with sulphur, lime, and salt in the fall after leaves have dropped, followed in the spring with tobacco wash, as they appear on the trees. FOR PEAR-LEAF BLISTER MITE. {PhytopUis Pyri.) Until recently the rough, brown-looking spots seen on the pear trees were passed by as being the fungus that attacks the pear so generally here, but upon closer examination it was found that these spots are the work of this mite. In some localities this pest has gained a strong foothold, and in others it is as yet hardly notice- able. The phyfoptus pyri is a microscopic gall mite. It cannot be seen with the naked eye, except on a piece of clear glass held up to the light, when it appears as a minute speck. It is not nearly as long as the width of a hair. It is found only on the pear, the leaves of which are exclusively its home. It burrows into the pulp of the leaves, making a cave in which it lives and multiplies. A colony will work out an excavation, which becomes a slight puff or dark- colored gall on the leaf, from a speck to an eighth of an inch in size. The mite keeps open a hole on the under side of the leaf for a doorway. The injury to the tree is caused by the leaves becom- ing dry and falling. The mite is supposed to desert the leaves after they have fallen, and seek winter quarters upon the tree. It would be a good plan to burn all fallen leaves from affected trees and spray the trees with sulphur, lime, and salt solution as soon as the leaves have dropped. In the summer the mite can be destroyed with powdered sulphur, but it cannot be expected to rid the tree entirely of the mite by this means, as there are eggs and young in the caves, which the sulphur does not affect. In California they use a seeder on a wagon for throwing the sulphur on the affected trees. 7?\iate of copper, six pounds. Lime, four pounds. Water, 45 gallons. modified bordeaux mixture. Ingredients— ^ull^h-Ate of copper, three pounds. Lime, four pounds. "Water, 45 gallons. Dissolve bluestone in a wooden vessel, slack the lime in another vessel, put both in a barrel and mix thoroughly. FOR APPLE SCAB, PEAR SCAB, AND LEAF BLIGHT. f First applicatio)i— Just as the buds are swelling, with bordeaux mixture. Second application— Just as the fruit buds break open, but be- fore the flowers expand, with bordeaux mixture. Third application— With bordeaux mixture, when the fruit has attained the size of a hazelnut. FOR APPLE CANKER OR DEAD SPOT. Cut out diseased spots clean in the fall when leaves have dropped, and wash with bordeaux mixture; repeat in mid-summer if found necessary. FOR CURL LEAP ON THE PEACH. Prof. Newton B. Pierce says: "Curl leaf on the peach is caused by a parasitic fungus which is known as Taplirina deformans. The fungus lives within the tissues of the leaf, in the tender shoots, and in the buds. Within the past few months I have learned that lime, sulphur, and salt is a satisfactory preventive of this widespread disease. The application of this spray should be made three to five weeks before the buds open in the spring. The treatment should be very thorough ; or spray with bordeaux mixture six weeks, and again three weeks later, before the buds begin to swell." Spray Calendar. 53 FOR CRATER BLIGHT OF PEARS. Prof. C. W. Woodworth, of BerkeleVj California, says: "The nature of the disease is somewhat obscure, but the evidence seems to be that it is caused by an organism, and is very similar to the ^ dreaded eastern pear blight. It is not, however, the same disease. Crater blight first appears as a darkened spot, indistinguishable from any other fonn of blight. Like other blights, it commonly begins at the point on a branch where a twig is given oft', or where one has been. There is this difference, however : The crater blight extends out only below the point of origin, whereas in other blights the disease extends upward as well. The most characteristic fea- ture of this blight is the sharp line of demarcation between the dead and live bark. When a spot has ceased to spread there occurs a breaking in the bark, separating the diseased portion. This soon dries, and the spot appears like a crater. The appeai^ance is most striking when isloated spots are seen on the larger branches. ' ' Treatment — Cut out the dead and diseased tissue, clean and wash with bordeaux mixture; cut off all dead and blackened limbs. Under date of July 27, 1896, Professor Woodworth adds: "We have made some progress in the study of the disease, in that we are very uniformly able to obtain pure cultures of a peculiar bacil- lus. Inoculation experiments have so far given only negative re- sults. The disease occurs on many varieties of pears and only a few apples. The crater blight certainly occurs in Oregon. I have had very typical examples from there, and obtained the usual bac- terial cultures from it. Economically, the crater blight in most lo- calities is unimportant, but in some places it has done an immense amount of injury." FOR PEAR SCAB, CRACKING, AND LEAF BLIGHT. These diseases, caused by two different species of fungi, are suc- <>essfully combatted by one line of treatment. In most sections all three diseases are found associated. Bordeaux mixture has given the best results in this work. The first spraying for these diseases should be made just before the buds swell. In 10 or 12 days the second treatment should be given, followed by a third and fourth at the expiration of two and four weeks, respectively. In the nur- sery, pear blight is often exceedingly troublesome. It may be al- most entirely prevented by spraying five or six times with the bor- 54 Report of State Board of Horticulture. deaux mixture, making the first application when the leaves are about one-third grown, and the others at intervals of 10 or 12 days throughout the season. The leaf blight of the cherry, plum, and quince, which so seriously affects trees, both in the orchard and nurser}^, may be held in check by using bordeaux mixture. FOR PRUNE AND PLUM ROT. Spray with bordeaux mixture as the buds are swelling, and again when the fruit has attained the size of a bean, with modified bor- deaux mixture. FOR GUMMOSIS. Cut out gum pockets; split the outer bark about one-eighth of an inch deep from roots to branches on three sides when sap begins to flow, as all gum-infected trees are barkbound, and wash with bor- deaux mixture ; care must be taken in splitting the bark not to cut through to the wood ; repeat in mid-summer, if necessary, FOR BLACK ROT ON GRAPES. Spray with bordeaux mixture just as the buds are swelling, and again immediately after blooming, with modified bordeaux mixture. LATEST ADVICES ON THE BORDEAUX MIXTURE. The combination of bluestone and lime, known as the bordeaux mixture, is almost indispensable in fruit-growing and gardening. It is almost a sovereign remedy against injurious fungi, and its use is general throughout the world. The best way to make the prepa- ration is, consequently, a matter of the greatest moment. The di- vision of vegetable pathology of the Department of Agriculture has just issued a bulletin on these lines which is very timely. It is four years since there was published, in Farmers' Bulletin No. 7, a summary of the more important methods of combatting some of the destructive diseases of fruit. During this time many im- provements have been made in the work, and for this and other rea- sons, it seems desirable to now bring together, in brief, practical form, our present knowledge on the subject. The question as to whether it will pay to spray has long since been answered in the affirmative, so it is not necessary at this time to enter upon any argument in regard to this phase of the subject. It is, further- Spray Calendar. 55 J more, not necessary to go into details as to the relation of spraj^- ing to hygiene; suffice it to say, that if the work is properly done, no danger whatever to health need be apprehended. Superionty of the hordeaux mixture — During the past four years numerous solutions, powders, etc., have been tested, with a view of determining their value as economicalj effective, and practical pre- ventives of fungous parasites. While a number of these prepara- tions have given promise of value, none have been found which fill so many requirements as bordeaux mixture and the ammoniacal so- lution of copper carbonate. Of the two preparations, bordeaux mixture has long been recognized as possessing the most valuable qualities, and it is probably more generally used today than all other fungicides combined. The chief points in its favor are: (1) Its thorough effectiveness as a fungicide; (2) its cheapness; (3) its safety from a hygienic standpoint; (4) its harmlessness to the sprayed plant; and (5) its beneficial effects on plants other than those resulting from the mere prevention of the attack of parasites. Bordeaux mixture formula — All things considered, it is believed that the best results will be obtained from the use of what is known as the 50-gallon formula of this preparation, as follows : Ingredients — Water, 50 gallons. Copper sulphate, six pounds. Unslacked lime, four pounds. Must he well made — It has been found that the method of com- bining the ingredients has an important bearing on both the chem- ical composition and physical structure of the mixture. For exam- ple, if the copper sulphate is dissolved in a small quantity of water and the lime milk diluted to a limited extent only, there results, when these materials are brought together, a thick mixture, hav- ing strikingly different characters from one made by pouring to- gether weak solutions of lime and copper sulphate. It is true, fur- thermore, that if the copper sulphate solution and lime milk are poured together while the latter, or both, are warm, different effects are obtained than if both solutions are cool at the moment of mixing. Where the mixture has been properly made there is scarcely any settling after an hour, while the improperly made mix- ture has settled more than half. 56 Report of State Board of Horticulture. How to make t"f— Briefly, the best results have been obtained from the nse of the bordeaux mixture, made in accordance with the fol- lowing directions: In a barrel, or other suitable vessel, place 25 gallons of water; weigh out six pounds of copper sulphate, then tie the same in a piece of coarse gunny sack and suspend it just be- neath the surface of the water. By tying the bag to a stick laid across the top of the barrel, no further attention will be required. In another vessel slack four pounds of lime, using care in order to obtain a smooth paste, free from grit and small lumps. To accom- plish this it is best to place the lime in an ordinary water pail and add only a small quantity of water at first, say a quart or a quart and a half. When the lime begins to crack and crumble, and the water to disappear, add another quart or more, exercising care that the lime at no time gets too dry. Toward the last considerable water will be required, but, if added carefully and slowly, a per- fectly smooth paste will be obtained, provided, of course, the lime is of good quality. When the lime is slacked add sufficient water to the paste to bring the whole up to 25 gallons. When the copper sulphate is entirely dissolved and the lime is cool, pour the lime milk and copper sulphate solution slowly together into a barrel holding 50 gallons. The milk of lime should be thoroughly stirred before pouring. The method described insures good mixing, but to complete this work the barrel of liquid should receive a final stir- ring for at least three minutes with a broad wooden paddle. Testing the mixture — It is now necessary to determine whether the mixture is perfect — that is, if it will be safe to apply it to ten- der foliage. To accomplish this, two simple tests may be used. First, insert th(^ blade cf a penknife in the mixture, allowing it to remain there for at least one minute; if metallic copper forms on the blade, or, in other words, if the polished surface of the steel assumes the cnhu' of copper-plate, the mixture is unsafe and more lime must be added. If, en the other hand, the blade of the knife remains unchanged, it is safe to conclude that the mixture is as perfect as it can be made. As an additional test, however, some of the mixture may be poured into an old plate or saucer, and while held between the eyes and. the light, the breath should be gently blown upon the liquid for at least half a minute. If the mixture is properly made, a thin pellicle, looking like oil on water, will begin -». J- ->■ .i».c Spray Calendar. 57 to fonii on the surface of the liquid. If no pellicle forms, more milk of lime should be added. Frepaiiiig large amounts—The foregoing directions apply to cases where small quantities of the mixture are needed for more or less immediate use. If spraying is to be done upon a large scale, it will be found much more convenient and economical in every way to prepare what is known as stock solutions of both the copper and lime. To prepare a stock solution of copper sulphate, procure a barrel holding 50 gallons; weigh out 100 pounds of copper sulphate, and, after tying it in a sack, suspend it so that it will hang as near the top of the barrel as possible ; fill the barrel with water, and in two or three days the copper will be dissolved ; now remove the sack and add enough water to bring the solution again up to the 50- gallon mark, previously made on the barrel. It will be understood, of course, that this second adding of water is merely to replace the space previously occupied by the sack and the crystals of copper sulphate. Each gallon of the solution thus made will contain two pounds of copper sulphate, and, under all ordinary conditions of temperature, there will be no material crystallization, so that the stock preparation may be kept indefinitely. Stock lime may be prepared in much the same way as the copper sulphate solution. Procure a barrel holding 50 gallons, making a mark to indicate the 50-gallon point; weigh out 100 pounds of fresh lime, place it in the barrel and slack it; when slacked, add sufficient water to bring the whole mass up to 50 gallons. Each gallon of this preparation contains, after thorough stirring, two pounds of lime. When it is desired to make bordeaux mixture of the 50-gallon formula, it is only necessary to measure out three gallons of the stock copper solution, and, after thorough stirring, two gallons of the stock lime; dilute each to 25 gallons, mix, stir, and test as al- ready described. One test will be'sui^cient in this case. In other words, it will not be necessary to test each lot of bordeaux mixture made from the stock preparation, provided the first lot is perfect, and no change is made in the quantities of the material used. Spe- cial care should be taken to see that the lime milk is stirred thor- oughly each, time before applying. As a final precaution, it will be well to keep both the stock copper sulphate and the stock lime tightly covered. 58 Report of State Board of Horticulture. paris green spray — arsenite of lime spray. These sprays are used for codlin moth, larvce, tinges, caterpillars, slugs, and all eating or biting insects. PARIS GREEN SPRAY. Proportions for first application — Paris green, four ounces. Lime, two pounds. Water, 40 gallons. Proportions for later applications — Paris green, four ounces. Lime, one pound. Water, 50 gallons. te^ DirectiansSlack the lime; make a paste of the paris green, mix thoroughly, and then add water to make the required amount : stir thoroughly while using, and should be thrown on the leaves and fruit in a fine spray. Paris green is one of our commercial articles which is shamefully adulterated. The foregoing formula is based upon pure paris green; it is, therefore, of much importance that one be able to de- tect impui'ities. So far as we know but two adulterants are used- gypsum and Glauber 's salts. The method generally given for the de- tection of adulteration is to dissolve a small sample of the paris green in ammonia. If there is any gypsum it will not dissolve, but form a sediment. Glauber's salts cannot be detected by this method, it being equally as soluble as pure paris green ; but if one has a strong microscope at hand the adulterant granules can be easily detected, they being white, while the pure article is green. Ammonia, how- ever, is generally a good test, gypsum being most commonly used as an adulterant. ' the ARSENITE OF LIME SPRAY. Professor Kedzie's formula: Ingredients— CommerGial white arsenic, one pound. Carbonate of soda, four pounds. . Water, two gallons. Use one and one-half pints to 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. Spray Calendar. 59 Directions— DissolYe one pound of commercial white arsenic and four pounds of carbonate of soda (washing soda) in two gallons of water, and use one and one-half pints to 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. The easiest way to make the solution is to put both the Avhite arsenic and carbonate of soda in a gallon of boiling water and keep boiling about 15 minutes, or until clear liquid is formed, then dilute to two gallons. One and one-half pints of this solution should be added to each barrel of full-strength bordeaux mixture for earlier sprayings, and modified bordeaux mixture for late spray- ings, Increasing the arsenite solution gradually from one and one- half pints to one quart as the season advances and foliage matures. If used without bordeaux mixture or lime, it is liable to burn the foliage. As there is nearly always fungus to contend with, it is recommended that the two sprays be combined, with the additional advantage of making the poison stick longer. Unless combined with bordeaux mixture, it is very important to use enough freshly slacked lime to insure the complete decomposition of arsenite of soda and formation of arsenite of lime. Use six to eight pounds of quicklime, freshly slacked, to a barrel of water. FOR CODLIN MOTH. Paris green or arsenite of lime. First spraying, 10 days after blossoms have fallen, and then at intervals not exceeding three wrecks, up to within three weeks of harvesting the apples or pears. The arsenite of lime is preferably used with bordeaux mixture, and, as the season advances and foliage matures, increase the arsenite solution gradually from one and one-half pints to one quart to the 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. FOR TINGIS^, CATERPILLARS, AND SLUGS. Spray as they hatch and appear on the leaves. TOBACCO WASH. Used for green aphis and tingis as they appear on the trees. HOW PREPARED. Ingredients— TohnQco (sheep dip, sulphured tobacco), four pounds. AVhale-oil soap (or good strong soap), four pounds. Water, 20 gallons. 60 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Directions — Soak the tobacco in hot water for several hours; dis- solve the soap in hot water ; strain both ing'redients ; add tog'ether and dilute to 20 grallons. On varieties of trees where the foliage is very tender, tests should be made before applying; extensively. KEROSENE EMULSION. Used for woolly aphis and clover mite. FOR WOOLLY APHIS. Spray with kerosene emulsion diluted seven (7) times. FOR clover mite. Spray with kerosene emulsion diluted eight (8) times. HOW PREPARED — KEROSENE EMULSION (GOVERNMENT FORMULA). Ingredients — Kerosene, two gallons. Water, one gallon. Hard soap, one-half pound. Directions — Make a suds of the soap and water and pour boiling hot into the kerosene ; churn with a force pump or a syringre, pump- ing out of and into a bucket or barrel through a nozzle until com- pletely emulsified. If the mixture is sufficiently hot it will thicken in from five to 10 minutes, and Avill be, when cold, of the con- sistency of butter or of soft soap. Dilute with seven to 12 parts of water to one of emulsion, as occasion requires, and this will kill almost anything in the form of plant lice. FOR CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY WORM. Spray the bushes just before blooming, and again after the fruit has set, with one large tablespoonful of powdered white hellebore, dissolved in two and one-half gallons of water. HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS FOR NURSERY STOCK. Ingredients — C. P. cyanide of potassium, 28 per cent, one ounce. Sulphuric acid, one fluid ounce. Water, two fluid ounces. Direcitons—'F'vc^t place the ves.sel in which the gas is to be gen- erated in a convenient place in the shed, and then put in the cyanide Spray Calendar. 61 of potassium; pour the water over the cyanide, and then add the sulphuric acid very slowly. Close the door and submit the trees to the fumes for about 40 minutes. Open the door and allow the gas to escape before attempting- to remove the trees, as it is poison- ous to inhale. REMEDY FOR APHIS (LICE) ON CABBAGE, CAULIPLO^\^:R, TURNIPS, ETC. Ingredients— Quassia, chips, one pound. Whale-oil soap, one pound. Water, one gallon. Directions— Boil quassia chips for five hours, then add whale-oil soap, while boiling; when dissolved, dilute to 10 gallons of water, and spray warm. PEACH-ROOT BORER. The worst insect pest of the prune and peach trees in the Wil- lamette Valley, and probably over the entire State, is the peach- ' root borer. The moth lays its eggs at the base of the tree in the months of May, June, July, and August. The eggs hatch in about a week, and the worm at once begins to gnaw the bark and bore its way down into the roots. It lives in the root for one year, and comes forth a winged insect the succeeding spring and smnmer, and lays the eggs for the next brood, as stated. The presence of the worm is always betrayed by the copious exudation of gum, which is- sues from he roots at the base of the trunk. Remedies— There are a large number of remedies for this pest which are more or less successful, but where trees are cultivated on a large scale many of the remedies become entirely too expensive. A very popular and successful plan in the peach region of the East is "mounding." Early in the spring, before the moth appears, the earth is drawn about the base of the tree to the height of 12 inches, and removed later in the season, about September 1st in this climate. The use of washes intended to poison the worm have been much used, the following formula being the most successful : Ingredients — Corrosive sublimate (poison), two ounces. Hard soap, five pounds to 10 gallons of water. Alcohol, one pint. Water, sufficient. Directions — Dissolve the sublimate in the spirits; stir it into the 02 Report of State Board of Horticulture. soap solution; add water sufficient to make a g'ood paint; apply Avith stiff brush from three inches below to six inches above ground. This must be done as soon as the first moth appears in the spring. The worm will be poisoned by the corrosive sublimate almost at the first mouthful. Great care should be observed in using this wash, as it is very poisonous and dangerous to have about the house. Of all the remedies we have known none has proven so sure and practical as cutting the grubs out with a knife and preventing their return by WTapping. In the fall of the year remove the earth carefully from the base of the tree, locate the worms and cut them out with a knife. Repeat this in the spring, about April, and at the same time wrap the trunk of the tree with stiff paper or other close material, allowing it to extend six inches above and three inches below the grotind. This will prevent the moth from laying her eggs in the bark, and is the surest way we know of to defeat the ravages of this insect. Raubenleim and dendrolene are used in Europe. The best wash for borers, all considered, that we have seen or tested, is made by the union of all of the above ingredients in the following way: Dissolve as much common washing soda as possi- ble in six gallons of water, then dissolve one gallon of ordinary soft soap in the above and add one pint of crude carbolic acid and thoroughly mix ; slack a quantity of lime in f oiu* gallons of water, so that when it is added to the above the whole will make a thick Avhitewash; add this to the above and mix thoroughly, and finally add one-half pound of paris green or one-fourth pound of powdered white arsenic and mix it thoroughly in the above. — Prof. J. M. Stedman. for nursery stock. Use sulphur, lime, and salt solution as soon as the leaves have dropped ; again in spring, as first leaves appear, with modified bor- deaux mixture ; fumigate all trees and shrubs witli hydrocyanic gas before shipping. recipe for grafting wax. One of the best grafting waxes is made by melting together four parts (by weight) of resin, one part beeswax, one part tallow. When thoroughly melted, pour into cold water; when cool enough, take out and work by molding and pulling until it becomes quite Spray Calendar. 63 stiff. It is necessary to have the hands well greased with tallow while handling this wax. — From the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture. INSECTS Prof. Willis G. Johnson says: "At the present time, spraying is an important part of successful fruit-growing. The regular and systematic application of insecticides and fungicides is one of the most valuable and profitable pieces of Avork done on the farm. The spray pump, properly used, is worth as much to the grower of fruits and vegetables as the policy covering the insurance on his house or barn. In fact, you must 'insure' your crops from destruc- tive insects and fungi by practicing modern methods of spraying. There has been a decided awakening to the truthfulness of the above statement in the past few years, and thousands of growers are now spraying and seeking information, where only a short time ago they Avere counted by hundreds." In order that our readers may understand why one remedy is used for one insect and not for another, it will be necessary for us to make some brief references to the structure and habits of cer- tain types. For example, the great mass of injury to plants by in- sects falls under two heads : First, where the plant itself has been eaten; and, second, where the juices have been sucked out, leaving the tissues. Biting insects— Insects causing injury of the first class are called biting or chewing insects, familiar examples of which are the beetles, grasshoppers, and caterpillars, such as the cabbage worm, anny worm, etc. They have well-developed jaws, fitted for cutting and chewing the plant. Such insects can be destroyed by use of di- rect poisons, such as the arsenicals. When applied to the leaves or other parts of the plant, it is eaten by the insect, causing its death. Sucking insects— On the, other hand, the second type have long lance-like beaks, fitted for sucking. This class includes the scale in- sects, plant lice, squash bug, harlequin, or terrapin bug, etc. They obtain their food simply by inserting their beaks into the tissues of the plants, sucking the juices from within. The external appli- cation of arsenical poisons to plants would have little, if any, effect upon this group of insects, as the poisons do not enter into the cells of the plants. It is necessary, therefore, to employ some other sub- 64 Keport of State Board of Horticulture. stances for their destruction. To this end materials are used which Avill act externally on the bodies of the insects, either as a caustic or to smother or stifle them by closing their breathino: organs. I might say in this place that insects do not breathe through their mouths, as do higher animals, but through small openings on either side of the body, called spiracles. By spraying anything of a caustic or oily nature over the body of an insect, these spiracles are closed and the creature is destroyed. Sometimes the fumes of poisonous gases are employed to suffocate insects, as will be described later on. Insects are sometimes repelled by obnoxious substances. The above remarks apply especially to insects which feed upon the exterior of plants or pass the greater portion of their lives in an exposed condition, where they can be readily reached by one of the methods mentioned. Certain other insects, of both classes, biting and sucking, are subterranean in their habits ; that is, they feed and live upon the roots of plants below the surface of the ground. Among these the white grub and root lice are conunon examples. Still other insects live in stored grain, seeds, and manufactured product of the mill, and even the mill itself. Here again the arsenics and irritants cannot be used, and we nnist resort to various fumes and gases. FUNGI. Prof. Charles 0. Townsend says: WHAT IS A FUNGUS 1 A fungus (plural fungi) is a low form of plant. It has neither green stem nor leaves, and therefore depends for its food upon other plants or upon animals. Sometimes fungi live upon dead plants or animals or upon their products, and sometiines they live upon other living plants or upon living animals. They are very numerous, and differ greatly among themselves in form, structure, and habits of life. All fungi, sooner or later, produce small round or oval bodies, called spores. These spores under favorable condi- tions produce new fungi. They are not destroyed by ordinary weather conditions, and often live over the winter in the fields and orchards. Sometimes they remain alive for several years in the soil and other suitable places, and begin their, growth when the condi- tions are favorable. Many fungi are very small, and can be seen only when greatly magnified. Original Black Republican Cherry Tree— December, 1904 Original Lewelling Cherry Tree, December, 1904 Spray Calendar. 65 WHAT IS THE HOST-PLANT ? The host-plant is the plant upon which, or in which, the fungus lives and from which it draws its food supplies. WHAT IS A FUNGICIDE? A fungicide is ajiy substance which may be used to destroy fungi or their spores, or which will prevent fungi from establishing them- selves upon the host-plants. Fungicides may be either solids, liquids, or gases. The most common forms of fungicide is liquid; the kind of fungicide used, however, must depend upon the nature of the fungus, the nature of the host-plant, and the part of the host- plant attacked by the fungus. WHY SHOULD WE SPRAY ? Liquid fungicides are best applied in the form of a fine mist or spray. This is economy, both in the quantity of material used, and in the time required to apply it. The real object in spraying is to prevent the fungous spores that have lodged upon the foliage, branches or fruit, from germinating and producing fungous growths. Every fungus that grows into a leaf or into a fruit, and thus produces the destruction of the former or the decay of the latter, first lodges on the leaf or on the fruit as a tiny spore. If that spore can be destroyed without injury to the leaf or the fruit, disease may be prevented, and therefore the necessity of spraying. WHY SHOULD W^ SPRAY EARLY? As already stated, fungus spores are sometimes formed in the fall and remain in open fields all winter uninjured. These spores often lodge in the crevices of the bark of trees, or in other conven- ient places on the trunk and branches of trees. When the leaves and fruits appear the spores are blown onto these newly-formed parts and cause them to be diseased. The object in early spraying, even while the trees are still dormant, is to kill the spores that are lodged on the tree and waiting for favorable conditions for development. Again, every spore must remain for a longer or shorter time in a dormant state, even after it reaches the proper place for its devel- opment, just as seeds' remain for a little time under proper condi- tions for germination before they begin their growth. If the leaves HoR. 5 66 Report of State Board of Horticulture. or other plant parts are covered with a fungicide before or imme- diately after the spores are blown onto them, the spores will be de- stroyed, and the plant will remain free from disease. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO SPRAY MORE THAN ONCE? After a plant has been sprayed new leaves or fruits are often formed, which are not covered with the fungicide. Spores may be lodged on these newly formed parts and develop into fungous growths, causing the parts attacked to be diseased. Or the fungi- cide originally sprayed onto the plant may be washed off by rains, thus leaving the plant unprotected against the spores that are con- stantly carried about in the air, HOW OFTEN IS IT NECESSARY TO SPRAY? No definite rule can be given in regard to the number of times any set of plants should be sprayed in a single season. The num- ber of sprayings must depend to a large extent upon weather con- ditions. Warm, damp weather, or a dry, hot season, followed by rain, are favorable conditions for the development of fungi, hence, if these conditions prevail, it is important that the spraying should be fi-equent enough to keep well protected the parts liable to at- tack. Sometimes it is necessarj^ to spray every day or every two or three daj^s, while at other times 10 days may elapse between sprayings. Spraying, like cultivation, pruning, and other field operations, is largely a matter of judgment, and the more thor- oughly the subject is understood the more effective the work will be. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO SPRAY EVERY YEAR? It is impossible to exterminate fungi. We may hold them in check, or we may even prevent entirely their growth upon certain plants ; but they are often so small, their habits of life so variable, and tlieir spores so resistant that extermination is out of the ques- tion. It is impossible to know at the beginning of the season whether the conditions will be favorable or unfavorable for the de- velopment of fungi, hence, in order to be on the safe side, it is necessary to begin each season with spraying. It is essential, there- fore, that spraying should be as regularly a part of the fieldwork for successful crop raising as plowing, fertilizing, and the other operations necessary for crop production. Furthermore, the ef- Spray Calendar. 67 fects of spraying are cumulative ; that is, tlie effects of spraying and keeping fruit trees free from disease this year will give a bet- ter crop next year. Even with trucking crops that die down in the fall the danger from disease next year in a particular field will be greatly reduced if the field is kept free from diseases this season. DOES SPRAYING SOMETIMES INJURE FOLIAGE AND FRUIT? If fungicides are not properly made they will burn the foliage and discolor the fruit. It is a well-known fact that the foliage on some plants is much more tender than it is on others, and for this reason it is necessary to suit the strength of the fungicide to the host-plant. Certain fungicides, like bordeaux mixture, cannot be used in spraying fruit that is nearly ripe, since the fruit would be stained by the mixture, and thereby rendered unsalable. WHY DOES SPRAYING SOMETLSIES FAIL TO PREVENT DISEASE ? There are several reasons why spraying sometimes fails to accom- plish the results expected. It may be that the fungicide was not properly made; that the spraying was not done early enough in the season, or that the applications were not thorough or persistent enough. If we wait until we see the disease at work before we be- gin spraying, our efforts will not result in success, for the reason that when we see the disease it is certain that the fungus spores have germinated and the fungus has grown into the affected part of the host-plant. In such cases it is impossible to destroy the fungus without destroying the diseased part of the host. The most that can be hoped for in such cases is that the disease may be prevented from spreading to the healthy plants or plant parts. If the spraying is not thorough, so that all parts of the host are cov- ered, spores may fall upon the unprotected parts and grow as readily as if no fungicide had been used ; or, if the applications are not frequent enough, so that the fungicide is washed off, or new planfparts are developed and left unsprayed, attacks of fungi may take place as readily as if no spraying had been done. It should be remembered that no fungicide will restore any plant part once destroyed or injured, hence the necessity of preventing attacks of fungi, and this can be done by an early, thorough, and persistent use of fungicides. 68 Report of State Board of Horticulture. will spraying prevent all plant diseases? Several plant diseases, of which "peach yellows" is an example, are not, so far as known, produced by organisms, and these diseases can be neither prevented nor controlled by fungicides. Other plant diseases are produced by bacteria that live in the tissues of diseased plants. These minute organisms seldom appear on the surface of the host-plant, and consequently would not usu- ally be reached by spraying. Such a disease is the pear blight. It is often the case that a disease attacks only the underground por- tion of the plant. It is clear that a disease of this nature could not be prevented or controlled by spraying. Potato scab is an example of diseases of this kind. In short, it is only those fungous diseases that originate from spores on the above-ground portions of plants that may be prevented by spraying. VV^ILL IT PAY to SPRAY? AA^hether it w^ill or will not pay to spray must depend upon cir- cumstances. It is of prime importajice to know whether the plants under consideration are subject to diseases that may be prevented by spraying. If so, and the crop is worth raising at all, it is worth bringing to the highest possible state of perfection, and it is now well known that spraying, if properly done, is one of the important factors in perfect crop production. However, unless one makes up his mind to use all possible pains in the preparation of fungicides, to begin spraying early, and to carry it on persistently, the time, labor, and money expended will be lost. On the other hand, if the fungicide is properly prepared, and the work is timely and thor- ough, it is probable that no equal amount of labor and money ex- pended will yield larger returns, taking it year in and year out. This statement has been demonstrated many times by farmers, gardeners, and fruitgrowers in nearly every section of the State. It is true that certain seasons ai-e unfavorable for the development of fungi, but it rarely happens that they do not develop to some extent; hence it will be an advantage to spray even during such seasons. Experience has shown that it pays to spray systematically and thoroughly, year after year, regardless of the season. Spray Formulas. 69 SPRAY FORMULAS. REQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL SPRAYING. Materials of standard streng-th, carefully compounded, applied in thorough manner at regular intervals. Fruit thinned so that the spray liquid can reach every portion of that remaining on the tree. INSECI ICIEES. Used for codlin moth larvre, caterpillars, slugs, and all biting and chewing insects. SPRAY NO. 1 — ARSENITE OF SODA. 1 pound of white arsenic. 2 pounds of sal soda.* 1 gallon of water. Directions — Boil 15 minutes ; add amount of water equal to that evaporated, giving one gallon of arsenite of soda. For 50 gallons of water use one and one-half pints of the arsenite of soda and six pounds of freshly slacked lime. Can be used safely. SPRAY" NO. 2— PARIS GREEN, 1 pound paris green. 1/2 pound quick lime. 200 gallons water. Slack the lime in part of the water, sprinkling in the paris green gradually, then add the rest of the water. For the peach and other tender-leaved plants use 300 gallons of water. Keep well stirred while spraying. SPRAY'^ NO. 3 — ABSENITE OF LIME. 1 pound white arsenic. 2 pounds fresh burned lime. 1 gallon water. *Iii Western Oregon, and moist sections, use three instead of two pounds of sal soda. 70 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Boil together for 45 minutes and keep in a tight vessel. Add one quart of this to a barrel (50 gallons) of water for use. This insecticide has been recommended by a nimiber of experi- ment stations. INSECTS that suck THE JUICES OP FRUITS OR TREES. SPRAY NO. 4 — SULPHUR; LIME, AND SALT. Oregon Formula. 50 pounds unslacked lime. 50 pounds flower of sulphur. 25 pounds common salt.* Slack the lime in enough water to do it thoroughly ; add the sul- phur and boil for an hour at least, adding water if necessary. Then add the salt and boil 15 minutes more. Add water to malce 150 gal- lons and spray hot through a coarse nozzle. SPRxVY NO. 5 — SULPHUR, LIME, AND SALT. Marlatt's Formula {from. Smith). 30 pounds unslacked lime. 30 pounds sulphur. 15 pounds salt. 60 gallons water. Boil with steam for four hours and apply hot. SPRAY NO. 6 — WHALE-OIL SOAP, OR QUASSIA CHIPS. Boil one pound of soap dissolved in four gallons of water ; or boil for two hours one pound of quassia chips ; add water to extract to make four gallons. FUNGICIDES. SPRAY NO. 7 — BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 6 pounds copper sulphate (blue vitrol). 6 pounds lime (unslacked). 50 gallons water. Dissolve the copper in hot or cold water, using a wooden or earthen vessel. Slack the lime in a tub, adding the water cau- * Exhaustive experiments at Illinois station prove that spray No. 4 will be more effective by substituting for the salt one and one-half pounds sulphate of copper for each fifty gallons of water. Spray Formulas. 71 tiously and only in sufficient amount to insure thorough shicking. After thorough shicking, more water can be added and stirred in until it has the consistency of thick cream. When both are cold pmir the lime into the diluted copper solution of required strength, straining it through a fine mesh sieve or gunny cloth, and thor- oughly mix. It is then ready for use. Considerable trouble has frequently been experienced in preparing the bordeaux mixture. Care should be taken that the lime is of good quality and well burned, and has not been air slacked. Where small amounts of lime are slacked it is advisable to use hot water. The lime should not be allowed to be- come dry in slacking, neither should it become entirely submerged in water. Lime slacks best when supplied with just enough water to develop a large amount of heat, which renders the process active. If the amount of lime is insufficient, there is danger of burning tender foliage. In order to obviate this the mixture can be tested with a knife blade or with ferro-cyanide of potassium (one ounce to five or six ounces of water). If the amount of lime is insuffi- cient, copper will be deposited on the knife blade, while a deep brownish-red color will be imparted to the mixture when ferro- cyanide of potassium is added. Lime should be added until neither reaction occurs. A slight excess of lime, however, is desirable. The bordeaux mixture is best when first prepared. Stock solu- tions of lime and copper can be made and mixed when required. SPRAY NO. 8 — BORDEAUX MIXTURE WHEN TREES ARE IN FOLIAGE. 3 pounds of sulphate of copper. 6 pounds of lime. 50 gallons of water. SPRAY NO. 9 — COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION. (Strong solution for dormant trees.) 1 pound of copper sulphate. 25 gallons of water. SPRAY NO. 10 — COPPER SULPHATE FOR SUMMER SPRAY. 4 ounces of copper sulphate. 50 gallons of water. 72 Report of State Board of Horticulture. SPRAY no. 11 — formalin. (fOR POTATO SCAB.) 8 ounces formalin (40 per cent solution). 15 gallons of water. Immerse seed potaties for two hours. (Not poisonous.) COMBINED FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE SPRAYS. SPRAY NO. 12. 4 ounces of paris green. 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. SPRAY NO. 13. iy2 pints of arsenite of lime. 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture. {See Formula No. 3.) SPRAY NO. 14. li/o pints of arsenite of soda. 50 gallons of water. (See Formula No. 1.) FOR ROSE MILDEW, RED SPIDER, AND PLANT LICE. 1 pound bar ivory soap. 15 gallons of water. Apply warnij as it thickens after cooling. Oregon Grape {Berberis aqui/olium) Spray Calendar. 73 SPRAY CALENDAR. Apples. Apple scab Bitter rot First application Subsequent applications •Codlin moth Scale - Aphis_ Use spray No. 9 before buds swell This disease may be treated in essen- tially the same \vay as scab. As the bitter-rot fungus often continues its destructive work after the fruit is har- vested, care should be taken in stor- ing to remove all truit showing evi- dence of the disease. U.se No. 1 or No. 2 one week after soms fall. blos- Apple canker or dead spot Collar rot or mush- room disease Cherries. Aphis Cherry slug Use No. 4 or No. 5 when trees are dor- mant. Use No. 6 as soon as eggs hatch Gummosis Pears. Cut all dead and diseased tissue, clean and wash with bordeaux mixture. Dig a trench around the tree, cutling oflf all roots, as the disease is communi- cated from tree to tree through the roots ; destroy all attected trees. When aphis appear use syiray No. 6. When fruit has set, if slug appears, dust leaves M'ith air-slacked lime. Cut out gum pockets, split outer Dark from roots to branches when sap be- gins to How; wash with bordeaux mix- ture. •Scale, codling moth, and scab 1 Use same spra.ys as for apple. Leaf blight ] Use spray No. is. Peaches. Curl leaf Bpray with No. before buds open_ Raspberries, Blackber- ries, Deiuberries. Use No. 8 as buds begin swelling. Rust and anthracnose-l Use either No. 12 or No. 13 just before blossoms open. Use spray No. 8 when buds are swelling. Repeat at intervals of two weeks, up to within three weeks of harvest. Use No. 6 whenever aphis appear on fo- liage. Spray with No. 8 after blossoms fall. Note.— Bordeaux mixture is a sovereign preventive for all fungus growths, using the modified form when trees are in foliage. Note.— Lime should always be fresh slacked and the combined fungicide and insecti- cide sprays should be used soon after making. 74 Report of State Board of Horticulture. PLANTING TABLE. So many mistakes have been made in planting trees too close to- gether that we again give a general table, taking into consideration the strength of soil, variety and nature of the tree, as well as cli- matic conditions : mSTANCEH. Pears Apples Apricots Cherries Peaches Prunes and ])lums Nut-bearing trees -. Feet 24 to 80 "0 to JO 20 to •_'•_' 25 to 30 20 to 25 20 30 to 40 NUMBER OF TREES TO THE ACRE. Ten feet Twelve feet Fourteen feet Sixteen feet Eighteen feet Twenty feet Twenty-two feet. Twenty-four feet- Thirty feet Forty feet Square -136 303 222 170 134 108 76 48 27 Triangular ■h'O 347 255 195 154 126 103 86 56 Quincunx 831 571 415 317 249 193 177 133 S3 APPENDIX. HORTICULTURAL LAW. AS PASSED BY THE LEGISLATURE, FEBRUARY, 1895. An act to amend an act entitled "An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor," approved February 25, 1889, and an act amendatory thereof entitled "An act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor,' ap- proved February 25. 1889," approved February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon. Be it enacted hy the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon : Section 1. There is hereby created a Board of Horticulture to consist of sis members, who shall be appointed by a board, consisting of the Governor, Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer. One member of the said Board of Horticul- ture shall represent the State at large, and one member shall be appointed to rep- resent each of the five districts as hereby created, to wit (provided that the com- missioner-at-Iarge shall not receive any pay for his services) : (1) The First District, whicli shall comprise the counties of Multnomah. Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook ; (2) the Second District, which shall comprise the counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Lincoln, Linn, and Lane ; (3) the Third District, which shall comprise the counties of Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake; (4) the Fourth District, which shall comprise the counties of Wasco, Sherman, Morrow, Gilliam, and Crook ; (5) the Fifth District, whicli shall comprise the counties of Umatilla, Union. Wallowa, Baker, Malheur, Harney, and Grant. Section 2. The members shall reside in the districts for wliich they are re- spectively appointed. They shall be selected with reference to their knowledge of and practical experience in horticulture and the industries connected therewith. They shall hold office for the term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and have qualified ; but the members of said Board now in office shall hold office till the expiration of the term for which they were appointed. Section 3. Said Board shall employ from without their number a secretary, who shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred upon him by this act, and whose compensation shall not exceed $75 per month, to be paid in the same manner as other State officers. Said Board shall also elect from their own number a treasurer, who shall give a bond to the Governor of the State of Oregon in the sum of $10,000, conditioned upon the faithful discharge of his du- ties. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties, each member of the Board shall make and subscribe an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Oregon, and to diligently, faithfully, and impartially dis- charge the duties of his office, which said oaths shall be filed with the secretary. The secretary shall make and subscribe a like oath, which shall be filed with the treasurer of the Board. Section 4. The Board may receive, manage, use, and hold donations and be- quests of money and property for promoting the objects of its formation. It shall meet on the second Mondays of April and October of each year, and as much oftener as it may deem expedient for consultation and for the adoption of those measures which will best promote the horticultural industries of the State. It may, but without expense to the State, select and appoint competent and qualified persons to lecture in each of the districts named in section 1 of this act, for the 78 ' Appendix. purpose of encouraging and improving practical liorticulture, and of imparting in- struction in tlie best metliods of treating the diseases of fruit and fruit trees, cleansing orchards, and exterminating insect pests. Section 5. The office of the Board shall be located in such place as a ma- jority thereof may determine. It shall be kept open to the public, subject to the rules of the Board, every day excepting Sundays and legal holidays, and shall be in charge of the secretary during the absence of the Board. Section 6. For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the State or spread of contagious diseases, insects, pests, or fungous growths among fruit or fruit trees, and for the prevention, treatment, cure, and extirpation of fruit pests, and diseases of fruit and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions, orchard debris, fruit boxes and packages, and other material or transport- able articles dangerous to orchards, fruit or fruit trees, said Board may make regulations for the quarantining, inspection, and disinfection thereof, which said regulations shall be circulated by the Board in printed form among the fruit- growers and fruitdealers of the State ; shall be published at least four successive times in some daily or weekly paper in each county in the State before the same shall be in force therein, and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each county in the State, one of which shall be at the county courthouse. Such regu- lations, when so promulgated, shall be held to import notice of their contents to all persons within the State, and shall be binding upon all persons therein. A willful violation of any quarantine or other regulation of said Board, necessary to prevent the introduction into the State, or the shipment, sale or distribution of any article so infected as to be dangerous to the fruit-growing interest of the State, or the spread of dangerous diseases among fruit trees or orchards, shall be deemed a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than $5.00 nor more than .$100 for each offense, or by fine and imprison- ment, not less than five nor more than thirty days. Section 7. It shall be the duty of the several members of the Board, and the all regulations of the Board and all provisions of law to prevent the introduction secretary under their direction, to visit their respetive districts and to see that or spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees or plants injurious to the horticul- tural interests of the State are enforced. Any member of the Board, or secre- tary thereof, shall forthwith, upon the complaint of interested parties, inspect orchards, nurseries and other places suspected to be infested with fruit pests or infected with contagious diseases injurious to the trees, plants or fruits. If, upon report of any member or the secretary, the Board shall be of the opinion that any locality, district, orchard or place is infested with fruit pests, or infected with contagious diseases, or injurious to trees, plants, or fruits, and liable to spread to other orchards or localities to their damage or injury so as to be a public danger, said Board shall, by an order entered upon its minutes, declare such place to be under quarantine, and shall give notice thereof by post- ing a notice in writing in a conspicuous place upon the premises, specifying with convenient certainty what place or premises are under quarantine regulations, and by delivering a copy of such notice to the owner or person in charge of the premises, if he may be found thereon ; and such place shall thereafter be subject to quarantine regulations of the Board, and violation thereof shall be punishable as hereinbefore provided. As soon as, in the opinion of any member of the Board or the secretary thereof, the danger from such quarantine locality shall have ceased, he may suspend the said quarantine, and shall immediately report the fact to the Board, who may confirm such action or may re-establish the said quaran- tine, in which case it shall not be again suspended but by action of the Board. Section 8. The Board, and, in case of necessity during the recess of the Board, the member residing in the quarantined district, or the secretary, may appoint such quarantine guardian as may be needed to carry out the provisions of this act, whose duty it shall be to see that the regulations of the Board and the instructions of the secretary are enforced and carried out. They shall also report to the Board all infractions or violations of said regulations or the Horticultural Law. 79 law in regard to quarautiniug, disinfection, and destruction of pests. The salary of quarantine guardians shall be fixed by the Board at not to exceed §;2.00 per day, and shall be paid by the owners of orchards or other places under quarantine, and they may maintain an action therefor before any justice of the peace in any district in which any quarantined locality is wholly or in part located ; Imt in no case shall they liave any claim upon the State for such services. Section 9. The powers conferred in the two preceding sections of this act shall be exercised only in great and imminent danger to the fruit interests of the State, and with the utmost caution and regard for the rights of individuals af- fected, consistent with the safety and welfare of the fruit interests of the whole State. Section 10. It sliall be the duty of the several members of the Board, and of the secretary, under tlieir direction, whenever they shall deem it necessary, to cause an inspection to be made of any orchard, nurseries, trees, plants, vegetables, vines, or any fruit packing-house, storeroom, salesroom, or any other place within their districts, and if found infested with any pests, diseases or fungous growths injurious to fruits, plants, vegetables, trees, or vines, or with their eggs or larvae, liable to spread to other places or localities, cr such nature as to be a public dan- ger, they shall notify the owner or owners, or person in cliarge of or in pos- session of such articles, things or places, that the same are so infested, and shall require said persons to eradicate or destroy said insects or pests, or their eggs or larvae, or to treat sucli contagious diseases within a certain time, to be speci- fied in said notice. Said notices may be serv*ed upon the person or persons, or any of them, owning, having charge, or liaving possession of such infested place, article, or thing, by any member of the Board, or by tlie secretary tliereof, or by any person deputized by the the said Board for that purpose, or they may be served in the same manner as a summons in an action at law. Sucli notice shall contain directions for the application of some treatment approved by the commis- sioners for the eradication or destruction of said pests, or the eggs or larvae thereof, or the treatment of contagious diseases or fungous growths. Any and all such places, orchards, nurseries, trees, plants, shrubs, vegetables, vines, fruits or articles thus infested are hereby declared to be a public nuisance : and wlienever any such nuisance shall exist at any place in tlie State on the property of any owner or owners upon whom or upon the person in charge or possession of whose property notice has been served as aforesaid, and wlio shall have failed or refused to abate the same within the time specified in such notice, or on the property of any nonresident or any property not in the possession of any person, and the owner or owners of which cannot be found by the resident member of the Board or the secre- tary, after diligent search within the district, it shall be the duty of the Board, or the member thereof in whose district said nuisance shall exist, or the secretary un- der his or their direction, to cause such nuisance to be at once abated, by eradicating or destroying said insects or pests, or their eggs or larvae, or by treating or disinfect- ing the infested or diseased articles. The expense thereof shall be a county charge, and the county court shall allow and pay the same out of tlie general fund of the county. Any and all sums so paid shall be and become a lien upon the property and premises from which said nuisance shall have been removed or abated, in pursuance of this act. and may be recovered by a suit in equity against such property or premises : which suit to foreclose sucli liens shall be brought in tlie circuit court of the county where tlie premises are situated, by the district at- torney, in tlie name and for the benefit of the county making such payments. The proceedings in such cases shall be governed by the same rules, as far as may be applicable, as suits to foreclose mechanics' liens, and the property shall be sold under the order of the court, and the proceeds applied in like manner. The Board is hereby invested with the power to cause such nuisances to be abated in a summary manner. Section 11. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meetings of the Board, and to preserve records of the proceedings, correspondence and actions of the Board, to collect books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other documents, contain- 80 Appendix. ing valuable information relating to horticulture, and to preserve the same ; to collect statistics and general information, showing the actual condition and prog- ress of horticulture in this State and elsewhere ; to correspond with agricultural and horticultural societies, colleges and schools of agriculture and horticulture, and such other persons and bodies as may be directed by the Board, and prepare, as required by the Board, reports for publication. Section 12. The Board shall, biennially, in the month of January, report to the Legisative Assembly a statement of its doings, with a copy of the treas- urer's report for the two years preceding the session thereof. The members shall receive as compensation their actual expenses while engaged upon the work of the Board or the enforcement of the provisions of tliis act, and shall be allowed $3.00 a day for the time actually employed. Section 1.3. The treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Board and pay out the same only for bills approved by it, and shall render annually to the Board a statement in detail of all receipts and disbursements. Section 14. There is hereby appropriated for the uses of the State Board of Horticulture, as set forth in this act, the sum of $4,500 for the year beginning January 1, 1895. and the sum of $4,500 for the year beginning January 1, 1896, out of any moneys in the State Treasury not otherwise appropriated, and the Sec- retary of State shall draw his warrant in favor of the treasurer of the Board for said sum upon the State Treasurer. Section 15. That tlie fruit and horticultural interests of this State, being in urgent need of the protection afforded by this act, an emergency exists, and this act shall take effect from and after its approval by the Governor. Passed by the House February 11. 1895. CHARLES B. MOORES, Speaker of the House. JOSEPH SIMON, President of the Senate. WILLIAM P. LORD, Governor. Passed by the Senate February 15, 1895. Approved February 23, 1895. An act to amend an act entitled "An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, approved February 25. 1889, and an act amendatory thereof, entitled 'An act to amend an act entitled an act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor,' approved February 25. 18S9, approved February 21. 1891. and to protect the horticul- tural industry in Oregon, and an act amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor," approved February 25, 1889, and an act amenda- tory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and approprhite money therefor, approved Feb- ruary 25. 1889,' approved February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon." approved February 23, 1895. Be it enacted hij the Legislative Assembly of ihc State of Oregon : Section 1. Section 1 of an act entitled "An act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor,' ap- . proved February 25, 1889, and an act amendatory thereof, entitled an act to amend an act entitled 'An act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, approved February 25, 1889,' approved February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon," be and the same is hereby amended so as to read as follows : Sec. 1. There is hereby created a Board of Horticulture, to consist of six members, who shall be appointed by a board, consisting of the Governor, Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer, One member of the said Board of Horticulture shall represent the State at large, and shall be the president and executive officer 16-Year-Old Peach Orchard of A. L. Walling, Oswego, Oregon Horticultural Law. 81 of the Board, and one member shall be appointed to represent each of the five dis- tricts, as hereby created, to wit: (1) The First District, which shall comprise the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook; (2) the Second District, which shall comprise the counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Lincoln, Linn and Lane ; (3) the Third District, wliich shall com- prise the counties of Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake ; (4) the Fourth District, which shall comprise the counties of Wasco, Sherman, Morrow, Gilliam and Crook; (5) the Fifth District, which shall comprise the coun- ties of Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Malheur, Harney, and Grant. Sec. 2. The members shall reside in the districts for which they are re- act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appropriate money therefor, ap- proved February 25, 1889,' and an act amendatory thereof, entitled 'An act to amend an act entitled an act to create a State Board of Horticulture and appro- priate money therefor, approved February 25, 1889,' approved February 21, 1891, and to protect the horticultural industry in Oregon," be and th" same is hereby amended so as to read as follows : Section 2. The members shall reside in the districts for wliich they are re- spectively appointed. They sliall be selected with reference to their knowledge of and practical experience in horticulture and the industries connected therewith, and shall be engaged in practical horticulture during their incumbency of tlie of- fice of commissioner. They shall liold office for the terra of four years, and until their successors are appointed and have qualified, unless removed by the appoint- ing board for failure to perform their duties. It shall be the duty of the president to visit at least once a year every district, and examine the orcliards, nurseries, and work of the district commissioners, and ascertain whether or not tlie law ./ind regulations of the Board are being properly executed. He must personally Inspect most of the orchards during the fruit-growing season, see that the regu- lations of the Boai'd regarding spraying are being faitlifully executed wherever insects, pests or disease injurious to tree or fruit are to be found. He must visit the principal fruit-shipping points during the shipping season, inspect the fruit shipped, and prevent the shipment of insect and pest-infested fruit. He shall give notice through the public press one week in advance of his visit to each county, giving the time and place of his visit, wliere he shall receive complaints of fruit- growers, and distribute to them printed and oral instructions regarding destruc- tion of pests, and other information, including proper methods of handling, pack- ing and shipping fruits. It shall also be his duty to visit, wlien possible, if requested by an association or a number of fruitgrowers, the meetings of such asso- ciations of fruitgrowers, and aid them in the organization of proper asso- ciations beneficial to the growing and marketing of fruits. The president shall preside at all the meetings of tlie Board, and may call special meetings whenever an emergency may require it. He shall make an annual report to the appointing board of the general condition of the fruit interests of the State and success of the commissioners in the work of exterminating pests and executing the law. Section 15. Inasmuch as the provisions of tliis act are of immediate impor- tance to the horticultural interests of this State, this law shall take effect from and after its approval by the Governor. Approved February 17, 1899. An act to protect the fruit and hop industry of Oregon. Be it enacted hy the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon : Section 1. It shall hereafter be unlawful for any person, firm, or corpora- tion, owning or operating any nursery, fruit orchard of any kind, hopyards, flower gardens, or ornamental trees, to throw any cuttings or prunings from any fruit trees, nursery stock, ornamental trees, or hop vines into any public road, high- HOR. 6 82 Appendix.' way, lane, field, or other inclosure, or into any water course of any kind ; but shall destroy such cuttings or prunings with fire withiu thirty days from the time such cuttings or prunings are made. Section 2. It shall hereafter he the duty of any person, firm, or corporation owning or operating any such nursery, fruit orchard, hopyard. flower garden, or ornamental trees, and knowing such to be infected with any kind of insects, pests, or disease, to immediately spray or destroy the same in such manner as the fruit commissioner for his district may direct. Section 3. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation doing business in the State of Oregon to sell paris green, arsenic, london purple, sul- phur, or any spray material or compound for spraying purposes in quantities ex- ceeding one pound without providing with each package sold a certificate, duly signed by the seller thereof, guaranteeing the quality and per cent of purity of said materials. Section 4. Any person, firm, or corporation selling any of the above ma- terials which do not conform with the certificate furnished therewith, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine of not less than twenty-five ($2.5) dollars nor more than one hundred ($100) dollars. Section 5. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to im- port or sell any infested or diseased fruit of any kind in the State of Oregon. Section 0. Kvery person who packs or prepares for shipment to any point without the State, or who delivers or causes to be delivered to any express agent, or railroad agent, or other person, or to any transportation company or corpora- tion for shipment to any point without the State, any fruit or fruits, either fresh, cured or dried, that is infected with insects, pests or diseases injurious to trees, shrubs, plants, fruits or vegetables, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 7. Any person, firm, or corporation violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25) dollars nor more than one hundred (.$100) dollars. Section 8. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of the State Board of Horticulture of the district in which a violation of this act occurs to present the evidence of the case to the district attorney, whose duty It shall be to prosecute any person guilty of a violation of this act, which prosecution may be brought in any of the justice courts of this State. Section 0. Inasmuch as the horticultural interests of this State demand im- mediate attention, this act shall be in full force and effect from and after its ap- proval by the Governor. Approved by the Governor. Quarantine Regulations. 83 QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. At a special meeting of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture, held in Port- land April 2, 1805, all members present, the following regulations were adopted, in accordance with the laws regulating such matters, and are, therefore, binding upon all persons : Rule 1 — All consignees, agents, or other persons, shall, within twenty-four hours, notify the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, of the arrival of any trees, plants, buds, or scions at the quarantine station in the district of final destination. Rule 2 — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, Inids, or scions imported or brought into the State from any foreign country, or from any of the States or Territories. are hereby required to be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine station in the district of final destination : and if such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found to be free of insect pests and fungous diseases, the said quarantine officer or duly commissiontd quarantine guardian shall issue a certificate to that effect ; and, furthermore, if any of said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found infested with insect pests, fungi, blight, or other diseases injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or other trees or plants, they shall be disinfected and remain in quarantine until the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture or the duly commissioned quarantine guardian can deter- mine whether the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are free from live, injurious insect pests or their eggs, larvse or pupae or fungous diseases before they can be offered for sale. gift, distribution, or transportation. All persons or companies are hereby prohibited from carrying any trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions from without the State to any point within the State beyond the nearest point on its line or course to the quarantine station in the district of ulti- mate destination ; or from any point within the State to any point therein, until such trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions have been duly inspected, and, if required, disinfected as hereinbefore provided ; and all such shipments must be accompanied by the proper certificate of the inspecting officer ; provided, however, that after sucli persons or company have given the proper officer four days' notice, he or they shall not be required to hold such shipments further, without directions from such officer. Rule 3 — All peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, or almond trees, and all other trees budded or grafted upon peach stocks or roots, all peach or other pits, and all peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, or almond cuttings, buds, or scions, raised or grown in a district where the "peach yellows" or the "peach rosette" are known to exist, are hereby prohibited from being imported into or planted or offered for sale, gift, or distribution within the State of Oregon. Rule 4 — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits arriving from any foreign country found infested with insect pests or their eggs, larvae, or pup£e, or with fungi, or other disease or diseases hitherto unknown in this State, are hereby prohibited from landing. Rule 5 — Fruit of any kind grown in any foreign country, or in any of the States or Territories, found infested with any insect or insects, or with any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit or fruit trees, or to other trees or plants, is hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, gift or distribu- tion within the State. 84 Appendix. Rule 0. Any boxes, packages, packing material, and the like, infested with insect or insects, or their eggs, larvae or pupte, or by any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases known to be injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or to other trees or plants, and liable to spread contagion, are hereljy prohibited from being offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transportation until said material has been disin- fected by dipping it in boiling water and allowing it to remain in said boiling water not less than two minutes : such boiling water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, one pound of concentrated potash to each and every ten gal- lons of water. Rule 7 — All trees, plants, grafts, cuttings, buds, or scions may be disinfected by dipping in a solution of three-fourths of a pound of whale-oil soap (eighty per cent) to each and every gallon of water ; said whale-oil soap solution shall be kept at a temperature of 100 to l.")0 degrees. Said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions shall remain in said solution not less than two minutes. After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions have been disinfected, they shall remain in quarantine fourteen days, unless otherwise directed by the inspecting oflBcer, for subsequent inspection, and if deemed necessary by the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, for further disinfection. Rule 8 — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions may be disinfected by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as follows : Said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions shall be covered, with an air-tight tent or box, and for each and every 100 cubic feet of space therein one ounce of (C. P.) cyanide of potassium (ninety-eight percent), one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid, and two fluid ounces of water shall be used. The cyanide of potassium shall be placed in an earthenware vessel, the water poured over the said cyanide of potassium, afterward adding the sulphuric acid, and the tent or box to be immediately closed tightly, and allowed to remain closed for not less than forty minutes. After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, or scions have been treated with hydrocyanic acid gas as above directed, they shall remain in quarantine for fourteen days, unless otherwise directed by the inspecting officer, for subsequent inspection, and if deemed necessary by a mem- ber of the State Board of Horticulture, or the quarantine officer of said Board, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, for subsequent disinfection. Rule — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions imported or brought into the State shall be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine station in the dis- trict of flnal destination, and if found infested with any injurious insects or dis- eases which cannot be destroyed by the remedies required in rules 7 and 8 of these regulations, are hereby prohibited from being planted or offered for sale, gift, or distribution, and shall be proceeded against as a nuisance. Rule II). — If any person or persons having in their possession trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits infested with an insect or insects, or with any fungi, blight or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit trees, or to any other trees or plants, shall refuse or neglect to disinfect the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits as is required by rules 7 and S of these regulations, after having been notified to do so by a member of the State Board of Horticulture, the quarantine officer of said Board, or a duly commissioned quar- antine guardian, the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits shall be declared a public nuisance, and shall be proceeded against as provided by law. Rule 11 — Animals known as flying fox, Australian or English wild rabbits, or other animals or birds detrimental to fruit or fruit trees, plants, etc.. are prohib- ited from being brought or landed in this State, and, if landed, shall be destroyed. Rule 12 — Quarantine stations: For the First District, ccjraprising the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill. Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tilla- mook, shall be Portland. W. K. Newell, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thei-eof. For the Second District, comprising the counties of Marion. Polk, Benton, Linn, Ijincoln, and liane, shall be Salem. L. T. Rey- nolds, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof.. Horticultural Law. 85 For the Third District, comprising tlie counties of Josephine, Coos, Curry, Doug- las. .Taclvson, Lalte. and Klamntli, shall be Asliland. A. II. Carson, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. For tlie Fourtli I>istrict, comprising tlie counties of Morrow, Wasco, Gilliam, Crook, and Sherman, shall be The Dalles. Emile Schanno, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. For the Fiftli District, comprising tlie counties of Uma- tilla. Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney, shall be Milton and Pendleton. Judd Geer, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the sec- retary thereof. At all stations such other quarantine officers as may be from time to time appointed by the Board, notice whereof will be given, and complete lists of wiiom may be obtained from the secretary or any member of the Board. Rule 13 — Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees or cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions, desiring to have such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions inspected at points other than regular quarantine stations, may have such inspection done where required ; provided, however, that such importers shall pay all charges of inspection ; such charges and expenses to be paid before a cer- tificate is granted. Transportation companies or persons and consignees or agents shall deliver and cause to be detained all nui'sery stock, trees, plants, and fruit at one or the other of the quarantine stations, for inspection, as provided by the rules and regulations of the Board. Rule 14 — The fee for the inspection of apple, pear, plum, peach, nectarine, prune, cherry, apricot, nut-bearing trees, and all other trees, shrubs, or plants, shall be as follows : Thirty cents per liour. including tlie time from leaving home, inspection and return home of tlie inspector, and actual traveling and other ex- penses. On all fruits the fee for inspection shall be $1.00 on any sum up to $.3.j.OO, and .$2.00 on any sum over that amount, and .$5.00 for carload lots. Rule 15 — All persons growing nursery stock, trees, and plants for sale, or to be offered for sale, are hereby required to report to the commissioner of the dis- trict in vvliich said nursery stock, trees, or plants are grown, for inspection during the months of September, October, or November of each and every year : and the commissioner of sucli district, or his duly appointed deputy, shall inspect such nursery stock, trees, or plants prior to shipment and delivery. When said nursery stock, trees, or plants are fo"und by said inspecting officer to be worthy of a certifi- cate setting forth the freedom of such nursery stock, trees, or plants, from live, injurious insect pests, their eggs, larvce, pupte, or fungous disease, the said in- specting officer shall then issue to the owner or owners of said nursery stock, trees, or plants, a certificate of inspection. The condition under which this certificate is granted is, tiiat the party or parties receiving such certificate shall be comjielled to disinfect by fumigation witli hydrocyanic acid gas, as described in rule 8, all pear and apple trees, or otlier stock grown on apple roots, after lifting the same and before delivery to purchaser or carriers ; and, in case such fumigation is neg- lected, said certificate of inspection shall be void and of no effect. Passed at a meeting of the State Board of Horticulture at Portland, Oregon. April 3, 1895, and amended at a regular meeting of the State Board of Horticulture at Salem, Oregon, October 15, A. D., 1895. 86 Appendix. REVISED CATALOGUE OF FRUITS RECOMMENDED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH PROVINCES. BY THE AMERICA?^ POMOLOGICAL SOCIETV. REVISED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE SOCIETY. W. H. Ragan, Chairman. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division of Pomologj', WAsniNGTON, D. C June 15, 1800. Sill : In my letter of transmittal of August IS. 1807, accompanying the mat- ter embraced in Bulletin No. 6 of tliis division, tlie mutual arrangement ttiat had been entered into between the Department of Agriculture and the American Pomu- logical Society was fully set forth. The relationship thus established still exists, and the bulletin has been carefully revised and compiled for publication under the joint auspices of the society and the division. I now, therefore, have the honor to submit to you this revision, and trust that you may authorize its early publi- cation. As heretofore this revision has been made by a regularly appointed commit- tee of the American Pomological Society, of which Prof. W. H. Ragan is chairman, and Mr. T. T. Lyon, Prof. E. J. AViclvSon. Prof. C. S. Crandall. Mr. Silas Wilson. and Mr. L. A. Breckmans are members. Owing to the varied conditions of soil, climate and elevation of the PacifiG Coast region, it was thought advisable to make special investigation of the pomo- logical conditions in that section, and Prof. E. J. Wickson, of California, was ac- cordingly appointed a special agent of this division for that purpose, and to him special credit is due for his valuable services rendered. While it is manifestly impossible to construct a general fruit list that will constitute an infallible guide to the planter, it i.s hoped and believed that this re- vised catalogue of fruits will be of service to him in the selection of varieties adapted to liis own locality. With the above explanations. I have the honor to recommend the publication of this catalogue as Bulletin No. 8 of this division. Very respectfully. G. B. BRACKETT. Pomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. In accordance with agreement, publication as recommended is hereby authorized. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 87 INTRODUCTION. The Revised Catalogue of Fruits prepared under the .ioint auspices of the American Pomologieal Society and the division of pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture is herewith suljmitted. In making this revision the chairman of the committee ou revision has availed himself of the experience of his able predecessor, Hon. T. T. Lyon, and, through correspondence, of many practical pomologists. Many sources of information have been sought, and repeated efforts have been made to secure accurate and conserva- tive opinion on the merits of varieties and their adaptability to the several dis- tricts. But notwithstanding these efforts the chairman of your committee is aware that this revision is not without defects. The highest aim and desire of your committee has been to present reliable data concerning the behavior of varieties in various sections of our country. If this desire has not been realized it has been largely due to the difficulties expe- rienced in outlining districts sufficiently homogeneous in soil, climate, and other important features, and in securing responses to the numerous inquiries sent out to practical fruitgrowers. While these difficulties have been quite real, it is yet due the fruitgrowers to say that they are as a class very generous in giving out information gathered through their experience. Actuated by a desire to make the work as reliable as possible, and therefore a safe guide to planters and others seeking such information, the work of this revision has been done at Washington, where easy access could be had to the library and records of the division of pomology, as well as opportunity for fre- quent consultations with the pomologist and his corps of assistants. All imcer- tainties of origin, nomenclature, etc., have been carefully investigated with a view to arriving at correct conclusions. The general plan of the catalogue is based on that of its immediate predeces- sor, which was largely the work of that eminent pomologist, the former chairman of your committee on revision, Hon. T. T. Lyon, of Michigan. The districts have been somewhat changed in boundaries and increased in number, in order, if pos- sible, to conform more closely to practical as well as scientific principles. The map has also been enlarged and the boundaries of the districts made more distinct. In view of the lack of knowledge on the part of any but a resident expert concerning the behavior of varieties and the true status of fruit-growing in that section of our country bordering on the Pacific Coast, Prof. E. J. Wickson, of the University of California, was appointed by the pomologist to prepare that portion of the catalogue which is embraced in Districts Nos. 15, IG, 17, 18, and 19, and this revision is based almost wholly on his report. The thanks of your committee are extended to Professor Wickson for his valuable services. The list of public-spirited fruitgrowers generously contributing assistance is too large to attempt individual acknowledgment, but on behalf of the society and its committee, I feel bound to refer especially to the invaluable aid of Colonel Brackett and his able assistant, Mr. William A. Taylor. Respectfully submitted, W. II. RAGAN, Chairman. PLAX OF THE CATALOGUE. This catalogue embraces species and varieties of fruits and nuts recommendetl for cultivation in the United States and the British American I'rovinces. These are arranged alphabetically in three divisions, as follows : 88 Appendix. Division 1. Species and varieties mainly adapted to culture in the Northern and Middle States of the Union and in adjacent portions of the British Provinces. Division 2. More southern, tropical, and subtropical species and varieties. Division 3. Species indigenous and introduced, not included in the foregoing, which have not deviated under cultivation so far from their original types as to have deserved varietal names. The entire territory represented is divided into nineteen pomological districts, with little regard to state or provincial boundaries, but with primary reference to the influence of latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, and oceanic and lacustrine exposures upon their adaption to pomological pursuits. (See map.) Size and quality, as usually expressed in pomological phraseology, are stated in the tabulation of varieties upon the scale of 1 to 10, as follows : SCALE OF SIZE AND QUALITY. Size Scale Qualiti/ Very small - - _ _ . 1 2-3 3-4 5-6 7-S 8-9 10 Very poor. Poor. Small - -_ - _ _. . . Small to medium Poor to good. Medium _- _ . ... . __ Good to very good. Verv good. Medium to large - . - _ _ . ._ _ Ijarge _ - Very good to best. Best. Verv large- - District No. 1 — !Maine above five hundred feet elevation ; New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York north of latitude fourty-four degrees ; Ontario north of Lake Simcoe and east of longitude eighty degrees ; Quebec. New Brunswick, and I'rince Edward's Island. The dominant natural feature of this district is the St. Lawrence Valley. :Many of the hardier fruits flourish within its borders. District No 2 — Nova Scotia ; Maine below five hundred feet elevation ; New Hampshire and Vermont south of latitude forty-four degrees ; Massachusetts ; Rhode Island ; Connecticut ; New York south of latitude forty-four degrees, except Long Island ; northern New .Jersey above five hundred feet elevation ; Pennsylvania east of the Susquehanna Kiver and above five hundred feet elevation, north of latitude forty-one degrees west of the Allegheny River, and all of that portion of the state lying north of the Ohio River ; Oliio and Indiana north of latitude forty degrees, ;ind the lower peninsula of Michigan. The Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, the North Atlantic Coast, the lake region of western New York, Ohio, and Michigan, and the Hudson River Valley are the leading features of District No. 2. This may be considered the northern grape, peach, and winter apple district. District No. 3 — Long Island : New .Jersey, except a small portion north ; east- ern Pennsylvania below five liundred feet elevation ; Delaware ; and Maryland and Virginia below five hundred feet elevation. This is the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay District. Though a small district, its productive capacity is great of the fruits that succeed within its borders. District No. 4 — Pennsylvania alxive five hundred feet elevation and soutli of latitude forty-one degrees ; ^Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina, South Carolina, (Jeorgia, Mississippi, and Alabama, above five hundred feet elevation ; West Vir- ginia ; Tennesse and Kentucky ; Ohio and Indiana south of latitude forty degrees ; soutliern Illinois below the general elevation of five hundred feet, from the Wabasii to the Missis.sippi ; Missouri soutli of a line from near Si. Louis and along the elcA'ation of one tliousand feet to the southeast corner of Kansas ; Oklahoma below two thousand feet elevation ; Indian Territory ; and Arkansas north of lati- tude thirty-five degrees, also south of it wherever the elevation exceeds five hun- dred feet. The Allegheny and the Ozark Mountains and the valleys of the Ohio, the Tennessee, and the Cumberland, and portions of the Wabasli, the Mississippi, and the Arkansas Rivers are embraced within this district. Portions of it are noted fruit regions, while throughout its vast territory the hardier deciduous \ ^4. Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 89 I'ruits flourish. JNIany of the varieties recommended succeed best in certain locali- ties within the district. An exception to the general character of the district occurs in those portions of Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and southeastern Mis- souri lying near the Mississippi River, where varieties adapted to culture in Dis- tricts 5 and 7 generally succeed. District No. 5 — Eastern North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia below five hundred feet elevation ; and Florida north of latitude thirty degrees east of the Chattahoochee River and above one hundred feet elevation. This district embraces the southern Atlantic seaboard, with its many frith-like indentations and valleys. The climate is generally mild, and within its borders many of the more tender deciduous fruits flourish. District No. 6 — Florida south of latitude thirty degrees, and the remaining portions of the state with elevations below one hundred feet, and those portions of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, lying below the one hundred feet contour line as it skirts the coast from Florida to the Rio Grande. This is the Southern Peninsula and the Gulf Coast District. The successful cul- ture of citrus and other subtropical fruits and nuts is restricted to the peninsula portion of Florida and to the delta of the Mississippi. Tropical species are only recommended for that portion of Florida lying south of latitude twenty-seven de- grees, and are indicated by the letter "S" in connection with the starring. District No. 7 — Florida west of the Chattahoochee River and above one hun- dred feet elevation : Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas above one hundred and below five hundred feet elevation ; and Texas south of Red River and above one hundred and below one thousand feet elevation. This may be denomi- nated the Valley District. It embraces portions of the Chattahoochee, Alabama, Pearl, Mississippi, Arkansas. Red, Sabine, Colorado, and Rio Grande Valleys. The climate in the eastern and larger portion is warm and moist, in the extreme west more dry and tending toward aridity. A wide range of the more tender varieties and species is adapted to culture in the district. District No. 8 — Illinois north of the five hundred-foot contour line as it crosses the state between thirty-eight degrees and thirty-nine degrees latitude ; a small portion of southwest Wisconsin ; Iowa south of about latitude forty-two degrees, thirty minutes ; the Missouri River Valley portion of southeastern South Da- kota : Nebraska and Kansas below two thousand feet elevation ; and Missouri north of a line drawn from near St. Louis and along the elevation of one thou- sand feet to the southeast corner of Kansas. The Missouri and Mississippi Valley sections of the district are its dominant features. The hardy deciduous fruits suc- ceed in most portions, and commercial fruit-growing is a rapidly developing industry. District No. — Wisconsin except the southwest corner ; Minnesota ; upper Michigan ; Iowa north of about latitude forty-two degrees thirty minutes ; North aud South Dakota east of longitude ninety-nine degrees ; and the British Provinces west of longitude eighty degrees and east of longitude ninety-nine degrees. This district embraces the upper lakes, including Winnipeg, the Upper Mississippi, and the Red River Valleys. Only the hardier fruits succeed, but fair progress has been made in recent years in developing varieties adapted to this region. District No. 10 — Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma above two thousand feet elevation ; Texas above two thousand feet elevation and north of Red River and latitude thirty-flve degrees ; also Colorado below five thousand feet. This is the central plain and foothill district. It lies on the eastern slope of the Continental Divide. There are small sections, especially in eastern Colorado, where the apple and other hardy fruits are very successfully grown. District No. 11 — Texas above one thousand feet and south of Red River and latitude thirty-flve degrees ; and east of longitude one hundred and three degrees and the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers. This may be accepted as an extension southward of District No. 10, with very similar conditions, but a warmer and more southern climate. District No. 12 — Texas west of longitude one hundred and three degrees and the Pecos River, and New Mexico south of latitude thirty-flve degrees. The Pecos 90 Appendix. and Rio Grande Valleys are the characteristic features of this district. Consider- able effort at growing fruit, especiallj' the apple and the hardier vinifera grapes, is being made in many localities. District No. 13 — New Mexico and Arizona north of latitude thirty-five degrees : Utah : and Colorado above five thousand feet elevation. This district embraces the Continental Divide and the Great Salt Lake, and it also embraces the valley and canyon of the Colorado and the sources of tlie important streams south of the Missouri and Yellowstone. It affords a great diversity of soils and climatic con- ditions, and hence a wide range of fruit growing. Tlie species successfully grown within the boundaries of this district range from the vinifera grapes to the hardy ironclad apples. District No. 14 — The Dakotas west of longitude ninety-nine degrees ; Wyo- ming : Montana east of longitude one hundred and eleven degrees ; and the Britisli Provinces lying between longitude ninety-nine and one hundred and eleven de- grees. The I^pper Missouri and Yellowstone Valleys are the distinctive features of the district. There is perhaps no section of the district in which fruit-growing has reached a very high state of development. Leading causes of this condition may be found in the comparatively undeveloped, or unsettled, state of the country and its great elevation. District No. 1~> — British America west of longitude one hundred and eleven degrees and east of longitude one hundred and twenty-two degrees ; Montana west of longitude one hundred and eleven degrees ; Idaho ; Nevada : and Washington, Oregon, and California east of the general coast contour line of one thousand feet elevation, crimmenciug at the r)ritish boundary near longitude one hundred and twenty-two degrees and southward on said elevation to its intersection of the Southern Pacific Railway in the Upper Willamette Valley, thencealong the line of said railway to the Sacramento Valley, thence east and south on the eastern rim of said valley and that of the San Joaquin at an elevation of one thousand feet to latitude thirty-flve degrees, thence east on said latitude to the Colorado River. The characteristic features of this district are the Uupper Columbia Valley and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. An exception to the general recommendation will appear in certain portions of Snake River Valley, where the vinifera grapes and other tender fruits succeed. District No. Ifi — the coast section of British America west of longitude one hundred and twenty-two degrees, and of AVashington, Oregon, and California north of about latitude thirty-nine degrees thirty minutes, and bounded on the east by Districts Nos. 15 and 17. This district embraces tlie highly developed fruit- growing sections on Puget Sound, the I^ower Columl)ia. and the Willamette. District No. 17 — The Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, bounded on the east by District No. 15. and on the west by the western rim of this great interior basin. The diversified fruit and nut products of this district are marvelous. There are localities in which the semi-tropical species and others in which the apple, pear, and other hardy fruits and nuts are grown to the highest perfection. District No. 18 — The coast section of California lying between latitude thirty- five degrees and about thirt.v-nine degrees thirty minutes, and bounded on the east by District No. 17. Its characteristic features are the Coast range of mountains, the Russian River, the Sonoma, the Santa Clara, and the Pajaro Valleys. District No. 19 — California and Arizona south of latitude thirty-five degrees. The dominant characteristics are the valleys of the Gila, the Colorado, the San Gabriel, and the Santa Ana and the Sierra Madre Mountains. It includes the celebrated fruit districts of Santa Ana. Riverside, .Santa Barbara, the Salt River Valley, San Diego, and many others. Districts 16. 17. 18, and 10 are peculiarly adapted to fruit and nut culture. Perhaps no portion of the earth's surface is more highly favored in climate an-6 6-7 6-7 5-6 8 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 8-4 7-8 5-6 3-4 5-6 6-8 4-5 8 9-10 7-8 7-8 8-9 7-9 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 7-8 3-4 8 6-7 7-8 4-5 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 4-5 I 5-6 ' 4-6 6-7 6-8 8-9 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-7 6-8 3-4 2-4 3 5-7 4-5 5-6 6-8 8 4-5 7-8 7-8 8-9 4-5 7-8 oc roi ro o r roi oc obc roc obc re rob i o r roc r ro ro oc re ro re re obc o re re roi oic r roc ro ro oc roc o rov o oi roc oc re re Ob rob ov ro ro roc oi oi ri roc roe oe re oc re r obc r ro ro o o r rov ro roc oc yrs gr yr s y yrs yrs yrs yr yr yr y r gyr wrg m m m m m m m ! m in s yr yr yr yw yrs yr y yrs yru r yrs yr ygr yr yr yr yr yr yrs yrs rs m s wyr rs yr yrs yrs grs y y r ry ys yru y yr yr gy gr gr y gyr gyr r yr rgy rs y yrs yrs s yrs yrs yrs yrs yru yr m m m ma m m m m m m m m m na m ma m m m m m m m in m m m a ma c m s m ma m ma s m m m a a s s m m m m m m 6-7 4 7 7 7 4 4 6-7 4 6 4 .5-6 7-8 5 4-5 9-10 5 9 8-9 4-5 3-4 6-7 .5-6 10 .5-6 4-5 6 4-5 3_4 3-4 9 8-9 8-9 .5-6 .5-6 4 4-5 7-8 7-8 5-6 10 8-9 4 5 6-7 4-5 4 .5-6 .5-6 5-6 8-9 7-8 8-9 6-7 9-10 4-6 6 6-7 6-7 2 3-5 5-6 8-4 .5-6 8 3-4 4-5 8_9 8 7-8 6-7 vl 1 1 1 e m 1 em m m 1 1 1 1 me me 1 em e ve e e 6 e vl 1 1 1 1 in m in m ni ni em e e vl ml ml ml e 1 e e 1 vl me vl e m em 1 vl 1 1 em e ml 1 m m e 1 1 e 1 e 1 ml 1 1 km m dm m d m m d k km m km dm m dkm dk d m dk d km dm dm m d d k m dk m k dk d dm d m dm m dkm dm m d dkm k k km kc km dm dk dk dkm km dkm k d km mk d mk c km d m km km m mc dm dkc d dm Ind. N. Y. Conn. Ark. Am. ? N. J. Pa. Ohio Rus. N. C. Mass. Vt. N. Y. Vt. Tex. Holl. Fr. ? Am. Am. N. Y. Am. Pa. M. Y. (?) N. Y. Pa. Pa. Pa. Mass. Conn. Mass. Am. Am. Fr. ? Ga. Pa. Va. Ohio Mass. 111. Tenn.? Mass. Ga. N. J. Minn. Tenn. Va. Rus. Eng. Conn. Am. Ger. Tenn. N. Y. .Mass. Va. Mo. Am. N. C. Ga. Va. Rus. Mass. N. C. s. c. Mo. Ga. N. C. Mass. Mass. Mo. Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 93 APPLES— Continued. Ingram Irish Peach Isham Sweet Jacobs Sweet Jefferis Jersey Sweet Jewett Red {Nodhead) Jonathan Jiidson Julian July, Fourth of •lunaUiskee Kaump _- Kent Honut}! Kernodle _-! Keswick Kinnard Klrkbridge Krauser Ivady Lady Sweet Lanlil'ord Ijansingburg Late Strawberry Lawver Lehigh Greening Lilly of Kent Limbertwig Longtield Louise, Princess Lowe Lowell Lowland Raspberry McAfee ___ McCuller Mcintosh McLellan McMahon Magog Red Streak Maiden Blush Malinda Mangum ( Galley) Mann Margaret, Early Red Mason Stranger Maryland Maiden Blush Mattiim uskeet Maverack Melon, Norton Millboy Milwaukee Minister Minkler Missouri Pippin Monmouth (Red Cheek Pippin)- Moore Sweet Mother Munson Nanseniond Nero Newell Newton Spitzenburg Nickajack Northern Spy Northfleld Northwestern Greening Nottingham Brown Noyes, Doctor Oconee Ogle (Winter Snow) Ohio Nonpareil Description Size I 6 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 4-5 5-6 6-7 8-9 7-8 6-7 5-6 ■1-5 5-(i 1-2 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 7-8 6-7 5-6 Form 8-9 8-9 6 7-8 7-8 6-7 5-7 8-9 7-8 5-6 ti-7 5-6 6-7 5-6 5-6 4-6 5-6 7-8 6-7 6-7 7-8 7-8 6-7 5-6 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 7-8 5-6 8-9 8-9 5-6 8-9 8 6-7 8-9 5-6 7-8 o c rob r oc roc ro re c re roc ro r ro rob ei oci obi o rob re ro re ro ore roc re ro ob Ob r ro ro ro roe ro rob o re oe ro ro o re roc ro roc re ro oe re re oc ro re o roc ro rob oc oe roc ro re Ob ro ro ro r Color Flavor ywr r yr yrs yrs grs yr grs wrs wyr y y gyr ys gyr yr yro rs yr ygr grc yr wrs r y g gyr y we y y ys ygr r nyr yrs yr yrs yr yr yrs I yg yr yr yr yr yr yrs r yrs yrs gyr yrs yr r yr yr yrs r yrs yrs yrs yrs rys gy yr ry yr r yr s ni s m m m m a m m m s m m m m m m m m m m m m ra m m m ni s m m m m m s m s m m m m m m Qual'y Season 9 7_8 5-6 7-8 8-9 8 6-7 8-9 4 4-6 8-4 4-6 7 3-4 7-8 5-fa 5-6 3-4 6 6-7 6-8 7-8 3-4 5-0 5-6 6-7 7-9 ' 3-6 i 4-5 5-6 ' 6-7 7-8 4-5 5-7 i 6-7 5-6 5-6 4-5 7-8 5-6 5-6 6-8 4-5 5-6 5-6 7-8 3-4 4-6 7-8 6-7 5-6 5-6 6-8 3-4 6-8 5-6 8-9 5-6 4-5 .5-6 5-6 7-8 4-5 8-9 G-8 6 8 8 4-5 7-8 5-0 e me 1 1 e em 1 1 me e ve 1 1 m vl era 1 e vl 1 1 1 vl m vl vl e vl e 1 e e e 1 1 ml m ra 1 e vl m vl 6 1 ml 1 1 1 me 1 ml 1 1 1 1 ml ml 1 1 1 1 1 ml nie 1 1 e m vl m Use j Origin dm km km dm d dk d dkm km d cm d km k dm I k dk km dk ! dm dk , dm ! m d dm dkm dm m / k d km I km ' km 1 m } dm I dm ! d dm j dkm i km dkm 1 "^ mk I d ; d mk ' k mk dm d ! km dm m I m dm i ^ I d ' dk km km d m dkm dkm km d k rn mdk dk d k m dm Mo. Wis. Mass. Pa. N.J. N. H. N. Y. Minn. N. C. Ger. N. C. Wis. Eng. N. C. Eng. Tenn. Am. Pa. Fr. N. Y. Md. N. Y. N. Y. Mo. Pa. Del. N. C. Rus. Ont. Am. Am. Rus. Ky. N. C. Ont. Conn. Wis. Vt. N.J. Vt. Ala. N. Y. Eng. Va. Md. N. C. S. C. N. Y. W. Va Wis. Mass. Pa. Mo. N.J. Am. Mass. Mass. Va. N. J. ? Wis. N. Y. Ga. N. Y. Vt. Wis. Pa. Am. Ga. 111. Ohio. 94 Appendix, APPLES— Continued. Name Ohio Pippin {Shannon) Oliabena Oldenburg, Duchess of Oliver (Senator-) " Ontario Ortley Paragon Patten Greening Peach of Montreal Pease, Walter Peck Pleasant Peerless Perfection Perry Russett Peter Pewaukee Plumb Cider Pomrne Gris Porter Primate Pryor Red Pumpkin Sweet [Pound Sweet)- Quince, Cole Ralls Genet {Janet, Neverfail)-— Rarabo 1 Ramsdell Sweet Raspberry Red Astrakhan Red Canada Red June, Carolina Red Stripe Repka Malenka Rhode Island Greening Ribston Ridge Pippin Rolfe (Macomber) Romanite, South Roman Stem Rome Beauty Roxbury Russell Russian Baldwin Salome Saint Johnsbury Saint Lawrence Scott M^inter Shiawassee Shockley Smith Cider Smokehouse Sops of Wine Stark Starkey Stayman Winesap Stephenson Sterling {American Beauty) Summer King Pearmain Queen Rose Summer Summer Summer Sutton Swaar Swazy Pomme Gris Sweet Winesap Switzer Taunton Terry Winter Tetofski Titovka Tolman Sweet-— Tompkins King- Description Size Form Color Flavor Qual'y Season Use Origin 8-9 5 5-6 7 5 7-8 7-8 8-9 5-6 8-9 7-8 5 7-8 5-6 7-8 8-9 5-6 3-4 7-8 5-6 5-6 8-9 7-8 5-6 5-6 7-8 3-4 7-8 5-6 3-4 5-6 3-4 8-9 5-6 7-8 7-8 3-4 5-6 8-9 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-6 5 5-6 3-4 6-7 6-7 5-6 8-9 7-8 8-9 5-6 8-9 7-8 5-6 6_7 4-5 6-7 7-S 2-4 5-6 5-6 7-8 2-3 5-6 7-8 5-6 8-9 ro rob o ob rob re r re rob ro or r re r ro re ro obc re oi r ro oc o obc obi re oc ovc obc re ro r rei o re r re ro rov or rob < r oc re o re roc ro r robe, ocr re rob re ro re re r roc ro ro oc r oc re roc oci ro roc yr a rs yrs a r wyr a gyr m yr m y yrs m rys yr m s yrs yru gy yrs yrs yrur yr yr gyr gw y yrs wvr rgy yr rs wrs rs gy yr yru yrs yr wyr yrs yru yr grs yr yrs yrs rs wrs yr yrs yr yr yrs ys r yrs yr yrs rru yrs yrs yrs gy or r wr yrs yr yrs yrs y yrs m m m m m m ni m s a m m s a m m m m a a m m m ni m m s m a m m m m m m m m m m m a ni m m am s m a a m s m 6-6 4-6 4-5 7-8 6 7-8 8 5-6 5-6 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 6-7 4-5 5-6 8-9 8-9 9 7-9 5-6 5-6 6-7 7-8 6-7 6-7 5-6 8-9 6-7 5-6 5 7-8 7-8 5-6 8 6-7 8-9 6-7 6-7 7-9 7-8 7-8 7-8 6-7 5-7 7-8 5-6 5-6 6-7 5-6 5-6 8 8-9 5-6 7-8 6-7 9-10 5-6 6-7 7-8 7-8 8-9 6-7 6-7 ;5-6 5-6 4-5 5-6 6-7 8-9 leason Use ml km me km 6 km ml m e m ml dm 1 dm ml km 1 dm me dk 1 dkm 1 m me km ml dk m km 1 km m dm ml d em dm e d 1 dk ml k e k vl m m dk m km me km e km 1 dm ve dm e km Im k 1 dkm 1 dk 1 m ra dkm 1 d 1 dk ml dkm 1 km e d 1 dkm vl dkm 1 dkm m dm 1 km m dkm 1 dm 1 km ml k e d 1 m ml dkm 1 mdk 1 dm 1 d e dk em d e km ve d 1 dm 1 d 1 dm 1 dk e k m k 1 dm e m m km 1 km 1 dm Ohio. Mi'in. Rus. Ark. Ont. N.J. Tenn. Iowa. Fr. Conn. R.I. Minn. Iowa. N. Y. Minn. Wis. Wis. Eur. ? Mass. N. Y. Va. Conn. Me. Fr. Pa. Am. Rus. Rus. Am. N. C. Ind. Rus. R. I. Eng. Pa.? Me. Am.? N.J. Ohio. Mass. Am. Rus. 111. Vt. Am. Vt. Mich. Ga. Pa. Pa. Eur.? Ohio. Me. Kan. Miss. Mass. N. C. Am. Am. N.J. Mass. N. Y. Can. Pa. Rus. (Ala.? I Ga.? Ga. Rus. Rus. R.I. N.J. Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 95 APPLES— Concluded. DeBcription Size Form Color Flavor Qual'y Season Use Origin Townsend 5 Trenton Early ti Twenty-Ounce {Cayiir/a Hedstreak) 9. letter I 7 Vandevere i 5 Van hoy j 8 Virginia Greening 8 Wagener 6 AValbridge {Edgar Rcdsireak) 5 Washington Strawberry 8 M'atson Carolina 8 Wealthy 6 Westfield 8eck-no-further 5 Wetmore 5 Whinery 6 AVhite Juneating ( Yellow May) 4 White Pearmain {W. W. Pearmain) 6 White Pigeon 5 White Pippin 7 Williams Favorite 5 Willow Twio 6 Windsor 5 Wine Hays 7 Winesap 5 Winter St. Lawrence 5 Wistal 7 Wolf River 9_ Wythe 5 Yates 2 Yellow Bellflower 8 Yellow June 3 Yellow Newtown (Albemarle) 7 Yellow Transparent 6 Yopp York Imperial (Johnson's Fine Winter). ze Form _6 OC _7 ci 10 r _8 r -6 O -9 ro -9 o -7 ro -() OC -9 OC .9 OC -7 ro .6 re _6 r -7 re _5 r _(i robe -6 re -8 ro -6 robe -7 roc -6 r .8 ro -6 rob _6 r _8 r 10 ro ! _t^ OC .8 OC _9 obc _4 ro -8 ro -7 re -9 re -8 oi yrs yg yrs yr yrs yrs gyr yrs yrs yrs grs yrs gr r rs yr yr ruy wyr r yr yr yr yr rs y wrs wrs yrs yr y yr wy gyr yrs m m in m m m m m ra m m m s m m m m m a m m m a a a a m m 6__7 7_8 (3-7 6-7 5-6 6-7 5-G 7-8 5_6 7^8 5-6 6-7 8-9 7-8 5-6 6-7 8-9 6-7 8-9 6-7 5.6 6 6-7 7-8 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 5-6 8-9 5-6 9-10 5.6 5-6 6-7 1 e ml m ml 1 1 1 1 e e ni ml 1 1 e 1 me 1 e vl ml 1 vl 1 me nx 1 vl 1 e vl e m 1 dm km km dm Ivin dm Pa. Am. Conn. Am. Del. N.C. m Am. dm N.Y. m 111. dm N.Y. d Am. dkm Minn. dm Conn. dk Tenn. km Ohio. d dm Am. dk Rus. dm Am. dm Mass. m Va. ? m Wis. dm Del. dkm N.J. d Eng. km Tex. km Wis. dk 111. m Ga. dkm N.J. dk Am. dkm N.Y. km Rus. dk Ga. dm Pa. BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES. [liuhus.) BLACKBERRIES. {R. VJLLOSUS.) [Key.— Size: Scale 1 to 10; 1, very small; 10, very large. Form : c, conical; o, oblong; ov, oval; r, round. Color: b. black. Quality: Scale 1 to 10; 1, very poor; 10, best. Season: e, early; m, medium; 1, late; v, very. Use: d, dessert; k, kitchen; m, market. Abbrevia- tions of names of places of origin : Am., America.] Name Description Size Form Color Qual'y Season Um Origin Agawam - _ _ - _ - - - - 7-8 7-8 5-6 5-6 ro oc oov o b b b b 8.9 9-10 9-lb e ve m e ve m e e m ml m m em ml 1 1 1 e m dm dm m dm dkm dm dkm m d m dm km dm d d d d m Am. Allen Pa. Briton, Ancient- -- - - _ _ Wis. Brunton - „ - .- _ - - -_ Am. C'randall . - Tex. ? Dallas - .. 7-8 4-5 7-9 8-9 7-9 8-9 9 7-8 6-7 5 6-7 5-6 5 8-9 ro o rov ro ov ov ro o ro ro oov oov oov b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 7-8 7-8 7-9 5 7-8 7-8 6 7-8 7-8 7-8 7-8 6 7 7-8 Tex. Early Harvest 111. Eldorado-. - - -- Ohio. Erie . Pa. Klttatlnny - _-_.- --„-- N.J. Lawton -. _ - - - - N. Y. Minnewaska - -- -- - N.Y. Robison - - -- -- - -. Tex. Snyder _ - - . Ind. Stone -- _- ------ Wis. Taylor Ind. Triumph, Western - - -_ - Am. Wachusett- - ------- Mass. Wilson - N.J. 96 Appendix. DEWBERRIES. {R. CANADENSIS.) Name Description Size Form Color QuaVy Season Use Origin Lucretia Mayes (Austin)^ . __ _ ._ - - 9-10 9-10 OOV cov b b 6 5-6 e dk ve ' dm W.Va Tex. CHERRIES [Cevasus). HEARTS AND BIGARREAIIS. {C. AVIUM.) [Key.— Size, scale 1 to 10: 1, very small ; 10, very large. Form: e, compressed ; b, lieart shaped ; o, oblate ; r, round. Color: a, ainber; b, black; p, purple; r, red ; y, yel- low, equality, scale 1 to 10: l.verypoor; 10, best. Season: e.early; m, medium; l.late; V, very. Use: d, dessert; k, kitchen; in, market. Abbreviations of names of places of origin: Am., America; Eng., England ; Eur., Europe; Fr., France; Ger., Germany; Ont., Ontario; Rus., Russia.] Name Description Size Bing 7_8 Black Heart ! 6-7 Centennial 9.10 Coe Transparent 5-6 Downer 5.6 Eagle, Black 6-7 Early Purple Guigne 3-4 Elkhorn 8-9 Elton 9-10 8-9 9-10 8-9 9-10 8-9 7-8 8-9 8-9 9-10 9-10 8 7-8 Hoskins Knight Early Lambert Lewelling Mezel Napoleon {Royal Ann). Oxheart Republican, lilack Rockport Spanish, Yellow Tartarian, Black Windsor Wood, Governor Form. Color QuaVy Season Use b 8-9 1 dm he b 5-7 ve dm Oh yr 8-9 dm r yi' 10 e d rh r 8-9 m dm oh b 6-7 m dm rh pb 6-7 ve d h b 7-8 1 dm h yi" 9 e dm rh pr 7-8 Im dm oh b 7-8 e d h pr 8-9 ml dm rh b 8-9 dm oh rb 7-8 m d h yr 5-6 m m oh r 5-6 m dm b vl dm oh ra 8-9 m dm oh yr 9-10 em d h b 9-10 em dm h yr 7-8 1 dm rh yr 7-8 em dm Origin Or eg Eur. ? Cal. Conn. Mass. Eng. (?) Eng. Oreg. Eng. Oreg. Oreg. Eur. Eur. Oreg. Ohio Eur. Rus. Ont. Ohio Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 97 NECTARINES AND PEACHES. (Persica vulgaris ) NECTARINES. (P. VULGARIS var. L.1SVIS.) [Key.— Size: scale 1 to 10; 1, very small; 10, very large. Form: c, conipresspd; o, oblulc; ov, oval; r, round. Color: c, creamy; g, green; r, red; w, white; y, yellow. Adiiesiou: e, cling; f, free: s, senii-cllng. (Quality, scale 1 to 10; 1, very poor; K), b'^si. Season: e, early; m, medinm; 1, lale; v, very. Use: d, dessest; k, kitchen; in, market. Abbreviations'of naines of places of origin: Am., America; Belg., Belginm; Eng., Eng- land: Eur., Europe; Fr., France.] Same Size Boston ■- 7-8 Downlon 7-8 Early Newlngton ! 7-8 Early Violet \ 7-8 Elruge 5-G New White | 6-7 Stan wick i 6-7 Description Form rov rov rov r rov r rov Color Skin gr yr gr w gr Flesh y gr gwr wr g w w Adhe- sion t f C f f f f Qual'if iSeason 5-6 5-6 9-10 7-8 7-8 6-7 4-5 ni ve e ve 1 1 Use d d d d d dm d OriQitb Mas.s. Eng. Eng. Fr. Eng. Eng. PEACHES. {P. VULGARIS.) Albright Ale.\ander Allen October Amelia .\rneliaberta Angel Benner Beers Sni'ick Bequett fling Bequett Free Bi rgen Yelkrw Bidwell Early Bidwell Late Bilyen Bishop Early Blood Cling Blood Free Brandywine '— - Brigdon (Garfield) Cabler Indian Chairs Choice Champion Chili, Hills Chinese Cling Columbia Connelt Southern Early- Cox Cling Crosby Curtis Early Barnard Early Cliina Early Crawford Early Toledo Early York Eaton Elberta Emma Family Favorite Fitzgerald Foriester Foster Fox Seedling Galveston Georgia, Belle of Globe Golden Cling Greensboro 7-8 5-6 7-8 7-8 6 7-8 7-S 8 7-8 8-9 4-5 5-6 7-8 7 8-9 8-9 8-9 5-6 8-9 7-8 7-8 5-6 9-10 7-8 8 7-8 6-7 ov roi rol ov ov r r rov rov roi rov r r r ovc re r Ob r r w wr yr wr y wr yr gwr gwr yr wr wr gw w y y ygr vr r yr or yr cwr w w gw yr cw yr w y gw c s f f f f 5-6 5 7-8 7-8 yr y gw gw w yr yr yr yr w yr wr y 5-6 6-7 6-7 8-9 5-6 7-8 6-7 8 5-6 5-6 6 7-8 4-5 6-7 7-8 5-6 7-8 5-6 7-8 7-8 7-8 1 dm ve I dm 1 dm e dm dm 1 me me m ve 1 vl ml vl vl me m m ni em me m ml m m 1 km j mk m d I dk i dk |dkm m k k m ; dm ; k km dm ' rn j km I 1" I m dm m N. C. 111. Mo. N. C. Ga. FJa. N.J. Te-x. Tex. Am. Fla. Fla. Md. Cal. Am. Am. Del. N. Y. Tex. Md. 111. N. Y. Am. Ga. N. C. Tex. Mass. 5-6 5-6 8-9 7-8 5-6 6-7 8-9 8-9 7-8 7-8 8-9 9-10 7 4-5 7 8-9 8-9 7-8 r ov rov r rov r re re ro ov r r r ro rob rov ovc r yr w yr wr wr yr yr yr gw ry yr yr w yg wr yr yr r y w y w w y y g yr f f f f f c f f s f y cw yg w y y w 6-7 7-8 8-9 7-8 8-9 5-6 7-8 8-9 7-8 8-9 8-9 9-10 7-8 6-7 7-8 7-8 7-8 7-8 m ve m e e m ml ml e me m m 1 1 e m 1 e m dm dm dm dm dm m m dm dm dm dm m d km m km m 111. Tex. N.J. Ohio Eng. N. C. Ga. Ga. Tex. Can. Ga. Mass. N.J. Tex. Ga. Pa. Cal. N. C. HOR. 98 Appendix. PE AC H ES— Concluded. Name Hale Heath Cliag Henrietta Honey Hynes, ^Surprise Ingold, Lady Kaiin zoo Kerr, JfK.sic Keyport Large York Ijate Admii'able Tiiite Crawford Jjate Rarei'ipe Lee. Gcnrral Ijemoii Cling Lemon Free Lewis Louise Lolo, Miss Lovell Mamie Ross Mary C/i''7pe Morris White Mountain Rose Muir McDevitt Oldmixon Cling <)ldmix(jn Free. Onderdonk i^range Cling Pallas Parham Peeii to Peninsula Phillips Cling Piequet Prize Red Cheek Melocolon. Reeves' Favorite Richmond Rivers Roval (jeorge Russell Salway Smock Sneed Snow Stevens Rareripe St. John Stonewall Jackson Strawberry Stum]) Susquehanna Texas Thiirljer Tillotson Tippecanoe Triutnph Troth Tuskena Wager AV^ildo Walker Var. Free Ward Late Waterloo Wheatland Yellow Rareripe JJesr^ription Color Size Furm, Adhe- Qiiaiy Seaso/ Use r Skin Flesh sion, 4-5 gwr gw S 5-6 e m «-K rov \vr w c 9.10 vl km 6-7 ro yi' yr c 6-8 1 ink 4-5 ov cr wr f 8-9 dk 4-5 r r cr s 7 1 dm (>-7 r yr yr f 8 me dm 7-S ov ry yr f 8-9 me idkni 7-8 ov wr w f 5-6 ve m 7-8 rov \vr w f 4.5 1 m C-7 r wr \v f 7-8 e dm 8-9 rov gr w f 8.9 iri d S-!) r yr y f 8.9 1 dm 7-K rov y w f 8.9 in dm 8-9 ro R g c 8 6 m 8-9 rov yr y c 8.9 m dm 8-9 Ob y y f 8.9 1 dm (i-7 r rw cr f 7-8 1 dkm 5-ti r r w f 7-8 e dm (i-7 !• rw cr f 8 e dm o-(i re yr y f 7-8 1 km H-8 ro w y c 7.8 e dm 8-9 r yr yr f 8-9 1 in 7-8 ov cw w f 5.6 m km C-7 r wr w t 8-9 em dm 8-9 w y y f 8-9 rn dkm 8-9 obc yr yr c 7-8 m km 7-8 rov c w c 7-8 m km 7-8 rov c w f 8.9 in dm 7-8 ov w w f 7-8 m dm 7-8 r y y c 5-6 m km 7-8 ov w w f 6.7 e dm 5-(i r yw wr f 5-6 1 mk 4-5 f w w c 7 8 e d 8 o y y f 7-8 ml m 7-8 oc y y c 7-8 ml dm 7-8 r yr y f 0.6 1 d 7 ob y yr f 8 1 m 7-8 rov yr y f fi.7 m dm 8-9 rov yr y f 7.8 in m 8-9 r yr y f 6-7 m m (}-7 rt! ow w f 7-8 e dm 5-H r wr w f 10 m d 7-8 r wr w f 7-8 e dkm 7-8 rov yr y f 5-6 1 m 7-8 ov yr y f 5.6 1 m 6-7 ov gw w c 4.5 ve m 7-8 r w w f 6-7 m dm 0-7 rov cw w f 7-8 ml 111 7-8 r yr y f 7.8 e m 7_8 ro gy g c 6 7 e km 5_0 ov r w f 7-8 em dm 8.9 rov wr w f 6.7 ml m 9J0 r yr y f 9-10 m dk 4_5 ro ys g sc 5-6 1 d 6_7 rov wr w f 7.8 e d 5J) r wr w f 7-8 e d 8_9 r yr y c 6-7 1 dm 5 6 r yr yr s 8-9 6 dm 8-4 r wgr wr f 5 me in 8_9 oc y yr c 7.8 e dkm 5_6 ov y y f 4-5 n\ m 4.5 ov w w f 6.7 e dm 8 o wr wr f 7.8 1 dm 7-8 rov wr w f 7-8 vl dk 5_(i r wr gw R 5-6 ve dm 9_10 r yr y f 6.7 m dm 7-8 r yr y f 7.8 m dm Origin Ohio Md. D. C. N. Y. Ky. N C. Mich. Md. Am. Eng. Pr. N.J. Am. Am. S. C. Ohio xMich. Eng. Tex. Cal. Tex. Md. Am. N.J. Cal. Cal. Am. Am. Tex. GaT Am. Ga. Md. Cal. Ga. Am. N. J. N. J. Eng. Eur. Nebr. Eng. N.J. Tenn. Am. N.J. Am. Tex. N.J. N. Y. Pa. Tex. Ga. N. Y. Pa. Ga. N.J South N. Y. Fla. Del. Am. N. Y. N. Y. Am. ' The distinctive peculiarities of the familiesor strains of peaches known as Chinese, Persian, and Spanish being- more or less ill-defined and obscured by crossing or h.ybridi- zation, a correct classification of varieties under these heads is not deemed practicable Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 99 PEARS. {PYBC'S COMMUNIS AND SINEXSIS.) [Key.— Size : scale 1 to 10; 1, very small; 10, very large. P'orin : i, irregular; «, oblate; <>b. oblong; ob:), obovate; obt, obtuse; ov, ovate; p, pyriforin ; r, round: t, turbinate. <"olor: b. brown ; c, ciinisou ; g, green ; r, red ; ru, russet; y, yellow. Texture: b, but- tery; f, firm; g, granular; m, melting; 1, tender. Flavor: a, aeid; us, astringent; J, juicy; s, sweet : v, vinus; p, perfumed, t-iuality, scale 1 to 10: 1. very pooi-; 10, best. Season: ■e, early; m, niedium; 1, late; v, very. Use: d, dessert; k. kitelicn; in, market. Abbrevi- ations of names of plaei's of origin: Am., America; Hf^lg., Belgium; Eng., England; Eur., Europe; Flem., Flemish Provinces; Fr., F'rance; Hoi., Hi 4-5 e m Rus. bm sp 6-7 e d N. Y.? t j'^ 6-7 1 m Fr. nib p 8_9 m dm Belg. bm .IP 6-8 m m Belg. m .lop 6-7 e m Pa. b sv 6.7 m km R.I. gf s 4-5 ve d Md.? bg jSP 4-5 1 m Fr. bm Jsv .5-6 em 111 Mass. m JSP 6-7 1 m N. Y. mb .isp 8.9 ml dm Fr. in .ISP 9-10 1 d Mass. gb sv 5-6 m d Belg. t sp .5-6 1 in Fr. bm .IS 5-6 vl d Eur. m .isp 6.7 e d Belg. m ,)sp 6-7 em dm Belg. m ,ivp 5.6 m dm Mass. fg ,ia 8-4 ml km Pa. b j rich 4-5 ni d Belg. m .|vp 7.8 e dm Fr. bm srich 6.9 1 d Flem. mg svp 5.6 in dm Me. m s 7 me dm Vt. btii rich 8-9 m d Fr. bm .iv 6..S m m Eur.? m svp 8.9 ml d Belg. ni .IV .5.6 m dm Conn. m sv 8-9 m dm Idaho gni .IS 3-5 ml ink Pa. m j«p 7.8 e d Ohio. mg V 3.4 1 d Eng. m sp 7.8 1 dm N. Y. m s 3-4 m m Am. fg s 3-4 e m N. Y. bm s 7.8 m dm 111. m J ,5.6 in dm Fr. m s 7.9 m dm Flem. m jvp 4-5 1 dk Me. m sp 6.7 e d Fr. ni 5 e mk Ga. m .I^'P 7-8 i dm Belg. bm J^p 5-6 e d Fr bin jvas 5.6 ml dk Belg. gm .ivp 4.5 m dm Mass. gm .jvp 5.6 ml dm Mass. m JS 5.6 ml km Belg. bmg .1v 6-7 nil km Conn. m Jsp 5-6 ve dm N Y. m sp 4-5 e dm Pa. gm jvp 5-6 m dk Belg. • fg V 2-3 vl k Eur. 100 Appendix. PEARS— Continued. Name Rostiezel Rutter Secke Sbeldou Smith Souyenir da Congress Sterling Stevens Summer Doyenne (Doyenne d Ete) Superflne Tyson Urbauiste Vermont Beauty Vicar of Winkficld Washington - White Doyenne Wilder Early Winter Neli.s Description Size Form Color 3-4 6-7 3-4 6.8 7-8 7-9 5-6 2.3 6-7 4-5 obop rp I obo I robo rov obobtp yrb syru bgrur gyrub IT y rop yriic 1" y robo rp P otiop obob P ovobo ■ obo obobbr robo , y ycru yruc yru yru yb yr y yr ygru Text- Flavor ure mb svp gm sv bm .JP m jsvp ! t vas i bt jvp m Js b 1 sp m js bm V m Jsp bm JP t s b .is m JS bm JSV t sv bm Jsp (Quality 8-9 5-6 9.10 7-8 3-4 5-6 4-5 4-5 6-7 6.7 8-9 7.8 8-9 4-5 5-6 8-10 7-8 8-9 Season e ml ml ml m em 6 e ve m m ml 1 1 e ml e 1 Use d dm d km dm m dm d d kni dm djn dm km d dm dm dm Origin Eur. Pa. Pa. N. Y. South Fr. N. Y. N. Y. Belg. Fr. Pa. Belg. Vt. Fr. Del. Fr. N. Y. Belg. PLUMS. (Primus. ) (P. AMERICANA.) [Key.— Size: scale 1 to 10; 1, very small; 10, very large. Form: c, compressed; f, flattened; o, oval; ob, obovate; obi, oblong; r, round. Color: b, black; br, brown; g. green; p, purple; r, red: v, violet; w, white; y, yellow. Quality, scale, 1 to 10; 1, very poor; 10, best. Season: e. early: m, medium; 1, late; v, very. Use: d, dessert; k, kitchen; m, market; c, curing. Abbreviations of names of places of origin: Am., Atnerich; Belg., Belgium; Eng., England; Eur., Europe; Kr., France; Ger., Germany; Jap., Japin; Out., Ontario; Rus., Russia. Name Description Size Form Color (Quality Season Use Origin Aitkin - - - . 8 6-7 8 8 8 5-6 5-6 8 5-6 6 9-10 6 7 8 .5-6 6-7 8-9 7-8 5-6 6-7 4-5 o ro ro r ro ro r ro r ro ro ro r ro ro ro r o oc ro ro r r r r ry yr r ry r r yr ry r ry yr r r dr r r yr 6 5 h 5 7 5-6 5 7 6-7 5 7 « 8 8-9 6-7 5 9-10 5-6 6-7 5-6 me me ml 1 me m em 1 ml ml 1 ml 1 6 m m me m m m m dkm m dkm dkm km km k dk km m dk dk dk dk d dk m dm km km k Minn. American Eagle Black Hawk - - - - -.. — . Mo. Iowa. Comfort Cottrell - . . - - Iowa. Minn. Df Soto Wi.s. Forest G rden - . . Iowa. Gaylord . . .... . . . Iowa. Hawkeve _ . - . Iowa. Ijouisa - . _. _ _ Mo. New Ulm ... . . - _. . Minn. Ocheeda Piper - .... Minn. Minn. Quaker 9 Rockforcl Iowa. Rollingsione _ _ - _ - Minn. Stoddard Iowa. Surprise Minn. Weaver ._ - . . . . Iowa. Wolf Wyant Iowa. Iowa. Revised Catalogue of Fruits. 101 PLUMS.--P. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Niinie Oaddo Chief. <;iuck- Desc-iplion Size Form Color Quality Season Use Origin 0.6 5 3 5 Ijone St r 2. Munson Newman i 5. Pottawu ttaniie ' 5. Texas Belle (Paria Belle) 5. 'i'ellow Transparent 7. o ro o ro o r r o r r r r r r r y 6 5 3 5 3_4 3-4 5-0 ve me nt me m ml m e dm m k m km km km 1 Include.s supposed hybrids. La. Tex. Tex. Tex. Ky. Tenn. Tex. Tex. P. CERASIFERA.^ De Caradeuc -- . ' o 6 r r dr r 3-4 2-4 e k 1 km S. C. Marianna.. . . _ ._ 5 6 Tex. THE SOCIETY'S RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS. The rules of the American Pomological Society for exhibiting and naming fruits are as follows : SECTION I. NAIIING AND DESCRIBIXG NEW FKUITS. Itule 1 — The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. Knle 2 — The society reserves the right, in case of long, inappropriate, or other- wise objectionable names, to shorten, modify, or wholly change the same, when they shall occur in its discussions or reports ; and also to recommend such changes for general adoption. Kule .3 — The name of a fruit should preferably express, as far as practicable hy a single word, a characteristic of the variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinary circumstances should more than a single word be employed. Rule 4 — Should the question of priority arise between different names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name lirst publicly bestowed will be given precedence. Rule 5 — To entitle a new fruit to the award or commendation of the society it must possess (at least for the locality for which it is recommended) some valu- able or desirable quality, or combination of qualities, in a higlier degree than any previously known variety of its class and season. Rule 6 — A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, examined, and reported upon as a new fruit by a committee of the society will not thereafter be recog- nized as such, so far as subsequent reports are concerned. SECTION II. COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS OF FRUITS. Rule 1 — A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more, no less, ex- cept in the case of single varieties not included in collections. 102 Appendix. Rule 2 — To insure examination by the proper committees all fruits must be correctly and distinctly labeled and placed upon tlie tables during the first day of the exhibition. Rule M — The duplication of A'arieties in a collection will not be permitted. Rule 4 — In all cases of fruits intended to l)e examined and reported by com- mittees the name of tlie exliibitor. togetlier with a complete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered to the secretary of the society on or before the first day of the exhibition. Rule .') — The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry card, whicli must l)e placed with the exliibit, wlien arranged for exliibition, for tlie guidance of committees. Rule (i — All articles placed upon the tables for exliibition must remain in charge of the society till the close of tlie exhibition, to be removed sooner only upon express permission of the person or persons in charge. Rule 7 — Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be given away to visitors, spectatoi-s, or otliers, will lie .assigned a separate hall, room, or tent. in which they may be dispensed, at the pleasure of tlie exhibitoi'. who will not. however, lie i)ermitted to sell and deliver articles tlierein. nor to call attention to them in n boisterous or disorderly manner. SECTION in. CninnTTEE OS NU.MKNl'LATritE. Rule 1 — It shall be the duty of the president, at the first session of the so- ciety, on the first day of an exhibition of fruits, to appoint a committee of five expert pomologists, whcse duty it sliall be to supervise the nomenclature of fruits on exliibition, and in case of error to correct the same. Rule 2 — In making the necessary corrections tliey shall, for the convenience of the examining and awarding committees, do the same at as early a period as practicable, and In making such corrections they shall use cards readily distin- guishable from tliose used as labels by exhibitors, appending a mark of doubtful- ness in case of uncertainty. SECTION IV. EX.VJIINIXG AND AWARDING COMMITTEES. Rule ] — In estimating the comparative values of collections of fruits, commit- tees are instructed to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties in such col- lections which shall have been correctly named by the exhibitor prior to action thereon by the committee on nomenclatui'e. Rule 2 — In instituting sucli comparison of values committees are instructed to consider : First, the values of the varieties for the purposes to which they may be adapted ; second, tlie color, size, and evenness of the specimens ; third, their freedom from the marks of insects, and otlier blemishes ; fourth, the appar- ent carefulness in handling, and the taste displayed in the arrangement of the exhibit. Henderson Luelling and Seth Lewelling. 103 HENDERSON LUELLING AND SETH LEWELLING, PIONEERS OF HORTICULTURE IN OREGON. Henderson Luelling and Ills brother. Seth, were the worthy descendants of honorable ancestors of the best type of American pioneers. Their father, Meshic Lewelling, was of Welsh ancestry. Tlieir mother's maiden name w;is Brookshire, and she was either a native of England or of English descent. Both were "Friends," or Quakers, as the members of that denomination are commonly called. Meshic Lewelling was, during the period of time in wliich his sons, Henderson and Seth, were born, a resident of Randolph County, North Carolina. He wa.s a physician, a plantation owner, a nurseryman and fruitgrower, and a slaveholder. He was one, however, of that noble band of southern prac- tical abolitionists who showed tlieir belief by their works in the early part of the Nineteenth Century: left their pleasant liomes in tlie well-developed communi- ties in North and South Carolina, and other southern states, and transported themselves, their families, household effects, and negroes hundreds of miles over execrable mountain roads or trails to Ohio or Indiana in order that from them- selves and tlieir children might be lifted the burden of wrong-doing Inseparable from slave-holding, and that those who had been their slaves might be free in free states. Thus did Meshic Lewelling move from his home in Kandolph County, North Carolina, in 1S25 with his family, and with those who were in North Car- olina his slaves to the free state of Indiana, where he established a new home at Greensboro, near Newcastle. There he not only practiced his profession, but, as was the custom with pioneer ministers and doctors, also engaged in farming, and made a specialty of fruit-raising. Henderson Luelling, the second sou of Dr. Lewelling. was born April 23, 1S09, and was 16 years old when the family crossed from North Carolina to Indiana. On December .30, 1830, he married Miss Elizabeth Pressness. who had also come from North Carolina to Indiana, and was also a member of the denomination of Friends. In 1836, in copartnership with his brother, John, he was engaged in the nursery business in the vicinity of Newcastle, Indiana. In l,s.".7 lie and John decided to move to Iowa, and in 1838, Henderson, John, and their older brother, William, all secured land near Salem, Henry County, Iowa. At this place was born William's son, Lorenzo D. Lewelling, who was a few years ago governor of the state of Kansas. Henderson and John carried on at Salem the nursery busi- ness begun in Indiana, until 1841, when Henderson became sole proprietor of the nursery. In 1845 the pioneering tendency caused Henderson to look to Oregon a.? his future home, and the inspiration camo to him to transport by wagon a nursery stock to this distant land, then becoming the mecca of the cream of American pioneers. It was a bold conception characteristic of the imaginative foresight of the broad-minded pioneer. At the time when Henderson Luelling formed his re- solve there were less than 5.000 white people in all the Oregon country. Those who had come across the plains reached their journey's end almost destitute of the property with which they started. The son of Dr. Meshic Lewelling was not the man to be discouraged by prospective obstacles and hardships. He proceeded with his preparations for the journey. He made two boxes, which, together, just fitted into an ordinary wagon box. These boxes were filled with carefully-prepared soil, and in this soil he planted about TOO grafted or budded trees, shrubs, and vines, including a large number of standard varieties of apples and pears, and a 104 Appendix. few vainetles of plums, quinces, cherries, and flowering plants, one Isabella grape- vine, one gooseberry bush, and a few currant bushes. Among the cherries was one Napoleon Bigarreau. which for some reason was called the Royal Ann, and the effect of the bringing of that one tree may be inferred from the fact that to this day the Napoleon Bigarreau cherry is everywhere on the Pacific Coast known as the Royal Ann. Most of the trees were propagated by Mr. I^uelling himself, but to complete his assortment he bought a few from Avery"s nursery at Denmark, Iowa. On April 17, 1847, Henderson Luelling started from Salem, Iowa, on the long journey across the plains with his traveling nursery, hauled by oxen. On May 17th, he crossed the Missouri River. He arrived at The Dalle.s, Oregon, in November, and from that point took the water route to Milwaukie. where he settled. The great amount of work and painstaking care involved in keeping those trees alive and growing through that trip can hardly be imagined by one who has not had experience in traveling by wagon across our arid, interior plains and over rugged mountains where a trail was a substitute for a road. Many of those who started with lighter leads, but handled their teams with less care and judgment, were compelled to throw away a greater part of their loads. The croaker wa.s in the party who frequently assured Mr. Luelling that he was under- taking a task which could not be accomplished. A well-meaning minister of nar- row vision urged Mr. Luelling to unload his trees and replace them with the household effects of those whose teams were giving out. Fortunately for Oregon, Mr. Luelling was not moved by this well-meant but shortsighted advice. During the long and arduous trip, Mr. Luelling was ably assisted by his son Alfred, then a youth of l."». William Meek, wlio was a frequent visitor at the home of Mr. Luelling in Iowa, and subsequently became bis son-in-law, followed his future father-in-law's example, and also prepared a few grafted trees for the trip. He started at the same time as Mr. Luelling, and brought his trees safely through to Oregon. In the spring of 1S4S, Mr. ;Meek joined Mr. Liu^lling at Milwaukie, and they entered into partnership under the firm name of Luelling & Meek, to carr.v on the nursery business. The firm showed great energy and enterprise in the development of the business. They were fortunate in finding some seedling trees here, and in being able to buy apple and pear seed from others who had brouglit them across the plains. They also used native trees as stock. In 1850 the sales of trees by the firm are said to have amounted to 18,000 trees, for which prices ranged from ui) cents to $3.00 per tree — .$1.00 to $1..50 being tlie most common figures. In the fall of IS.'iO Seth Lewelling arrived from Indiana with a supply of apple and pear seed, and soon afterward lie became a member of the firm. The AVestern Star, published at Milwaukie, Oregon, said in its issue of April n. 1851, that lAielling & Meek's peach trees were in full bloom March 25th; that the nursery then liad on hand about 10,000 trees and over 100,000 scions. In the winter of 1851-2. Henderson Luelling went cast by way of the Panama route, and secured from leading nurseries an additional assortment cf standard varieties of ti'ees. which greatly strengthened the nursery at Milwaukie. The business of the nursery was at that time pushed with great vigor. In 1.S53 the fii'm had four branch nurseries in operation in Oregon, and was doing a most nourishing business in selling trees, while it had also a considerable income from the sale of fruit. Mr. Henderson Luelling had, however, been sorely af- flicted during his residence at Milwaukie by the death of his wife, and of his daughter, 'Siva. William Meek, and b.v almost continual sicknes.s in his family. His brother. .lohn. iuid settled in California, and influenced, probably, by him, Henderson Luelling disposed of his interest in the Oregon nurser.v business to his partners in 1854 and went to California, v,here he lived during the remainder of his life. He settled in Alameda County, where his son, Alfred, joined him. They engaged in the niu'sery and fruit-growing business. Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Luelling applied the name Fruitvale to the beautiful locality which is now a popu- lar residence suburb of the city of Oakland. Henderson Luelling was one of the Seth Lewelling Original Bing Cherry Tree, December 1904 Henderson Luelling and Beth Lewelling. 105 ^ubstalltia!. proraiuent aud honored citizens of Alameda County. He died at bis home in Oakland r)ecember 28, 1879. The sei'vices i-endei'ed to Oregon by Henderson Luelling in bringing his trav- t'ling nursery across the plains in 1847 have never been overrated. It is often said of the man who has performed an act of great service to his country that if he had not done it some one else would have rendered the service. This saying is far more often false than true. There are no grounds to justify a belief that cither grafted trees or scions would have reached Oregon before 1852 if it had not been for Henderson Luelling. There were others who conceived the plan of bringing trees across the plains in wagons, but the only person who actually brought live trees to Oregon, aside from Mr. Luelling, was Mr. Meel\, and Mr. Meek would not have come across with his trees if Mr. Luelling and his family had remained in Iowa. There was not at that time any practical method of bringing trees to Oregon except the one adopted by Mr. Luelling. The great rush of gold hunters to California a few years later led to the establishment of regu- lar transportation routes by way of the Isthmus of Panama, but the first fruit trees which came to Oregon by that route did not come until 1852. The five years gained by Oregon by reason of the arrival of Henderson Luelling's stock in 1847 gave Oregon a prestige in the nursery business, and as a producer of apples of the best (juality which it has never lost. Who can measure by dollars and cents the pleasure and satisfaction it gave the settlers of Oregon, after a number of years of abstinence, to pick and eat from their own trees the favorite varieties of fruits grown at their old homes, and to tind that these old favorites, grown in Oregon, were of surpassing quality and iieauty V The financial aspect of the case was a large one. The gold miners of Cali- fornia were hungry for fruit and careless as to prices. The first shipment of grafted apples from Oregon to California was made in 1853, and the fruit sold in San Francisco for .$2.00 per pound. The volume of shipments increased rapidly until 1800. when the supply of California-grown apples had become sufficiently large to affect the demand for Oregon apples. Prior to 1860, however, the farm- I'rs of Oregon had found in California a market for a great amount of fruit at prices far higher relatively than those of other farm productions. During the time when the Oregon farmer was selling his grafted apples at from ,$5.00 to .$10.00 per box he was getting from $1.00 to $1.50 a bushel for his wheat; 30 to 50 cents a p('uud for butter ; 20 to 40 cents per dozen for eggs, and from 75 cents TO $1.50 a bushel for potatoes. That he en.ioyed the benefit of one high-priced, as well as abundant, crop was due to tlie work of Henderson Luelling. Seth Lewelling was born March 6th, 1820. ^Yhen his brothers, ^Yilliam, Henderson, and John, moved to Iowa he remained in Indiana. Prior to 1850 he was for a number of years engaged in the boot and shoe business at Greensboro, Indiana. In the fall (.f 1850 he came to Oregon and engaged in the nursery busi- ness established by his brother and Meek. In partnership with others or alone he continued the nursery business at Milwaukie until his death, which occurred on February 21st, 1806. Seth Lcwelling"s great work for the fruit-growing industry was in originating new varieties. He commenced the work by planting in 1851 the seeds of Isabella grapes, the only variety then grown in Oregon. From this planting he secured one variety named the Lewelling. which yielded fruit of high quality aud twice the size of the Isabella. lOncouraged by this success he grew during the next twenty years a great numl)er of trees from the seeds of apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, small fruits, etc. Of the great number of seedling apples and pears he deemed none worthy of propagation. In 1860 the original Black He- publican tree grew from the seed of a Black Eagle cherry. In 1875 the Golden prune tree grew from the seed of an Italian prune, and the Bing cherry tree from the seed of a Black Republican cherry. In 1872 the true Lewelling cherry tree grew from the seed of a Black Tartarian cherry, and the cherries grown from 106 Appendix. this tree made a sensation at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. The Black Kepubllcan cherry proved- to be the best shipping cherry grown on the Pacific Toast, and has been of immense value commercially. The Bing was not introduced systematically, and it has taken a long time for its merits to become known. It is now fast supplanting its parent, the Black Republican, being supe- rior to it in both size and quality. It is without a question one of the largest and best cherries grown, and the commercial fruit-growers of the Pacific North- west owe a large debt of gratitude to Seth Lewelling for originating this cherry. The Golden prune, had it been well advertised, would have attracted great at- tention. The fruit, whether considered as a prune for drying or as a plum for canning, or eating out of hand, is, in my opinion, superior to any one of the re- markable prunes originated by the great California wizard of horticulture, Burbank. The fruit is large, and the variety has never received the attention and thorough testing which the intrinsic merit of the fruit justifies. In addition to the varieties mentioned. Mr. Lewelling found among his seed- lings a numljer of other cherries which he deemed of greater value than most of the standard varieties known. A gooseberry and a variety of pieplant originated during which the standards are growing wood. Others of our leading orchardists contend tliat better results follow the growing of herbaceous crops, as potatoes, beets, tomatoes, and even corn. The tendency of most people to leave trees, when planted as fillers, until they encroach upon the space and food supply of the regular plantation, leads one to accept the latter view as being the better for the average planter to follow. There is a greater probability that annual crops would be discontinued before their culture would in any way detract from the care and food supply required by the permanent plantation. Some of the thriftiest, cleanest, best-cared-for small young orchards in this State are to be found at May I'ark, a suburb of I..a (Jrande. Figs. 7a. 7b, 8a, and 8b show the character of the secondary crops grown in this section — corn, toma- toes, potatoes, melons, beets, carrots, strawberries, and others of the like. There are no cases of double planting with these later orchards, though some of the earlier plantations at a nearby orchard section were put out upon this plan. In this district thirty feet is considered ample space for an apple tree. As grown here, the tree is headed low (See Fig. 15), branches are shortened in, the grow- ing season is one of normal length, or even a little short, and tlie resting period somewhat severe ; hence the vegetative vigor of the tree is somewhat reduced, and thus the trees of the varieties grown find quite space enough in thirty feet. Plan, of Phinthif/ — There are two general styles of orchard plantings, the hexagonal and the square. Fig. 12 represents a plat planted on the hexagonal plan. The rows are twenty-eight and one-half feet apart three ways, while the trees are thirty-three feet apart. Fig. 13 represents a plat planted on the square plan. The rows are thirty-two feet apart at right angles. Even at the closer distance in this latter plan there are less trees to the acre. With rows farther apart, there would be about the same relative difference between the numbers of trees per acre on the separate plans. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fig. 12. 52 trees. 33 feet apart. 120 Appendix. PLAN OF planting-Continued. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fig. 13. 49 trees, 32 feet apart. lu the loriiiei- stylo each tree is equally distant from the six ad.jacent trees surrounding it : or, in other words, all ad.iacent trees are equally distant, while in the latter style each tree is equally distant from only four adjacent trees. Thus it will be seen that by adapting the hexagonal plan the land space is more economically used ; the trees are more evenly distributed over the land. To lay out a piece of land on the square plan it is necessary to establish two liase lines at right angles, whicli may be done by sighting along the long and short arms of an ordinary carpenter's square, set upon three stakes driven at the corner of the proposed plantation, and setting two rows of stakes in lines coutiniied from the arms. Put the stakes as far apart as the rows are to be, :ind when the stakes liave been set, in lines at right angle to each other, to the limit of the piece of land to be planted, move the square to the corner diagonall.y opposite the first used and run lines of stakes along the other two sides of the piece. Then by using a few long stakes, two men can "line-in" the stakes for the body of the plantation. The outside rows of trees ought to be at least one rod inside of the fence line. If carefully done this sight staking is as good as a surveyor's work for orcliard purposes. If the plan adojited is the hexagonal, then a somewhat more different course is to be followed in the first part. Establish one base line for the first row of trees. Let this I'ow be from one rod to twenty feet from the fence line. (See Figs. lOa-lOb. ) Firmly drive small, one-inch square stakes wliere each tree of this row is to be set. Procure a wire. No. 10 or 12 is about right weight, make a fixed loop in both ends so that the distance between the extreme ends of tlie loops is one inch more than the distance at which the trees are to be planted. Then let A put one loop over stake one ; let B put a stake through the other loop, step off toward the center of the field ; when the wire is taut, he shall describe a short arc in the earth with the point of tlie stake. Let A then step to stake two, row one, over which he places the loop in his end of the wire ; when the wire is again drawn taut, anotlier short arc is made. Where the two arcs in- tercept a stake should be driven for the first tree in row two. While A remains at stake two, row one, B passes to a point at which he estimates the next stake for row two should be placed, another short arc is described, and A passes to stake three, row one. A second intercepting arc is made, and B places stake two of row two, and so on till the row is complete. From this point other stakes may be sighted in, as the two base rows will afford a good foundation. If the site is rolling, the st.-ikes of these first two rows ought to be four to six feet long. Fig. 19. Ferns as weeds in Western Oregon orchards Fig. 20. A sprawling top (See Fig. 21) pil l lW I I 'll i ilii I |l| ll« | ilM HIIt "j Fig. 21 breaks when laden with a good crop Fig. 22 A high head in Western Oregon "'P^l^ Fig. 23. Low heads with horizontal training Fig. 24. Low heads with vertical training Fig. 25. This fruit is so located as to make spraying easy Fig. 26. Higli winds little affect these low heads Fig. 27. Good care, but poor training Fig. 28. Young trees with leader rennoved Fig. 29. A good example of care also of poorly formed heads The Apple in Oregon : Part I. 121 After the plat is well staked it is ready for plauting. and lierein probably lies the most difBcult part for the beginner, as he too often finds it impracticable to get the trees planted in as good lines as the stakes were. A little device for keeping the tree exactly in the place occupied by the stake is illustrated in Fig. 14. ■\Vhen about to plant a tree, place the notch A over the stake which has been set in place for a tree, then drive a stake through each of the holes B B ; in this way the guide is fastened in such position that the notch is over the spot in which a tree is to be set. Now remove the guide, leaving the three stakes in position. I'ull out the center stake, dig the hole for the tree, place the guide in position, with holes B B over the two outside stakes ; put the tree in position, so that it occupies the notch A. Cover the roots with earth, firmly pressing it with the feet. When the hole is filled and the tree sets firmly, remove the guide, pull up the two end stakes and repeat with nest tree. If the work is carefully done, the trees should line up as well as the stakes did. Trees having irregular trunks must be so set that the general line of growth will be in position. If there is a like- lihood of strong wind prevailing from a definite quarter during the first few years' growth of the trees, they should l)e so planted as to lean firmly in the direction of the wind. The trees should be so set that when the soil about them fully settles they will still be in the ground as deeply, or, better, two or three inches deeper than before removal from the nursery. The hole into whicli the young tree is transplanted should be made large enough so that all roots may assume a fully extending and spreading position. No roots should be placed in a curled or twisted position. The center of the hole should be higher than the margin. This will allow the roots to assume a natural jjosition. slightly downward and outward. The earth that is placed imme- diately in contact with the roots should be finely pulverized and pressed down firmly. For this purpose the feet may be effectively used, care being exercised that no injury is done the roots by tramping directly upon them. When the hole is about half filled no further pressure is needed, and tlie soil may be thrown in loosely, finishing by heaping it up about the trunk five or six inches above the general surface. In sections where more or less frost accompanies the winter season, fall- planted trees may be rendered good service by the addition of a coarse mulch to the surface of the soil, but under no conditions allow the mulch to surround the trees closely, otherwise rodents may infest it and "bark" the tree. If it is spread upon the ground, and then a small mound of earth, as before stated, surrounds the tree, thus preventing the mulch material from coming in contact with it. damage from the small gnawing animals may be fully prevented. 122 Appendix. THE APPLE IN OREGON. PART II. Totdcs DinciisKid — ^'(n•i(■1if■s far Umiic Uxe — Pollination — Tilhissess a strong personal equation in favor of some varieties is quite likely doomed to disappointment in the cultiva- tion of the apple, as In other fields of industry. Coupled with this personal factor favoring certain varieties must be a full consideration of the fitness of the variety to the soil, and climatic conditions of the site in view. In all but the newest sections of the country, this information of suitability of varietes may be obtaued from local growers, except, possibly, when some new variety is under considtra- tion, and such an one is hardly what should be iilnnted to any considerable extent until after full local trial. Though it is (juite impossible to have fresh apples of good (luality tlie y-ar i-ound without recoui-se to the cellar, storehouse, or cold storage room, yet it is ]>racticable, through judicious plantings and such care in storage as every home of average means is able to jjrovide, to have fresh fruit of the apple seven or eight months of each year. On a basis of a family of five, and for an average Western Oregon farm home, the following was suggested in 10(11 for the purpDse of enlisting discussion and comment : Two trees Transparent, one Oldenburg, two Gravenstein. one King, one Spitzenburgh, one Grimes" Golden, one York Im- perial, one Kaldwin or Spy. one Waxen, one Ilyslop (crab). The following comments were made by our leading growers in the varinus districts of the State : List all right, quantity and ([uality, except put two ti-ces of .lonathan in jilace of one King and one Transparent. .Jonathan is vastly bettei- than King anywhere, at any time. — 11'. A', ycirell. Washington County. Can suggest no Improvement upon the list submitted for the h(]me orchard R. H. ^^'ch('r, Wasco County. I should select the following for the above pur])ose : One tree each of ICnd Astrachan, (iravenstein. King, N. Spy, Baldwin, Roxbury Kusset, Waxen, Y. N. I'ippin, Ilyslop. — F. A. Sleifjltt, Clackamas County. My list for this purpose would be: One tree each of (Y) Transparent. Old- enburg, Gravenstein, Dutch Mignonne, King. (Jrimes" Golden (I'ippin), Waxen, Baldwin, (E) Si)itzenburgli. — ./. //. ,Sennett. — S. L. licnuctt, Jackson County. The list submitted Is good : I should add one tree of Seek-no-Further. and one Fall Beauty. This latter I consider better than Waxen. It is an excellent table apple, and fine for cooking. A Yellow Newtown ought to be added for those sections suited to its growth. — iJ. I). Evans. Douglas County. We think your list as complete as it is possible to make one in covering so large a territory. For this locality we should plant no Si)itzenl)urgh. as it is a poor tree here. We should add one tree of Maiden's Blush. This tree thrives here, bears regularly, and we regard it as a very fine cooking apple. — F. IS. Vluifn-. Lane County. I think half the number of well-fed trees would be sufBcient. I have one Oravenstein, and no family of ten can use the yield. I would reject the Waxen, also the Baldwin, liecause it has too m.-iny dark spots inside — (si)ot rot) (dead spot) (dry rot). I know nothing of the Transparent, Oldenburg, (Jrimes" Golden or York Imperial. — .Ji:hn Heiirji, Washington County. I think the list a good one, but would select Jonathan in place of Spltzen- burgh, and also tliink the Wealthy should be included, as it comes between Grav- stein and King; or. possibly, I should dr(jp the King and put Wealthy in its place, if I Thought tlie list too long. Our soil is particularly adaptedto Bald- win. Jonathan and Northern Spy. — l.so HohuUni. Columbia County. I suggest the substitution of one tree of (Red (."heek Pippin) Monmouth Pippin for one Transparent, because of the excellence of the fruit, and one tree of i?en Davis In place of one (Jravenstein tor use in late spring, and one tree of Winesap in place of Spltzenburgh. Winesaps were a favorite in chilliood. and we cling to them from "blessed memory." — L. M. GiUxrt, Marlon County. I shotdd amend the list to read : One tree of Transi)arent ; one Oldenburg, one Waxen, two (iravenstein, two Spltzenburgh, two Yellow Newtown. I should not attemi)t to grow either the King or Baldwin in this locality, as both varie- ties are subject to Ijitter rot. The Yellow Newtown is a late keeper of best qual- ity, both for cooking and dessert. — -1. H. Curi^oii. Josephine County, For a family orchard I should plant as follows : One tree Transparent, one Ilawley (superior to Trans|)arent i . two (Jravenstein, one King, one Spltzenburgh. (me (Jrimes' (Jolden, one York Imperial, one Baldwin, one Rhode Island (Jreening, one Bailey Sweet, one Transcendent. I consider the quantity rather small for ,t family of five until the trees reach quite an age, — Jttdil Gar. I'nlon County. For the home orchard I should substitute the Early Goodwin for the Trans- parent. I believe the Early (xoodwin the best apple on earth for this season. I should plant Rome Beauty Instead of York Imperial. Transcendent should take the place of llyslop. as it Is altogether better. Then I should add the Jonathan to the list, and from my point of view the selection would be excellent. — G. A.. Hohh.'i. Umatilla County. For an Hood River home orchard I should name this as a list : One tree of Yellow Transi)arent. (me Oldenburg, one King, two (iravenstein, one Jonathan, one ({rimes' (Jolden, one York Imperial, one Winesap. one Rome Beauty, one Spo- kane Beauty, one Ti'anscendent (crali). Sjutzenburgh. Baldwin, Northern Spy. and llyslop do not thrive in this locality. Spokane Beauty is the best all-around family apple for cooking that I know. — .s'. A. Milhr, I'matilla County. For an Hood River farm orchard I should name this as a list: One tree of Red Astrachan, two Transparent, two (Jravenstein, two Jonathan, two Baldwin, two Wagener or Ortley. two Spltzenburgh, two Yellow Newtown, one \Yhltney or Transcendent. King water-cores badly : York Imi>erlal lacks quality of t.iste : Whitney is the largest crab. I believe it is well to plant two trees of each variety, as one is liable to injury or premature decay. — 7v'. L. Siiiifh. Wasco County. 124 Appendix. I should advise for home use one tree of Transparent, one Gravenstein, one King, one Delicious, one Ortley, one Lady, one Hyslop, two Spitzenburgh, two Yellow Newtown. I know this list would suit my desires and this locality better than the one submitted. The Waxen is too sour and nonmarketable, should one chance to have more than could be used at liome. I should want plenty of Spitz- enburgh and Yellov/ Newtown. I should plant no tree to dig up in future ; too much labor lost. — A. I. Mason, Wasco County. It is difficult to improve the list submitted for general home purpose, but for <^iur use we prefer the following : One tree of Transparent, two of Gravenstein for f^arly use. two King, very fine for fall use ; two Waxen, best for cooking and sauce, and everybody likes it ; two Baldwin, old reliable ; one Spitzenburg, and one North- ern Spy, or one Yellow Newtown for winter's Iveeping ; one of a longer keeper like American Pippin could be substituted for one Baldwin or King. Some people do not care for crabs, and so I leave them off my list. — George Armstrono, Benton <-'ounty. Referring to your list for a family orchard. I wish to say that I do not know the Transparent. Tlie Spitzenburgh is not a liealthy tree with us. The King, Ben Davis (Gloria Mundi), Monstrous Pippin, Twenty Ounce, and some others I do not consider family fruits, as they are grown more for show and display than for use. As you know, much depends upon soil, climate, and soil moisture, and I name the following varieties, as they do well with us. the trees being particularly healthy and vigorous : One tree each of Red June, Rambo, Gravenstein, Waxen, Transcendent (crab), and two each of Baldwin and N. Spy. — Chauncey Ball, Mult- nomah County. For my own use I should want a sweet apple in the list, but I do not know of one that is fully satisfactory. I should .nlso wish a very late keeper, even if I had to take Ben Davis or some other of that type. I think I should prefer a lar.ge number of trees to start with, for it takes so long for them to come into full bearing. It would be an easy matter to grub out a few of the most unde- sirable ones if fruit became too plentiful. My list would be about as follows : Your list, plus one more eneli of King and Baldwin, the late keeper and sweet one. as noted above. As the Spitzenburgh does not tlirive well in this section, I should be disposed to leave it out of tlie list. — Dr. A. Mills, Y'amhill County. Our list for the home would be : One tree of Early Harvest, one Astrachan. 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' ' ' .' be ' ' 1 1. 1 1 1 ' 1 ' E_ ' 1 1 1 1 S Autumn Sweet- American Abmm Arkansas Baldwin Bailey Sweet „_ 0; 1 : iy= ; 1 ■: \ i~2^ i S'P 'SO CM ''^ t - -^ ■- ^ r-i i i'anada Wweet-. Canada Ueinett Cliarlotteiilhale (.'alvert Canada Red Commeree JHitch Mignonn Delaware Red_- l>ominie Karly Harvest.. Ewalt Karly Htrawberi Fall Pippin ^all Wine Fallawater Fall Jennetting Fameuse Gano 2 X 5 1 1 O-C a: > 0) y: = S — z>.z c >. m Fig. 7a , ... r^: Fig. 7b M & 1^ is«r Fig. 8a £.:', r '*^^'>i^ ^:..i . (i-fV,: Fig. 8b Fig. 9a Fig. 9b .*•: Fig. 10a Fig. 10b Av«i-.'*;*i^»ira-i Fig. 11a Fig. lib The Apple in Oregon : Part II. 129 ooooooooo o ^ lO 1/5 iC t^ »0 tO lO lO ^ CO ooo© o iCiCO-^ lO ^^ ^* ^^ 'O^ ^^ 00 00 IC 1M_ M 00 -hOS 5S ooooo o ooooo GO OGQ r- C^l *^ *M ■M iC :C Tji CO —- f1 ic Tf! lo ic lO o ic lO lo id ^ CO r^ ?J !M rl C1 oooooooooo o lO O lO TP lO lO >0 iC -^ lO »o ^JH ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ lOOOO o oo I ^ -^ Til Tjl •}< -^ -^ ioco IC ■OTjilO ?S li::; S IS iCtt o ooooooo ■-f CO ^1 ■>) -M :M C^ id -1^ id ■^ id »d id Tp ^^ '^T' ^ *I1 ^ ^ A1 m be a a o ft I ; ft 1^ 3 O . a I o a C a 0) ■a cs o 0) Si- >>ft^ .2^r«M^Ec =« 2- -I c-2 «s§: HOR. 9 130 Appendix. ;^. o o o o o o OO lO 1 lO OO lOOO 1 CC t^ I 1 1 ?o 2Q — , -t*_ TO t: ■^t iC c-i -t; 1 o i ; ri '*. ~; ' ^ "''. ^ C5 iC "^ lO [ o 1 ! u': »C iC [ iC tCO rC 1^ 'M o ^- l*- ! C5 ' I c^ I H ' X) X) O ^ »0 -1^ ■^ lO -^ CO c^^cq j^ ; j^i C3Cq l^.^.^l ■^ -rfi Tjl t Tfi I 1 -r T ^rt' ' ^P ^' ''^ 1 1 1 1 1 1— 1 1 1 1 1 t) i i 1 i i 1 1 1 1 I lC 1 1 1 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <^ i 1 i i i I 1 1 1 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 OCO-M — ■MO to ^ o o o jo 0£ •o c^'-:-:-:^!-: — TI -H I-- '>J — ' -M — ' ^H 'CO-^ — ' lO i^ iC »0 lO iCiC lOio -r lo-'f 1 iC lO lO lO 1 -^cc '^ •^'^'-O o o lo 1 o 1 ■N •>! -; ^ CO -^ '-0 I'M?! 1 -t; c: CO — CO s; -r TT -r o rr lo Lt" 1 -r i.-j I lO* lC lO i-O o , :iC -M o :c -J v: --T^ O O O 1- — * i c: ■>! 1 1 1 --0 Ol -1 M ! 1 ~: "1 "^i ^\ "^1 TT" ^ -f -T -P V lo T" -t t' -r -T" -t -f^ 1 -p -^ 1 ^ lO TT -fH* t^ CO GO 1 1 1 lOOa lO CI ri ■>! 1 1 1 — - 1 ■>* T-l 1 CO O -H CO Ol ] Lt' T -r 1 1 ,0 1 -f-p 1 "f i-T' iC O ,o ; ^ cc ci — ! I If? o ! ' I-t* !l.'^o ' — 0-. r: oi -H i ^ CQ-.-.". ' ■ rr -p -r 1 1 ^- — ->; I ; 1 ri — n ' Ol Ol Ol 01 *i 1 '^ lC rr-n 1 1 '-f' i -p -p i -Tl TJ^ Tf -p -p 'C ; 1 "^ 11!^ 1 _ "^ ' lO COi-O •rr -h '^ 1 ' -^ -r- Cl [ j ] — ^ :d— • X CO — -H '-' ^ '(^ -li 1 1 l-^ i^-t! [ -rh -r -^ 'p 'ji OOOO [O O Ci O O 1 O O O OOO j ooooo OS O — cc I Oi 1 en lO ■^ lO [ 'T' CO OTM^l I'lJ'M^ i-O ■>» zo l-rpOCO.Ot-; S ») iC -r ■T lO ' uO iCiC L'^n^lC j iC iC uO lO lO r- oc lO ! ic ■M COMOi 'ro — iC 1^ -o x> 1 -x; Ol Ol I- 1 o ^ri-^^-i }- '^l - j 1 1 f t OOO j O j OO OO ]0 O \oi \ \ 1 O ■:© —» 1 -f I O C50 !ci =o ^ ^^ !-• ! i 1 r J T^i t-J 1 OJ 1 CO^I Ol 04 jOl r; 1 5j { -T^ -ti -r j Tji ] LO-j! TjlTtl j •'T' ■* ^ 1^ i i 1 lo — ' cc ' "- ! c: 1^ -*< Ol ' r^- eo j ^. "^1 ■". I ^1 ! TJ -H oi Ol : Ol ■^. 1 -rr'-^-rr^ I -TjJ 1 ■^ -^ ■Tji'^ 1 -Ti ^ O 1 |°° 1 OOO [ [ ] 1 1 O |00 o 1 lo I ^ 11! 1 1 -* ' _, ei ( oi CO CO 1 t ! 1 1 ^. ''--.^. -^ * j t'io'ic 1 ! ] 1 1 1 1 1 -r [icio [ui 1 liOiO 1 :ooio ! 1 ! 1 1 ■^ !SS i* 1 1'-^ t 1 ^^OlOJ } j j [ j [ — ; O^ 0^ 1*^ Tfi'TTTi; ] 1 1 1 1 1 rr 1 ■'ii ■n^ liO Si i i i ! i j 1 1 1 1 111' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 t 1 fiillL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 < r > 1 ) lilt 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t t I lit! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I "^ci M 1 S 1 1 1 aldwin Ben Davis Canada Reinette Delaware Red Early Harvest Esopus iSpitzenburg. Oravenstein (Jrinies Golden Jonathan INIissouri Pippin Red Astraehan Red Rnssian Salome Stark Swaar Tran.scendent (crab). Wagner Winesap Yellow Transparent- Yellow Newtown N. Spy Full hloitsom 1903 May 4 4 10 12 Observations upon the blossoming of apple trees in Grand Ronde Valley, 1903, by Karl J. Stackland. Variety Arkansas. Baldwin _. First hlossom May Ben Davis 5 Early Harvest April 20 Esopus Spitzenburg i May 10 Oano 5 5 1 5 10 20 Jonathan King Northern Spy ( Udenburg Oregon Red Astrachan Rhode Island Greening- Rome Beauty Winesap Yellow Newtown York Imperial April May 5 5 April 20 May 15 10 15 Full hlossom May 21 16 20 5 25 20 20 16 20 25 9 20 20 7 30 25 30 132 Appendix. TILLAGE. Modern soil tillage has in view two chief ends, namely, to improve the mechanical condition, and to Increase chemical and biological activities or changes. In the growing of shallow rooted crops, tillage aims to serve both purposes equally, but in the growth of the orchard crop the chief aim is the latter purpose, that is, to induce vigorous chemical and biological changes. The roots of the orchard crop feed so deeply in the soil that tillage operations- can not be expected to greatly modify the physical conditions, except upon the surface. This is one of the leading reasons why a deep, porous, well drained soil primarily should be selected for an orchard site. Plowing, subsoiling, har- rowing and cultivating break up the soil to a depth suitable for the root systems of the cereal, root and forage crops, but such operations only serve to help the orchard crop for the first few years of its growth. By the time the tree comes into bearing its principal roots should be feeding in the soil far beneath the reach of the plow and cultivator, and besides havoc would be wrought if tillage tools were to reach among the roots for the purpose of putting the soil in better physical conditions. This phase of the subject need receive no further consideration here save this observation : The importance of the first preparation of the soil for the reception of the trees is not to be underrated. Deep, thorough tillage of a well broken and subdued soil is an essential to success in the first steps of orcharding. When the young tree is transplanted it undergoes a severe check to its vegetative functionings. Too much cannot be done by way of putting the soil in a fit condition to favor rapid and un- obstructed root growth. A point always to be kept in mind when one is dealing with the problems of tree life is that a living working tree requires a more or less definite amount of energy to produce new wood and leaf-growth and a crop of fruit. Any object that obstructs in any way the freedom of growth, or checks the supply of available food materials reauces the tree's supply of energy, and thus retards its growth or croppage. Clods, rocks, puddled earth particles, coarse vegetable matter and other materials may offer obstructions- to the course of growth of the roots, or render the food supply more difficult to obtain ; all these conditions are hindrances to the plant's best development. So much of the plant's energy, best efforts, vigor, is used in overcoming these obstacles that frequently the young tree fails to survive the shock of being^ transplanted. Every time a young root turns out of a quite direct course in its growth there is lost plant effort ; every time an absorbing rootlet is obliged to encompass a elod instead of penetrating between fine particles, more plant energy is wasted ; every time the roots of plants are surrounded with clods, lumps and soil masses so large that the water of the soil cannot be conserved against evaporation during periods of dry. warm weather, the root system re- ceives a check which too often results disastrously to the young tree ; if there is too much half-rotted vegetable matter in the so when the young roots begin to push out the heat of this during the process of further decay may rise so high as to kill the tender young roots ; or, it may drive off the soil water to such an extent that not enough remains to make the mineral plant food of the soil available. For the use of most plants mineral substances must be in very weak solutions, as one part of mineral matter to ten thousand parts of water or even as weak as one, in fifteen thousand parts of water. All these conditions, so unfavorable to tree growth, are eliminated by such thorough tillage as should be given the soil for at least one year, and preferably two or three years preparatory to the planting out of the young trees. A thoroughly subdued, deep, fertile friable soil worked fine is an ideal place in wnich to transplant a young tree, and under such conditions there is little danger of its not enduring the change. Tillage, for the purpose of inducing chemical and biological changes in the soil, is all important to the orchardist, or other soil tiller for that matter. It has been long known to students of soils that there are two classes of The Apple in Oregon : Part II, 13 o <'lianges constantly going on in ordinary agricultural soils Independent of tillage operations, but both of whicli may be greatly augmented by judicious tillage, {'hemical changes in the soil result more or less directly in the release of mineral substances needed by the plant. These changes are hastened and increased by the presence in the soil of water, heat and air in suflScient quan- tities and by i.ie stirring and consequent changing of position of the soil particles. Tnese requirements, or rather desirable conditions, are fully induced by proper tillage operations. By pulverizing the soil, air is admitted ; this warms the soil : the water of the soil during the dryer part of the season, by this same operation, is kept from passing off in the form of vapor as readily as it oherwise would, and while the position of the soil particles is greatly changed, their size is also reduced. The biological changes taking place in the soil and which are likewise greatly facilitated by good tillage, are various and quite imperfectly understood. A few of the more important ones like nitrification, have received much atten- tion in recent years and results of much moment to the soil tiller are being reached through the biological investigations of the soil now being carried on in nearly every scientific center. CULTIVATION. Tillage operations generally discussed as cultivation are as variable as the individuals that are engaged in orcharding. Some rely chiefly upon the old- time plow, but more count the modern disc-harrow the staple tool. These latter followed by clod-crushers, acme harrows, and scarifiers do most effective work under the usual soil conditions to be found in Oregon orchards. One plowing in alternate years is held to be suflBcient for all the mellow soils, though some find that disking alone is all sufficient. Upon the clayey soils most cultivators deem one plowing a year desirable and in this practice the two operations of contiguous years are at right angles, 4. c, one year l)low east and west : next year, north and south. Plowing or disking are usually followed by clod crusher or pulverizing harrow. The first operation is usually just after the blossoms fall.* Then at intervals of two or three weeks the ♦Recently some discussion has been provoked by the statement that the first plowing should precede blossoming. The reason assigned for this is that the stirring of the soil at that time induces a more vigorous root activity thus enabling the tree through this stimulus to set more fruit than it otherwise would. The issue is debatable at least, and the position, probably erroneous. No experimental evidence of unquestioned character has been produced ; and it is not yet credited by the known principles of vegetable physiology : Sap pressure does not indicate the extent to which elaborated food is present, such as young buds or blossoms require. What a bud needs at the time of opening is a good supply of digestible food material. This food material is prepared the year before. It would seem that if a bud is low in vitality it could hardly be ex- pected that the overcharging of it with water and crude "mineral matter would increase its vitality, i. e. make it do more work by way of fertilization of flowers. It is a generally accepted view that the pollen grain is normally rich in proteid matters, i. c. substances rich in nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus, and that for the growth that takes place at the time of fertilization elaborated carbon foods are chiefly required. This carbon food material is only developed in the presence of green leaves, ;". c. the year preceding. Thus it appears that early tillage operations have no direct bearing upon the fertilization of the blos- soms. Tillage indirectly, however, might be beneficial to tlie tree at this early period through the aeration of the soil whereby it would become warmer and thus more suitable for root activity. This induced root activity would cause an increased sap pressure and this in its turn would have a measurable influence upon the jjeriod of cell activity in the region of the blossoms, but it is very doubtful if it could add anthing to the vitality or vigor of the blossoms and especially the organs of fertilization, stamens and pistils. If a crop of fruit is wanted next year preparation for it must be made this year while the tree is growing and particularly while it is storing food during the latter part of the vegetable period. Feed the tree well this year ; keep it clean and free from pests, and other conditions, as climatic, being afvorable next year, the tree will yield a crop in return for your judicious care. 134 Appendix. pulverizing harrow follows until the middle of July or first of August. By this time or even by the middle of Jiine. tlie surface soil from two to three inches deep is a perfect dust, the so-called "dust mulch" or "earth-blanket" a mrst important factor in the conservation of soil moisture. Where ferns or some other deep rooted perennial plants persist in playing the part of weeds ( See Fig. 19» it is often necessary to go over the grouu'l at intervals of ten days with a tool known as a scarifier. By removing the tops at frequent intervals the roots finally become exhausted, and as there is left no other means for the plant to propogate itself it disappears. It fretiuently requires from tliree to four years to rid a piece of land of a well established crop of ferns. Occasionally one hears that trees should not be planted on a fern ridge he- cause the plant is such a pest in the orchard. In truth fern ridges when once subdued are the very best of sites for orchard purposes. Ferns only grow abundantly on well drained soil. The ramifications of their underground stems and the ultimate death and decay of these very materially aid in oxidizing and aerating the soil, to the depth of two feet, or even more This oxidization and aeration are liighly important processes in the biological functionings of the soil, and most useful factors in rendering the plant food of the soil available for tree growth. COVER ("KOrS. This is a pliase of orchard management that has received little atteutiim as yet. Speaking more particularly of Western Oregon it may be said : Thus far our orchards that are thoroughly tilled have shown no especial need of service in the directions in wliich a cover crop would aid tliem, but the time is approaching when such conditions will no longer exist. 1'horough tillage increases oxidation in the soil. The liumus burns away as it were and need for material to replace the original supply will Ije manifest, in a dryer, harsher soil, sometimes lieavier : sometimes ligliter : in a soil that will be cloddy and in- tractable, generally throughout Western Oregon. Tliis material can be obtained at least expense by means of cover crops, as oats, wheat, rye, vetch, clover, mustai'd, and the like. As to the funcrions of a cover crop altogether, it may be well to quote from bulletin No. y recent analyses* it is made evident that certain jjlants. cowliorn tur- nips and rape, are rich in potash. It tlius appears that such crops used for cover purposes miglit put the potasli supplies of the soil witliin easier reach of the tree. If the soil of an orchard is rich in humus and nitrogen, a cover crop of potash-gathering plants, if from such knowledge as- we have of them, we may call them such, would be the logical one to use. In this connection it may be well to note the fact that Scotch kale, a plant closely related to the turnip, has been giving some remarkable yields in Western Oregon, as a forage plant for dairy purposes. It seems probable that this plant would do efficient service as a cover crop on soils in good tilth and well supplied with humus. And since potash tends to hasten the maturity of a crop, increase the sugar content, and heighten the color, indirectly, at least as a consequence of earlier maturity, its importance to the fruit-grower in the moisture sections of our state becomes evident, and any secondary or catch crop that will render the potash of the soil more readily available for the trees is to be held as a useful factor in or- charding. But, as before stated, only practical tests upon the site will deter- mine the course to be followed in each instance. The crops, rotation or tillage, will depend upon the local conditions and the successful orchardist will be the intelligent experimenter in these matters. A rotation of cover crops is as important as a rot;ition of general farm crops. The constant use of a leguminous crop would tend to make the soil very rich in available nitrogenous materials. This v/ould induce excessive wood and foliage growth at tlie expense of flowers and fruit. To offset this crops, as often as the trees appear to be growing too vigorously at the expense of fruit production. Then we must not lose sight of the fact that tlimigh a cover crop may not, of itself, use the free nitrogen of the air, it wiU -avaW itself of such nilro- *I>elaware station. 136 Appendix. gen material as Is obtainable In the soil during its period of growth, and, as this is at a time when the dormant tree could make no use of such nitrogen material, which, if not used, soon escapes as a waste by leaching from the soil, it is seen that the cover crop thus becomes a saver of nitrogen as well as other substances and thus performs a work as important as that of a nitrogen gatherer under the circumstances. In Western Oregon orchards in particular, not a foot of soil should remain uncovered or bare of plant growth from the time the crop is fully grown to the time when the fruit begins to form the folowing spring. The warm winter temperature, together with the rainfall, results in a set of conditions quite suita- ble for the growth of many hardy plants. Under the same conditions biological and chemical changes in the soil are setting free much soluble plant food material. This material, if not used by active plants on the ground, will be wasted very largely by surface washing or leaching through the drainage system. An active crop saves this waste ; puts it in such form as can be more readily used by the trees when they become active in the spring. And thus, while saving that would otherwise be lost to the soil tiller, the cover crop performs a preliminary or preparatory work for the trees, getting ready for their use early in the spring a quantity of predigested breakfast food as it were. And, as with the human, the more substantial the breakfast the better the start in the season's work. While the list of plants that may be grown for cover purposes is quite long, each locality, and each grower, will lind that local conditions and personal re- quirements will render some more suitable than others for his purpose. So far as reports .lave been made the vetch — Vicia sativa — appears to give the best results in Western Oregon. L. T. Reynolds says :* "Our first test of cover crops was in 181)0, when we sowed crimson clover. It did not prove suitable for our climate. The common vetch lias been found to meet all requirements. It can be sown later than crimso clover: is nearly always a good stand; makes a good growth auring the wirter, and pushes forward rapidly in the spring, so that one can have a growth of two to three feet in lieight to turn under by May the first. As such luxuriant growth renders it somewhat diflScult to plow in, we have found it convenient to sow the seed only one way between the trees, leaving about tliree feet in the tree row unsown. Sown in this way it requires about fifty pounds of seed per acre, and it can be readily plowed under."** "In an orchard of young trees making vigorous growtli the vetch can be sown in February and plowed imder in June, but under such conditions I should hardly consider a cover crop necessary." In 'bulletin Ko. 40 (1896) of this Station the following statements are found : Speaking of a twenty-five acre tract, in a large prune orchard, that had become covered with a rank growth of wild mustard, the author said : "The soil of this mustard strip remained moist and friable all summer tlirough, and with one-third the tillage it presented a more favorable condition for tree growtli. as shown by the vigor of the trees, than any other part of the orchard imder otlierwise similar treatment." If the supply of nitrogen in the soil is quite sufficient there are some ad- vantages in a mustard crop not found in otliers. The crop may be pastured in the winter, and if not plowed under too early in the spring, ample seed ♦Oregon report 1903. **In a letter to the writer dated December 24, 1903, Mr. Reynolds speaks further of the vetch as a cover crop. "In ordinary years, I would say the vetch should not be sown later than December 1st. I prefer to sow it in Sep- tember and October as it then gets a good start and makes a rapid growth as soon as warm weather comes in the spring and enables one to turn under a good crop by the early part of May. It then rots ((uickly and assists in preserving osil moisture together with its other functions. If a heavy growth is turned under in .Tune, the soil moisture is usually too low to permit of ready decay and thus the vetch not only does not yield plant food, but it renders tlie soil dryer and In this way works an injury to tlie orchard crop." ( Pi/riis rivillrn-ix) Oregon Crab Apple Fruit of Pj/rus rivularix Native Oregon Crab The Apple in Oregon : Part II. 137 will be farmed to renew the crop the following year. The seed, after lying dormant during the summer and being thoroughly mixed with the soil through the tillage operations, will germinate with the first fall rains and one year with another the plant makes a good stand before cold weather sets in. With a small orchard, and on a soil moderately supplied with humus and nitrogen, vetches for silage purposes might be grown with a double effect. By cutting the crop about the first of May, putting it in the silo and plowing under the stubble the double benefits of a cover crop and a forage crop might be obtained three years out of five in Western Oregon. Some seasons of mod- erate rainfall a drawback to this practice would be encountered in the excessive dryness of the surface soil induced by the growing cover crop. This condition would render plowing and pulverizing the soil more difficult and expensive. In such instances the whole crop could be turned under while the soil is still mellow. For early spring pasturage or for humus, other plants may be used, as •wheat, winter oats, rye and kale. Even though the soil may not need the humus of a cover crop, such a crop on the soil during the resting period of the trees is an advantage to the orchard and the orchardist. A crop growing on the soil during our warm, wet winters, gathers for its use a ' quantity of food material that otherwise would escape through the leaching or surface washing. This crop can be pastured in the early spring months and such pasturage would be net gain less the cost of putting in the crop. Orchard lands that are suf- ficiently supplied with humus and as well drained as they should be for such purposes, would in no wise suffer by being pastured with sheep or swine during the early spring months. Other stock is liable to do more or less damage to the tops of the trees, especially in the young orchard, and accordingly shoudi not be allowed in the orchard. Care must be exercised in pasturing young orchards with sheep or swine, for in the event of shortage of the food crop, they will attack the trees and may do much damage by girdling. PRUNING. ■'Pruning is commonly resorted to only for the purpose of increasing the vigor of feeble trees, or to regulate or improve the form of healthy and luxuriant trees." — Doicning. "The course to follow in pruning will depend upon which of the two lead- ing objects, vigor of growth or fruitfulness, is in view. Pruning at one season will produce one result, while pruning at another will yield a different result, hence prune in winter for wood and summer for fruit." — Warder. Bad pruning of the apple is disposed to give an alternate production of fruit." — Passy. (See Figs. 20 anu 21.) Pruning and training should go hand in hand in orchard-making. To prune is to remove surplus or undesirable wood ; to train is to evolve an ideal or correct form as a result of the pruning, but it should be remembered that the form will vary not only with the several kinds of trees but also with the different varieties of the same kind, as is well illustrated, for example, by the Northern Spy and Grimes Golden. The pruner must have the ideal form in mind and then prune accordingly. A brief discussion of the philosophy of tree growth may serve to aid the beginner in getting a better idea of how to proceed in the work of pruning. In the first place it must be kept well in mind that the tree is a community organization. Each bud is measurably independent — it is an individual. Every individual is struggling to make the most of its opportunities. Every bud that is enabled to develop into a branch becomes an important factor in the plant's economy, and its importance will depend upon the magnitude of its growth, and this depends very largely upon position and period of formai- tion. Every tree is endowed with an impulse to grow upward and outward. This impulse is governed very largely by the influences surrounding the tree as light, heat, moisture, wind, food supplies and room. One of the chief influences determining the form of the top is light. Every bud, every shoot, every branch, 138 Appendix. for its best develcpment. needs ample li,a;ht, other conditions being favoi-;ible. tliat bud or bi'ancli tliat lias the best light I'elation will make the best growth. The best light relation normally is to tie found al)out the top and outside of I he ti-^e's head. As a result of this better light relation growth begins earlier in tlie spring and continues later in the fall. The terniina! Inids are tlie last to g.) into the resting stage: the lateral ones, and especially those well in toward (he center, start last and stop first. The growth impulse gi'adually weakens in these inner twigs and shoots and many of them yield to their fellow lu'ancbes on the outside. This process even goes to such an extent that many l)uds upon tlie inner and lower branches fail to develop into shoots at all. and still fui'tlier. the lower buds ui)on a thrifty growing outside shoot often remain dormant. Thus it is. that, practically, only the later formed buds of a season are the ones that develop into new parts. Another of the active influences in the tree's growth is the water and mineral matter supplied by the roots. This supply as it is forced cr drawn upward through the tissues of the stems and branches, endeavors to follow the lines of least resistance. T'sually a straigiir line offers the best course, hence, we commonly see the erect, straight liranches or shoots growing fastest, and we come to think of tlie chief growth of si tree as being upward and outward. If the tree is crowded l)y its fellows, its l.-itcral light relations will be poor, and accordingly growth will l)e chiefly upward. A.11 this results in wluit amounts to being a struggle for existence. Every l)ud and liranch is using its best effort to get the best light and food supply. Some must yield liy either becoming dormant or dying after a brief existence. Tliis is nature's way of pruning. We see splendid examplis of the process in thickets of young firs, and in tlu' dense tops of old maples or evergreens. The lessons that nature would have us learn from these examples are that ijruning should be such ;is to remove those shoots which are not in position to do the best ulti- mate service ; that the removal of some branches is necessary to the best de- velopment of others : that thinning of the wood growth is necessary because more buds are formed and more twigs are started thay can find light and space for successful development ; that the .iudicious removal of undesirable or po(u-ly located sh(,ots in their earliest stages of growth, is econ.jmy (.f lal)or and material (plant energy.) Hence, reUK.ve undesirable wood, as far as pcssible, while it is small, 'this does not imply that large branches may not be taken off whenever found to be undesirable, but it does imply that such removal means a greater loss of the l)lanfs ener;jy. 'J'bis view of pruning and training calls for a full knowledge of the individual types of trees, their characteristic forms of growth and a comprehensive understanding of the requirements of economic plant culture. If a young apple tree has been received from the nursery as a "switch" (U- "stick" one year old, there will be little pruning to l)e done at the time of planting out, save cutting back the top to correspond with the loss of root system made necessary by removal from the nursery row. and the trimming of wounded roots. Should the tree to be planted be of two or m<.re years, as is too frequently recommended by nurserymen and dealers, then the whole top should be removed to such ;in extent as will correspond with the .imount at' roots cut away. The writer recommends only one-year-old trees for general t ransplating. A one-year-old tree is small : it does not suffer so severe a check upon removal from the nursery as an older tree. Leas cutting back, relatively, is necessary at setting cut. The wounds made are smaller and accordingly heal over more readily, allowing less opportunity for alt.ick by injurious fungi. As an evidence of the importance of this point, the size of the wounds, it may be stated tiiat "ommon olservation throughout the W'illaiuelte Valley during the past few ye.-irs has pointed out the great loss that has occurred among plantations of prunes, in particular, through injudicious pruning at setting out time, or, pos- sibly, to the lack of care in attending to the wounds made at the time of cut- ting back. At the time of setting out. usually late fall or early v>'inter. the young The Apple in Oregon : Part II. 139 prune tree is cut back to a mere stub, leaving, ordinarily, a raw wound from one-half to three-fourtlis of an inch in diameter exposed to the weather. The fall or winter planting of prune trees malces it almost imperative that tlie cutting- back to be done at tlie time, otherwise much damage may be done the planta- tion by winter winds swaying the trees back and forth, for tlie prune "switch." as commonly planted, exposes a consideralile length of stem, from six to eight or more feet. If these wounds were painted at the time made with some tenacious material like white lead, in which has been dissolved a little sul- phate of copper, injury from exposure to the air would be prevented. These observations apply almost equally well to the apple, though the young apple tree, as a rule, is smaller and thus exposes less surface to the action of the wind. The common practice in the more liumid sections of the state is to head the tree at three to four feet from the ground (See Fig. '22). while in the dryer portions the trees are headed as low as one foot, and on an average not more than two feet. This neecssitates training the lowe.^-it branches to a somewhat erect position for at least two years, otherwise they will interfere with the operations of tillage. See Figs. 23 and 24. In later years though these branches, while laden with fruit may almost touch the ground, no serious dis- advantage will be felt during tillage, and the position of the fruit will be a decided gain in the work of spraying See Fig. 25. In fact all operations save tillage are benefited by the formation of low heads. As the growers of Eastern Oregon remark : "\Ye like to work on the ground floor, for it facilitates the work of picking and thinning ;" wliile in sections wliere heavy winds prevail much less loss of fruit occurs in orchards of low headed trees, and the trees themselves are of l)etter form, thus re- quiring less attention and labor in pruning. (See Fig. 2(). ) It is true that in parts of Western Oregon and along the coast the fruit on low headed trees is often of indifferent color while that on trees of medium to high heads is of fair to high color. This fact makes it desirable that trees of late fall and winter varieties be headed or trained high in these sections while trees of sum- mer and early fall varieties may be headed low if desired. As to the manner in which the head may be formed there are several im- portant points to keep in view. And first, perhaps as to whether a central leader shall be left, or all main branches trained to develop uniformly. The latter has been tlie common practice in later years, but recently some of the leading orcliardists have been advocating a return to our earlier practices of leaving a central leader. The contention is that many trees are lost as a result of close or cramped forking at the origin of the head, while with a leader no such loss occurs. With a central leader there are so many Inids that remain latent that .space sufHcient for good branch unions is always present, whereas, the forced development of all buds at the top in the case of the young tree cut back, and the lack of ample forethought in the removal of the excess of branches, which, when young are not clearly evident as such, allows opportunity for too many faulty heads. As yet there are no well defined examples of superior young orchards grown with central leaders, but a comparison of our younger orchards with those planted years ago would seem to give considerable weight to the view that leaders ought to be retained in general planting, thougli the specialist may adopt such style of head formation as he deems best suited to his taste, for in such cases ample attention will be given to the numerous minor mat- ters that pertain to efBcient pruning. (Compare Figs. 3 and 27.) 'inen. after this question of form is settled there comes the question of branches or laterals. Not more than four, and usually three are quite enough for this purpose, especially if a central leader is left. Too many branches make a bushy close top, while too few would leave a top too open or ill shapen. In cases without a central leader the buds which are to form the chief branches of the head should be left not closer than eight inches apart. Wlien the tree has grown to full size there will then be no more open space between them than is necessary to maintain a good strong union, a point that is too often over- 140 Appendix. looked in the formation of the heads of all kinds of fruit trees. (See Figs. 28 and 20.) When the few topmost buds of the young tree are left to form the head thpy are usually so close together that in a few years the forks of all are united and the result is a weakened union. There is not sufficient distance upon the main stem for the several branches, as they increase in size, to make a close union with it. At the end of the first season's growth the young branches that are destined to form the top should be cut back about one-half. From these stubs the next year two chief secondary branches should be allowed to form upon each. The following winter the young growth should again be cut back about one-half. The third and fourth years the tree should receive similar treatment. The fifth year, such branches as interlace should be removed ; irregular, diseased, and malformed shoots should be cut back or taken out as the case may demand. If the trees are planted upon deep, heavy, well- watered soil and continue to make excessive wood growth it may be necessary to give them a summer pruning which operation tends to check wood growth and induce the formation of fruit buds. In the warmer, dryer sections, and where the soil contains considerable sand, trees will begin to bear at five years or even earlier, but in those sections where the climate is cool and moist and the soil heavy and deep, trees may show a disposition to devote all their effort to the production of wood until they are seven, eight or even nine years old. In such cases the check given by summer pruning is often desirable, though it may be a question as to whether trees ought not to be allowed to make their full growth before being forced into fruit production. Still, there is an ad- vantage in hastening the time at which the trees are brought into bearing, and, if not allowed to overbear the first years of fruiting, they may complete their full growth without disadvantage to size or vigor, though the final growth will be made more slowly than would be the case if the trees had not been hastened into bearing The need for future pruning of the orchard will be variable. Each variety has a characteristic habit of growth. The pruning necessary to make the growth conform to our chosen type will depend upon how far apart are the "type" and the "habit." If the grower at the outset has adopted the plan of studying the habits of the different varieties, and has pruned for the purpose of getting the best results with the natural form of the variety rather than for the purpose of making all the trees conform to a common artificial ideal, then the work of pruning will be greatly simplified and reduced. The cutting back of excessive growths : the cutting out of interlacing, crossing, chafing, rubbing and diseased branches ; and the shortening in, as an offset against winds, will be the chief points to keep in view in all subsequent pruning operations. In the past, too little attention has been given to the study of the individual habits of growth. Pruning has been indiscriminate. Not principles, but practices have prevailed in the direction of the work, until we can find trees of Western Oregon cast in the same mould as those of California or Southern and Eastern Oregon. I'ears. apples, plums and cherries have been treated alike as to cutting back, form of head and style of branching ! The practice followed with a species in a particular section, giving good results, has often been heralded as the ideal form for all fruit trees in, at least, the same cultural zone. That such a course is most ill-advised can be readily seen if one will but observe the trees growing in any well-kept home orchard, and it may be said .iust here that the beginner in this work of growing an orchard would be well repaid by making a study of some of the best kept local orchards. Noth- ing can give one so good an idea of the traits of character of the different fruit trees as a study of the real plants as they develop under the hand of a good orchardist. Management of Orchard Soils. 141 MANAGEMENT OF ORCHARD SOILS. Prof. L. B. Judson, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Read at Northwest Fruit Growers' Meeting, Portland, January, 1904. We pride ourselves that we live in a progressive era, that as fruit growers we have so far distanced the men of a generation or two ago that they seem to belong to a past age, as they do in fact to a past century ; and it is true that we no longer hopelessly stand by and wring our hands while the festive worm defoliates our trees, or leisurely eats his way through the tender pulp of the fruit ; that we do not allow an insignificant little plant called scab to blacken and distort our choicest fruit while we know nothing to do but pray the Almighty to deliver at least some part of the crop from the Philistines ; nay, that we no longer allow our orchard to grow up to rank grass and weeds in whose grateful shade the hogs may luxuriate. In fact, we have become too scientific to resort to such crude practices, and are not nearly so ready as formerly to pooh-pooh "college" or "paper" farming and "theories" about agri- culture by men who perhaps never grasped a plow handle. Yet there lie ahead far larger and richer fields than any that have yet been conquered, improvements and devices that we yet dream not of, and in the subduing of these science must still be our leader and almost sole dependence. Do you fully realize that in the last fifty years farming has advanced more than in the preceding five thousand? And what is the reason of this? That the search- light of science, the piercing rays from brains quickened by careful scientific training, have been turned upon this field, lighting up its dark corners and obscure places, justifying many practices with sound reasons, condemning others, and suggesting many new and vastly improved ones. It has given us new and better varieties of all kinds of produce — think of the marvelous work of Luther Burbank alone — enlightened us as to the requirements of plant life and the management of soils, found remedies for the destructive pests that have threatened to scourge us like the plagues of Egypt, and for every perplexed question has had ready an answer more true and satisfying than any ever rendered by oracle of old at Dodona or Delphi. And just recently scientific horticulture made a marked advance when the Society for Horticultural Science was founded at Boston last September, having for its object the advancement of the more purely scientific side of horticulture, and including in its membership most of the prominent horticul- turists in the country. This ought to systematize and put on a firmer basis many of the ideas and practices now popularly adhered to, or show sound reasons for discarding them. At the holiday meeting of this Society — the first since its organization — the chief topic of discussion was the very one we are now considering, namely, "the principles underlying the practice of tillage, together with the use of cover crops in orchards," showing the prominence of the subject in the thoughts of horticultural workers at this time. Not many years ago it was the fashion to let the orchard, after giving it a good start, take care of itself , and grow a crop of weeds and grass just as it good start, take care of itself, and grow a crop of weeds and grass just as it much care of the soil as corn or potatoes, if not more, and a diversity of theories and practices have sprung up in the attempt to find the best treatment. 142 Appendix. One man is sure clean culture is Ijest. another srows a crop of hay and figures he is so many dollars ahead of the first, another has unbounded faitli in cover crops, a fourth uses the grass mulch, while perhaps a fifth finds it more satis- factory to combine two or more of them. Here is considerable diversity, and if my discussion shall enable you to choose more discriminatingly among tliem, I shall not feel that I owe any apologies for taking up your time. All management of orchard soils has two chief ends in view, to maintain moisture and fertility. It would be convenient, if practicable, to consider separately the means of attaining each, l)ut such separation could be carried only a little ways before the two would liegin to overlap. Thus adding com- mercial fertilizer to the ground will not lielp the moisture, but barnyard manure will: and on the otlier hand shallow cultivation will not only conserve moisture, but actually enrich the soil by allowing more air to enter and break up the mineral particles which contain potash and phosphates. So let us remember in what follows that most of the things we do to secure moisture increase fertility, and vice versa. We should remember at the outset tliat fertility means more than mere richness in the elements necessary to plant growth ; much more than tliis, it means suitable physical condition cf the soil. Tlie cliemist's analysis may sliow a certain soil to contain plenty of nitrates, phosphates and potash, or you may add them liberally in the form of commercial fertilizers, yet if the soil happens to be a clay, puddled and caked so that notliing will grow on it. it is really not fertile at all. In perhaps nine cases out of ten infertility is due to poor mechanical conditions rather than lack of any chemical elements. If any of these elements are deficient, nitrogen is most apt to be the one, iis its salts are most soluble in water, and hence leacli away most readily. Tlie only otlier elements at all apt to be lacking are potasli and phosphorus, but these are much more (irmly held by the soil, so it is far less often necessary to supply them than nitrogen. ITnfortunately for us, the latter is tlie most expensive of the three, costing in the form of nitrates about 12 cents a pound wholesale, while potash costs 8 cents and phosphorus only 3 cents. When I s;)eak of nitrogen I do not of course refer to the gas, but to its solid salts called nitrates (whicli much resemble impure rock salt in appearance) ; the relation between tlie two forms of it being in some respects similar to tliat between steam and ice, wliere the same substance appears in one case as a gas and in tlie otlier as a solid. Nitrogen in tlie gaseous form is exceedingly abundant in the air, forming over four-fifths of it, but in this form is not useful to plants. If you find it necessary to supply nitrogen (where trees lack it their leaves are a paler green, and the wood growth is less tlian it sliould be) tliere is a cheaper and better way of getting it than to buy nitrate of soda, dried blood, or tanliage. and that is by growing cover crops of legumes. Tlie term cover crop is sometimes misunderstood, so I may say in passing that it is a crop grown exclusively for tlie benefit of tlie soil, allowed to I'emain on or in the ground instead of being liarvested. Tlie legumes, such as clover, vetcli, alfalfa, peas and beans, serve, as you well know, as liosts for certain bacteria which live on their roots, causing little swellings or nudules wliich often reacli tlie size of a bucksliot. Now these minute organisms, while tliey doubtless do some injury to tlie plant by causing these abnormal bunches and feeding on tlie plant juices, much more than offset it by furnishing nitrogen, which they give off as a waste product, to the plant, for tliey have the power denied to the plant of appropriating atmospheric nitrogen. Tlius this group of plants is able through indirect means to take advantage of tlie great stores of nitrogen in the air, and by growing crops of them and turning them under we can add their ■•iccumulation to tlie soil. It must not be supposed, however, that all the nitrogen they contain represents a clear gain from tlie atmosphere, for crops other than the legumes or "nitrogen-gatherers," such as oats, show in analysis very con- siderable quantities of nitrogen, which was of course derived entirely from the soil. Management of Orchard Soils. 143 But if you are going to make use of a cover crop to supply nitrogen, you mv;st, in order to manage it intelligently and with continuously good results, understand the changes that take place in a green manure before it becomes useful as plant food. For present purposes, the nitrogen in plants may be said to exist in the form of protein, a complex substance found in all plants and animals. Under certain circumstances protein is capable of nourishing the plant directly without undergoing change, as where a seed stored with protein nourishes the young plant which springs from it ; but this only when the con- nection is closer than that between the roots and the soil. Most of its life the plant must depend upon its roots for nitrogen, and to these protein as such is absolutely useless. To become available the protein must go through a process of decomposition or breaking down into simpler substances until the nitrogen is converted into the soluble salt known as nitrate, and this is accom- plished by the activity of bacteria which are present in vast numbers in all fertile soils. Several species of these bacteria are necessary to produce nitrates from organic matter, or proteids (that is, protein and substances like it), for no v.ne species can convert the one directly into the other. One species lives upon prctein, and forms as a by-product ammonia. Now another common bacterium in the soil can live upon nothing but ammonia, so as soon as this is formed by the first sort it is promptly seized upon and consumed by this second sort. The ammonia feeders also produce a by-product, i. c, nitrites, salts different from nitrates only in having a little less oxygen in them, but neverthless useless to plants. Finally, there Is a group of bacteria that feed only upon nitrites, and their important by-product is nitrates, the food so highly useful to all plants. From this description you might think the conversion of proteids Into nitrates a long and tedious operation, but really, after the first change has been made, the others follow rapidly, so that little time Intervenes between the formation of ammonia and its transformation into nitrates. Ammonia Itself is readily soluble in water, and may be tised by plants without further change, though as a matter of fact but little is so used : nitrates seem by far a more acceptable form. As we are so absolutely dependent upon these tiny organisms — it wotild take a thousand or more laid end to end to reach across the head of a pin — it naturally liehooves us to know something of their mode of life, or at least under what conditions they thrive best. Three things are essential for the activity of these bacteria — moisture, warmth, and air. The absence of any of these, or excess of the first two. means suspension of all functions, and in extreme cases, death. They have the same need of air, or oxygen, that we have, namely, for respiration ; and just as a person grows drowsy and inactive in an air exhausted of oxygen, or is smothered to death when completely deprived of it, so these organisms grow more and more sluggish as the supply of oxygen diminshes, and perish if it is wholly withheld. The effect of lack of oxygen is most strikingly seen in peat bogs and wet marshes, where the continual presence of standing water h;is excluded the air to such an extent that the decomposition of the vegetable remains has been almost comijletely suspended, and the black, sodden mass of moss, leaves, weeds and other plant remains may lie there for centuries in a state of preservation, finally passing to the permanent condition of coal. It is the first chapter of the same story when you turn a cover crop under on a heavy soil, leaving it to settle down into an air-excluding cover ; there will be enough change to turn the material black. l>ut at that stage it will remain, in a sort of mummified condition, adding no more richness to the soil than if It were stone. So see to it that the bacteria who work for you have air enough when you engage in green-manuring. Heat, too, they must have. Their activity ceases at the freezing point, and is only barely perceptible at 40 degrees, but from this point increases with the rise of temperature up to 100 degrees, from which it diminishes to 130 degrees, where it again ceases. The optimum temperature, or point at which they work most actively, is seldom or never reached in this latitude, but the 144 Appendix. usual summer temperatures are very favorable, and it is a matter of common observation how rapidly vegetable remains in the soil disappear during the hot months. Well drained, porous soils are always the warmest. The third requirement I spoke of is moisture. Too much, indeed, as in the case of the peat bog, is injurious by cutting off oxygen ; but the entire lack of it is just as fatal, for no bacteria are active without the presence of moisture. Keeping an abundance of humus in the soil is one of the best ways of insuring the proper amount of moisture (indeed, this is the most valuable feature of humus — more important than any fertility it adds to the soil) which is also further increased by mulching. The amount of moisture most favor- able to the growth of trees and crops is in a general way most suitable for the bacteria. Before leaving this subject I ought also to mention the chemical composi- tion of the soil as one of the tilings influencing bacterial welfare. A soil witli much free acid in it is decidedly unhealthy for these organisms ; thus a sour muck bed, even when properly drained, often refuses to decompose into good loam until its acidity is neutralized by the application of lime. Of course fresh lime actively attacks and breaks down vegetable matter, but' it soon becomes slacked when added to the soil, and its active caustic properties dis- appear. If added in excess it hinders or destroys bacterial action, and also sets free nitrogen in the form of ammonia so rapidly that it is apt to escape into the air and be lost. Its action after slacking becomes similar to that of laud plaster, which has long been known as beneficial, though no one has been able to assign just the reason ; but we may now set it down as more than likely th.it its eSiciency has been due to its pronounced effects in aiding nitrification. A slightly alkaline soil is most favorable for the process, and in soils derived from limestone, we rarely find nitrates deficient. When we turn a cover crop under, then, to supply nitrogen to our land, we consign it to the care of the nitrifying bacteria, different groups of which convert the protein in it suc- cessively into ammonia, nitrites and nitrates ; and to enable them to do this effectively for us, we must manage the land so that they will have the proper amount of air. warmth and moisture, together with a siutable chemical condi- tion of the soil. Besides nitrogen, the legumes and other cover crops also contain potash and phosphorus, but the last two are never added to the soil when the crop is turned under, as the nitrogen of the legumes was, but are simply returned. In spite of this, the soil is benefitted by the process, for the salts have been worked over — digested, if you please — by the crop, and made more available while its roots have penetrated several feet into the ground and pumped up to the surface much nourishing material, which on the death of the plant is set free in the surface foot of the soil, just where the trees can reach it most easily. Certain crops, as turnips and rape, are particularly rich in potash salts, and may be termed the "potash-gatherers," just as legumes are known as "nitrogen-gatherers." This is generally a better and always a cheaper way of applying potash than buying it, in the form of kainit or muriate of potash. Other kinds of crops, such as oats, barley, rye or millet, contain no one element in excess, but may be considered simply all-around fertilizers. If, then, you have a soil requiring nitrogen, the legumes will serve you ; or if rich enough in that, but lacking potash, turnips or rape ; and if you especially need neither, but still seek the advantage of a cover crop, oats or rye. And what are these advantages? The cover crop provides plenty of humus, which pro- motes nitrification by making the ground more porous and airy, retaining moisture in dry weather and helping drainage in wet ; takes up the nitrates and other soluble foods which would leach away in late summer and fall after the trees have stopped growing ; checks the growth of the trees in the fall and causes them to ripen their wood, by using up the moitsure, (and to a less extent, the food) ; covers the ground in the winter so as to prevent deep Fruit House at Beulah Land orchards, Hood River o n Ll. «> > •a o o I E CO LU c o I Si ■a c O E o ns o 73 C re 3 V CQ E o V T3 C re > c n u u O X Adaptability for Fruit Growing. 145 freezing, and to keep snow drifting away and rain from running off and freezing, and to lieep snow from drifting away and rain from running off and causes it to warm up sooner in the spring. Tlie practice of clean culture means the giving up of most of these advantages ; you do indeed conserve moisture by shallow cultivation, and you may urge that you would lose it by growing a crop, which evaporates large quantities of water and dries out the ground ; and It is true that for the first season, or perhaps two, it will make the ground dryer than if you had simply kept an earth mulch on it, but after that the humus you have added will retain moisture so effectively that you can go on growing crops without scrimp- ing the trees in the least, and all the additional advantages of the humus will accrue to you gratis. Now inasmuch as the cover crop has a tendency to dry out the soil for the first season or two, I believe in clean cultivation for that space of time in newly set orchards, as younger trees can scarcely grow too vigorously the' first two years, and such growth requires a liberal supply of water. By stopping cultivation about the first of August you will encourage the trees to ripen their wood. For the next half dozen years, or until the shade is getting pretty broad and dense, the cover crop can be used most effectively. Put it in after the trees have made most of the growth for the season — . early in July will be late enough — and plow or disc it under next spring, then keep the ground well cultivated until sowing time comes again. I would use a leguminous crop like soy beans, crimson clover or field peas once in three or four years whether the soil seemed lacking in nitrates or not- — perhaps in combination with turnips or rape. If grain is used, it should never be allowed to form heads, as it then dries the soil very rapidly, oats being especially bad in this respect. It is important that this cover cropping should begin while the orchard is young, as increasing shading of the ground makes it more difllcult each year to grow a satisfactory crop under the trees, and the ground should be thoroughly stored with humus while it is still possible to grow heavy crops. When cover cropping becomes somewhat difficult, I would seed down the orchard permanently to crimson clover or some good grass, and at harvest time mow it and let it lie where it falls as a mulch. If your trees are so broad topped and close together that you cannot secure even a moderate stand, you can still do better than to leave the ground bare, by spreading well-rotted manure evenly over the surface, which will gradually add to the humus of the soil, and help to maintain both moisture and fertility. ADAPTABILITY FOR FRUIT GROWING. By Hon. E. L. Smith, President Oregon State Board of Horticulture. Read before the Northwest Fruit Orowers, Portland, January, 1904. Adaptability, or the suitableness of conditions, is a significant word in the vocabulary of the commercial fruit grower. In the few minutes allotted to me I can only briefly discuss some of the essential points of a comprehensive subject, and am confident that your criticisms will develop facts of greater value than any I have to offer. I think we will all concede that locality is a matter of prime importance to the prospective fruit grower, and that one of the essentials of a proper location is adequate transportation facilities. But little dependence can be HOR. 10 14G Appendix. placed on local demand, and a location is enviable and secure in proportion to the number of the best markets of the world that it can command through direct and rapid transit. The day of competing railroads is a matter of the past, and competition has been succeeded by uniformity of tariffs, to the ad- vantage of the stockholder if not tlie shipper. Now, while there may be no competition in freights, yet we recognize the fact that each of our great railway systems is a collector and distributor over a large and separate territory, and he is most happily situated who is in easy touch with more than one of them. From the Atlantic terminals of these trunk roads you will connect with steamship lines which carried to Europe during the past season more than 250,000 barrels of apples in a single week. From Pacific terminals you will command coastwise steamers which will transport no inconsiderable portion of your harvest south to California or north to Alaska, that land of immense possibilities, or with trans-Paciflc liners, the pioneers as it were of that unlim- ited commerce yet to be developed with Eastern Asia. Transportation facilities being satisfactory, your next concern will be to secure a tract of land adapted for the growing of your orchard, and here have a. care, for success or failure depends largely upon the wisdom of your selection. In my humble .iudgment, a parcel of land is suitable for fruit growing which possesses a deep, porous soil, with perfect water and cold air drainage, for hoth follow the same law and seek lowest levels. A soil should be fairly rich in those valuable salts that enter most largely into the composition of both tree and fruit. It should have a natural shelter against prevailing winds — a hill or a belt of timber — and, if these are lacking, an artificial windbreak should be grown. All soils impoverished by long cultivation, underlaid by a stratum impervious to water a few feet below the surface, or where an orchard has previously been grown, should certainly be avoided. In all this country you will find the deepest soil and the largest forest growth on northerly slopes. In sections where spring frosts are imminent, or where the annual precipitation is less than twenty-rtve inches, these northern exposures are to be preferred, as the moisture is constant and the blossoming retarded over a critical period. I pass over many minor details, such as preparation of the soil, etc., and come at once to the most perplexing question that ever confused the mind of a fruit grower — the selection of nursery trees and the adaptation of varieties. I have in mind the planting of an apple orchard. 1 believe that there is con- siderable nonsense as to the superior merits of a nursery tree, whether grown on a whole seedling, a whole root, or a piece root. I care not a farthing by which process it has lieen grown, provided the tree itself conforms to my standard elcellence. Given a stocky body of proper height for its age, with large well-balanced roots, and I waive all objections to its earlier history. I would, however, like to know that the bud or scion was cut from a tree that had established its individuality for health, vigor and fruitfulness, and I can make a pretty close guess what variety it will prove to be when it comes into bearing from the label it bears. This opens up the question of varieties. The adaptability of a variety is governed largely by local conditions of moisture, temperature, sunshine, etc. I feel confident, however, in advising the selection of varieties of the highest quality that can be grown in any given locality. But what do we understand by the word quality V Not simply quality as to taste, but quality of color, season of ripening, etc. I should always place quality of flavor or taste first, but if you can with this combine quality of color or of late keeping, or both, you have a fruit of highest excellence. One section may grow Newtowns and j^pitzenburghs to perfection, while the King, Jonathan, Winesap, and Gravenstein, are equally at home elsewhere — all varieties of high flavor, attractive color, and always welcomed in the markets both foreign and domestic. This is, indeed, an era of the multiplying of orchards. In the year 1890 there were in the orchards of the United States 120,152.795 apple trees. In 1900 that number had increased to 201,794,769 trees. In the states embraced Adaptability for Fruit Growing. 147 in this' Northwest Fruit Growers' Association we find in 1900 Oregon credited with 2,825.898, Washington 2,73.5,824. and Idaho 982,.349 ; a grand total of (■>,.">44,071 apple trees in orchard form. Since 1900, tree planting in some sections lias become almost a mania. Great syndicates liave l)een formed and single corporations have planted orchards of not only one thousand but of many thousands of acres. I am aware that the consumption of apples is rapidly increasing and new markets are opening to us, but not so rapidly as production. Other varieties of fruit are also increasing at a tremendous ratio ; the State of Georgia alone boasts her 18,000,000 peach trees. I see no safety for the orchardist except in the production of varieties of liighest excellence and placed on tlie markets in most attractive form ; but when these millions of young trees come into full bearing, I fear that tliere is disappointment in store for the producer of the more common grades. I have not the time to dwell on the pruning of trees, a most important sub.iect. Tlie argument seems to be largely in favor of low heading. Tlie low headed tree offers less wind leverage, less exposure of trunk to extremes of lieat and cold, less labor and greater thoroughness in spraying, and no little saving of time in harvesting the crop. Pruning is governed to a considerable extent hy the varied forms of growtli of different varieties. Our trees should be open- lieaded to secure color, and limbs shortened back to induce a stocky growtli that will support the fruit or winter snow, and resist such tempests as prevailed all over the Northwest country on the night of the 11th of November last. Finally, brethren, the essential points that I have touched upon are of scarcely more importance tlian the adaptability of the orcliardist liimself. Con- trary to the general view, I believe that there are two types of successful fruit growers, the materialist and tlie sentimentalist. The materialist is in the busi- ness simply for coin. There is nothing so beautiful to him as a silver dollar, except a coin of liigher value. His trees are to him simply as so many cash- carriers, and he would just as soon raise cockle-burrs as golden fruits, provided the results were equally as golden. He is absolutely destitute of esthetic senti- ment, but so great is liis desire to accumulate tliat he will not neglect the slightest detail necessary to insure profitable returns. The sentimentalist, on the other hand, is inspired witli liigh ideals of form and beauty and with all standards of excellence. He fashions his trees with the care of a sculptor chiseling his marble, that from the rude block may come forth a thing of beauty. A lover of Nature, she opens wide to him the .doors of all of her secret chambers ; shows how from her abundant stores, treasured in mother earth, she draws forth and apportions the daily food that nourislies growing trees ; reveals to him the secrets of stamen and stigma, or points out her exquisite tracery on tlie painted petals of that loveliest of flowers, tlie apple blossom. Even the life history of his foes in the insect world is fv.ll of interest and wonder. His heart is in his work, and he views with eager delight the' opening of the lirst fruit buds of liis young trees, fair prophecy of harvests yet to come, and all the changing growth of leaf and bud, of blossom and fruit, seem to him like some grand idyllic poem. A double compensation conies to the lover of this most beautiful and interesting of all rural pursuits, where Nature is ever present to delight and tliereby sliare the toil. 148 Appendix. PLANT-FOOD AND USE OF FERTILIZERS. By A. L. Kniseia', Chemist Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Judging from the correspondence received by the Station Chemist, there is a great desire on the part of the people throughout the state to know about soils, plant-foods and fertilizers, which goes to show that the farmer is seeking- information along these lines. Many of the letters ask straightforward questions, but it is impossible to answer them satisfactorily. The following extract is a fair sample of many letters received : Oregon Experiment Station. CorvalUs, Oregon : Dear Sirs : — I send you this day, under separate cover, a sample of soil. Will you please analyze and tell me what it will produce in paying quantities in this climate, or if there is any chemical lacking which could be supplied at a reasonable cost to make it first-class land, etc The object of this bulletin is to furnish popular information concerning such questions as those asked in the foregoing letter. Questions relating to the fertility of the soil are very hard to answer and many times definite satisfactory answers cannot be given. Soils are Very Complex. — The soils of no two farms are alike — neither are the soils of two fields on the same farm exactly alike. The total plant-food in one field differs from that of the adjoining field ; the amount of decaying organic matter (humus) differs in different fields; the degree of coarseness or fineness of the soil particles varies greatly : the moisture conditions of no two fields are identical ; neither are other physical conditions, nor texture of the soil exactly alike in two different fields — and so on with an almost infinite num- ber of conditions, each having more or less infiuence upon the fertility or pro- ductivity of the soil, each having its infiuence upon plant growth. Law of the Minimum. — Since so many conditions surround and influence the growth of a plant it is important to find out which ones affect the growth of the plant most. It has been found by experimentation that it is not the most favorable conditions but the most tinfarorable ones which have the greatest influ- ence upon the growth of a plant. There may be one hundred conditions favorable for plant growth, and five or even one. only, which is unfavorable. It is not the many favorable conditions but the few unfavorable ones which influence the growth of the plant, or crop. If a field is unproductive on account of poor drainage or because of a lack of humus, it would not be made more productive by adding commercial fertilizer. On the other hand, if a field is unproductive, due to a lack of avail- able plant-food, then the addition of fertilizers will Increase its productivity. The essential conditions of a field uhich are the poorest or at the lowest ebb must be sought out and improved before the fertility of the field is increased^ It happens many times that poor yields are not due at all to a lack of plant-food, but are due to essential conditions other than those of plant-food. Plant-food. — There are known to exist and the scientist recognizes about seventy-seven or seventy-eight different elements or simple substances. These elements are not all necessary, but a certain few are indispensable to plant growth. The elements which are necessary and without which plants cannot flourish are known as the plant-food elements. Authorities differ as to the number of ele- ments which are essential for plant growth — some give nine or ten, others- Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 149 twelve and even fourteen. At the very outside, of all the elements known to •exist, only twelve or fourteen are necessary for plant growth. The plant food elements are as follows : Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, clorine, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon, sodium manganese. Some authorities question the necessity of manganese and sodium. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen make up the largest part of the woody struc- ture of the plant, the carbohydrates and organic acids. ^litrogen. Sulphur and also Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are necessary for the development of the proteid compounds in the plant. Phosphorus. — This element in the plant exists in the form of phosphates and is found in all parts of the plant. It seems to have something to do with the •development of the proteid substances in plants. Much phosphorus seems to be necessary and it accumulates in the seed of plants. Chlorine. — The exact function of this element in plants is not definitely Icnown. It is supposed by some authorities to have something to do with the translocation of starch from the leaf to other parts of the plant. Potassium. — Compounds of this element are quite widely distributed in the various parts of the plant. They seem to be necessary for the formation and translocation of starch in the plant. Potash is always found in large quantities in the ash of plants. Calcium. — This element in some form is found in all parts of the plant. It always exists in large quantities in the ash of plants. Calcium seems to be necessary for the growth of the cell structure, that is, for the formation of cellulose out of starch which has been formed in the leaves. Iron. — Experiments have proved that iron in some form is absolutely nec- essary for the deve.opment of chlorophyl, which is the green coloring matter in the leaves of plants. In the absence of iron the leaves become yellow and even die, due to the non-development of the chlorophyl grains. Magnesium. — This element seems to take part in the development of chlorophyl in plants, and also has something to do with the translocation of prot 'd bodies in the plant. Silicon. — It is still a mooted question as to whether this element is neces- sary for plant growth or not. At one time it was supposed that this element gave stiffness and strength to the stems of the plants, but this belief is being discarded. It is believed by some that silicon helps in the development and formation of seeds. Sodium and Manganese. — These elements are not supposed to perform any nec- essary function in the growth of plants, even though they have generally been classed with the plant-food elements. Manganese is many times and sodium always, found present in the ash of plants. Sodium is very much cheaper than potassium, and there has been much •discussion as to the use of sodium instead of potassium compounds for plants. ScKlium cannot be used instead of, or to replace, any of that potash which is required for the normal development of the plant. Of all the foregoing elements of plant-food, only three or four are included when the subject of fertilizers is considered. These are nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and sometimes lime (calcium oxide.) The remaining plant-food elements are usually present iu such abundance that they are not even discussed. Poor Crops. — When a farmer writes that his soil is unproductive and that he harvested only one-quarter of a crop, and wants to know wherein the trouble lies, a very difficult problem is presented. The poor yield may be due to a lack of available nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash or lime, or it may be due to the poor character, or low ebb, of one or more of the many other essential conditions which surround and influence the growth of the crop. Questioning the Soil. — The farmer may question the chemist, or he may ques- 150 Appendix. tion the soil. I l)elieve it is usually more satisfactory to ask the soil questions providing it can be done in an intelligent, systematic manner. The chemist may analyze the soil carefully and tell to the thousandth part of one per cent just how much nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash and lime the soil contains, but he cannot tell absolutely by present methods how much of this plant-food is available for plant growth. Even though the chemist cannot determine accurately the avail- able plant-food, still it is of much value and interest to know the total amount con- tained in the soil. Analysis may show U.2u per cent, or approximately 7.000 pounds nitrogen (N) ; 0.30 per cent, or approximately 10,500 pounds phosphoric acid (P2 Oo) ; 0.50 per cent, or approximately 17.500 pounds, total potash (K20) in the surface foot per acre. Much of this plant-food may or may not be available for a growing crop. If an old rusty safe, with doors locked, fell into the hands of a farmer and if he knew that this safe contained .$10,000, it would be a great incentive to try to unlock the safe and utilize the money. So also if a farmer has his soil analyzed and finds that it contains ."lO.OOO to 40,000 pounds of plant-food per acre, even if not available, tWs fact should be worth much to the farmer because it should give him a strong incentive to try and farm in such a way as to gradually make available for his crops this vast amount of plant-food which is locked up in his soil. This plant-food in the soil is the farmer's capital, or money just as much as the $10,000 in the old, rusty safe. A farmer can tell if his crops are due to a lack of available plant-food by questioning the soil in the following manner : Suppose the farmer plans ti> grow a cultivated crop in a ten-acre field. In the spring lay out several experimental plats on a typical part of the field. Let each plat be one rod wide and eight rods long, that is, one-twentieth of an acre. Apply the dif- ferent plant-foods to these plats and study the effects. The simplest set of fertilizer experiments would be the following : 8 Rods Long. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 15 pounds nitrate of soda. 30 pounds acid phosphate. 15 pounds muriate of potash. Blank ; no fertilizer. 15 pounds nitrate of soda. 30 pounds acid phosphate. 15 pounds muriate of potash. 1/2 ton barnyard manure. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers, 151 These applications of fertilizers are heavy, but in experimental work it is best to use liberal amounts so that their effects upon the crop can be more easily studied. The fertilizers should all be applied broadcast upon the plowed ground and cultivated into the soil. The acid phosphate and muriate of potash should be applied to their respective plats as early in the spring as the ground can be prepared for the crop. The nitrate of soda is very soluble and should not be applied until all the heavy rains are over, or until the beginning of the growing' season. It would be best to apply only a portion of the nitrate of soda at the first application and the remainder three or four weeks later. It is advisable to leave a three-foot strip between each two plats as this will prevent the crop growing on one plat from feeding upon the fertilizer ap- plied to the adjoining plat. If this is done the crop on the whole plat may be harvested and this yield multiplied by twenty would give the yiipld per acre. On the other hand, if no strip is left between each two plats, then the crop growing on the borders of the plats may be getting the effects of the fertil- izers from the two plats. In such cases, harvest the crop on a strip one-half rod wide, lengthwise through the center of each plat ; the yield thus obtained multiplied by forty would give the yield per acre. Experimental plats similar to the foregoing might be tried with any cul- tivated crop like corn, or potatoes or with a sowed crop, like wheat or oats ; also upon small fruits or tree fruits or hop vineyards. If a farmer conducts such a set of experiments and studies it carefully through the growing season and at harvest time carefully estimates the yield per acre for each plat, he may learn much concerning that particular field in which the experiments were tried. A more elaborate set of experiments than the foregoing and one that con- tains all the possible combinations of plant-food may be illustrated by the fol- lowing : 8 Rods Long. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide . 15 pounds uitr ite 1 of soda. 30 pounds acid V losphate. 15 pounds muriate of potash. 15 30 pounds pounds nitr; acid 1 1 ite of soda. phosphate. 152 Appendix. 8 Rods Long. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. 1 rod wide. Bla nk ; no fertilizer. 15 15 pounds nitrate of soda, pounds muriate of potash. 30 15 pounds acid pliospliate. pounds muriate of potasli. 15 30 15 pounds nitrate of soda, pounds acid pliospliate. pounds muriate of potash. 1 ton barnyard manure. A set of fertilizer experiments like this last might be made a little more extensive by adding another plat and applying land-plaster or lime. Another plan would be to sow land-plaster or lime upon half of each small experimental plat. In so doing we could ascertain the effects upon the crop of the fertilizers with and without land-plaster or lime. If. after the crop has been harvested in the fall, the farmer finds that the yield on the blank plat is about as large as upon the plats that were fertilized then it would be folly to buy fertilizers and apply them to that field. On the other hand, it might be that the plats receiving the nitrate of soda give the largest yield, then the probability is that the field lacks available nitrogen. If the plat receiving barnyard manure gives results far better than any of the commer- cial fertilizer plats, then in all probability the physical condition of the soil needs repairing. The soil needs loosening — needs more decaying oi-ganic matter or humus. Many times these fertilizer experiments will answer the questions of the far- mer much better than can a chemist who makes a chemical analysis of the soil. A farmer after having determined to his satisfaction which elements of plant-food are beneficial, must next ascertain what quantities can be used most profitably. The fact that the effects of applications of phosphoric acid and potash compounds may extend over more than one year must be taken into account when the value of these fertilizers is considered. Their effects may in some cases be seen upon the following crops for several years. When nitrogen in the form of nitrate is applied most of the effect must be obtained the same year, because any nitrate not used by the crop will in most cases leach out of the soil before the succeeding crop is grown. Soils Make Plant-Food Insoluble. — When fertilizers are applied to the soil, oven though they contain much water-soluble plant-food, there is but little danger Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 153 of loss by leaching from the soil. Soils with but few exceptions contain those ele- ments which are necessary for the fixation of plant-food. Exeecdingly sandy soils do not have the power of fixing or making insoluble the plant-food which is applied in fertilizers. Most soils, however, contain enough of those materials such as lime, iron, aluminum, zeolites and organic matter, which combine with the soluble plant-food applied in fertilizers and make it insoluble so that it does not leach from the soil. Even though it is rendered insoluble in water and hence leaches from the soil only in very small quantities, it is still available to the feeding rootlets of the growing crop. Generally speaking, all forms of phosphoric acid and potash are fixed in the soil; nitrogen (with the exception of nitrates), which is contained in stable manure and other organic substances, and also nitrogen in the form of ammonia compounds is fixed in the soil. The fixation of the potash and ammonia compounds is brought about by the so-called zeolites in the soil. The phosphoric acid compounds are fixed in the soil by compounds of lime, iron, aluminum and possibly magnesium. The excep- tions to the above are, first, that all forms of soluble plant-food tend to leach out of very sandy soils ; second, that nitrogen in the form of nitrate tends to leach out of all kinds of soils. FERTILIZERS. Fertilizers may be complete or incomplete ; direct or indirect. A Complete Fertiliser is one that contains each of the three elements of plant- food, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. An Incomplete Fertiliser is one that contains only one or two of the three elements, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. A Direct Fertiliser is one that contains any or all of the three plant-food ele- ments, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. A direct fertilizer is used for the plant-food which it contains. An Indirect Fertiliser is one that does not contain nitrogen, phosphoric acid or potash. An indirect fertilizer is not applied for the purpose of adding plant- food to the soil, but in order to make some of the plant food already in the soil more available. The chief indirect fertilizers are land-plaster, lime and common salt. I^and-plaster, gypsum of calcium sulphate. These are different names for the same compound. Gypsum or land-plaster is nothing more than the sul- phate of lime rock which has been ground exceedingly fine. Quicklime and calcium carbonate. When limestone is burned the resulting product is calcium oxide or quicklime, sometimes called stone-lime. When exposed to the air it becomes air-slaked and is then calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. SOURCES OF FERTILIZING MATERIALS. NITROGEN SUPPLY. The following materials are used in this country as sources of nitrogen supply. Soine of them, of course, are used much more than others : 154 Appendix. Ammonite (azotine) Castor bean pomice Cotton-seed meal Dried blood, high-grade- Dried blood, low-grade. _ Guano Dried fish Horn and hoof waste Leather scraps and meal Meat scraps Nitrate of potash Nitrate of soda Oleomargarine refuse Sulphate of ammonia.— Tankage Tobacco stems Wool waste (untreated). Average per cent Nitrogen 10 to 5 to 6 to 12 to (j to (i to 7 to 10 to 7 to 10 to 18 to 15 to 10 to 19 to 6 to 2 to 5 to 14 (i 7 15 12 8 8 15 10 13 14 16 12 20 12 3 6 Pounds of Nit.roge7) in one ton of material 200 to 280 100 to 120 120 to 140 240 to 300 120 to 240 120 to KiO 140 to KiO 200 to 300 140 to 200 200 to 260 2(i0 to 2S0 300 to 320 200 to 240 380 to 400 120 to 210 40 to 60 100 to 120 Becomes available Quickly Moderately fast Moderately fast Quickly Gradually Quickly Hlowly Very slowly Quickly Immediately Immediately Gradually Very quickly Quickly Gradually Very slowly Ammonite, Azotine as it is sometimes called. Dried Blood, Horn and Hoof Waste, Leather and Meat ^crap. Oleomargarine licfuse. Tankage and Wool Waste are all by-products coming from packing houses and rendering establishments. Castor Bean Pomace is the residue left after separating castor oil from the bean. Cotton-Seed Meal is the dried residue left after separating the oil from the cotton seed. Dried Fish is the dried and ground refuse from iish-oil works. Guano is a rich nitrogenous manure obtained from rainless regions. The supply is nearly exhausted. \itrate of Soda (Chili saltpeter) is a mineral substance obtained along the western coast of South America. The world's supply of nitrate of soda comes from this region. Potassium yitrate or true saltpeter comes largely from India. This material is so valuable that little or none of it is used as fertilizer. Tobacco Stems, as the name indicates, is refuse and waste material from tobacco and cigar factories. Sulphate of Ammonia is a by-product obtained during the manufacture of illuminating gas and coke, also during the manufacture of bone-black. PHOSrHORIC ACID SUPPLY. Phosphoric acid in the agricultural sense may be classed as soluble, re- verted and insoluble also as available, not available and total. Soiuhle rhosphoric Acid is often called mono-calcium phosphate, acid phos- phate, or superphosphate. These are all readily soluble in water and easily available for plant growth. Reverted Phosphoric Acid, also called citrate-soluble phosphoric acid, in- cludes that phosphoric acid which is not soluble in water but which is soluble in ammonium citrate solution. It is called reverted because at one time it was water-soluble but has since changed back or reverted into an insoluble form. Reverted phosphoric acid is often called di-cnlcium phosphate. This form of phosphoric acid even though insoluble in water is still easily available for plant growth. There is found in Thomas slag a form of phosphoric acid known as tetra- calcium phosphate. This, in many respects, is similar to ordinary reverted or di- calcium phosphate. It is insoluble in water, but much more easily soluble than tri-calcium phosphate and is largely available for plant growth. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. -I r' K loo II >> >: >2 1 •omes liable (DO) 0) .5 .5 .2 >>>>>r^>,%>^>^>,i^>.>-.'>.'%>. sj r; 'SfeiS'iai'SI'^'?'^ ?£■? ooososoooocccco m^-JiT^iny^m'Ji-JivrJi^r.my^-ji S l« 88?S88SSSgSSS8SS fe » QOi^^j.-Tiirp'T''rio-T'i-j-S'S^cc'-T' iililiiliiiiiii i a, i^'S' g 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 r 1 1 e o ^ ^ fl^ •2 5^ OLO-JDlq(^X>'MO 1 c 1 i lO^« -i>coM — ■ ririiiiii ^ S 4> isa^-^s^s:^ i 1 i i-s o . 2S SJ-B"^^ Pounds availabl phos. act in a ton c materia, 1 |S| is 1 j 1 |§ 1 i s°i § i ! |§^ V ""^ 1 1 10000-* 100 f 1 1 1 i;Dt~ rO •8 5 i i i^^jl i-i i i i '; iSc^ ■pA *c* U •e B s> o '^ r 1 1 1 M t^ n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■<♦< 1^ 1) 1 1 1 1 J 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :i?! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! rC 8 1 1 1— (CO-H 1 1 1 1 1 1 i-HCO a, ^ g «; u ^ 1 1 1 IC — ■ ?^ ■Ml ^ ^*j s •o 1 i I'i's'^"'" 1 i 1 1 ! 1 i7 1 fli s 1 1 1 :5? 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 111—' O lOli ^ 1 1 1 1 1 ! ; -T" i : ' ' i 5" ' ^ cr S 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 rsi^ iiiiiii-eiiis*^oi : ; 1 i::r2 i i i c =! « i 1 IX I>cm -500;^ 1 1 ig^o-^^ 1 i«g£2 1 1 1 iKfeWojfi 1 lO 1 1 i-c tss u i; a- 1 Q.E c s 1 ! 1 '■--'-b^t^r-'^^ ;=;=;::«) ,tite- e ash e blac e blac e mea e mea e mea e mea e tanl ■ida ro •ida so th Car th Car th Car mas s; 0"0oooooooi;,2ooo-a 156 Appendix. Insoluble Phosphoric Acid is the ordinary tri-calcium pliosphate. Tliis form is very insoluble in water and is but very slowly available for plant growth. Available Phosphoric Acid consists of the water-soluble and reverted taken together. Unavailable Phosphoric Acid consists of tri-calcium phosphate, or that portion not included in water-soluble or reverted. Total Phosphoric Acid is the sum of the available and unavailable phosphoric acid. Apatite. Considerable apatite has been mined in Canada. It is not very uniform in composition and not so desirable as some other forms of phosphoric acid. Bone Ash is the residue left after burning bones. Some of this is imported from South America. Bone-Black or Bone-Charcoal is obtained from sugar refining establish- ments where it has been used in purifying syrups and sugars. Bone-Black (dissolved) is similar to ordinary bone-black, except that it has been treated with sulphuric acid so that the phosphoric acid is made more easily available. Bone Meal consists of ground bones from packing establishments and glue works. Generally the finei- the meal the more easily the phosphoric acid becomes available. Bone Meal (dissolved) consists of bone meal which has been treated with sulphuric acid. Florida and South Carolina Rock, sometimes called rock phosphates, are mined in large quantities in South Carolina and Florida. The availability of The phosphoric acid contained in these materials depends somewhat upon the degree of fineness to which the substance is ground. Dissolved Rock, Acid Phosphate or Superphosphate is prepared by treating the ground rock with sulphuric acid. This treatment makes the phosphoric acid much more easily available. The action of the sulphuric acid is to change most of the tri-calcium phosphate contained in the rock to mono-calcium phosphate. During this chemical change much calcium sulphate (gypsum) is formed, so that dissolved rock or acid phosphate always contains about 50 per cent gypsum. Thomas Slag is a waste product obtained during the manufacture of Bessemer .steel. The slag which accumulates while the steel is being made is rich in phos- phoric acid. This slag when finely ground is used, especially in Europe, in large quantities as a fertilizer. POTASH SUPPLY. There are many materials which contain quite large quantities of potash. In the agricultural sense, that potash is considered of most value which is solu- ble in distilled water. At the present time the main part of the world's supply of potash comes from the mines in Germany. Potash is usually aplied either in the form of muriates, sulphate or carbonate. The muriate is probably most often used as it is generally somewhat cheaper than other forms. Sometimes for certain crops it is preferable to use the sul- phate. In a very few instances the carbonate is used in preference to either muriate or sulphate. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 157 SOURCES OF POTASH. Ashes (cotton-seed hull) Ashes (wood, leached) Ashes (wood, unleached) Carnallite Kainlte Krugite Muriate of potash Nitrate of potash Sulphate of potash (low-grade)_-. •Sulphate of potash (high-grade).. Sulphate of potash and magnesia Sylvinlte Tobacco waste Per cent pot- ash (KoO) 15 to 25 1 to 3 4 to 10 12 to 14 12 to 1« 8 to 10 48 to 52 43 to 45 25 to 30 48 to 53 25 to 30 15 to 20 5 to 8 Pounds potash in one ton of material 300 to 20 to 80 to 240 to 240 to IfiO to 960 to 1020 8()0 to 900 500 to fiOO 9(» to lom 500 to (iOO 300 to 400 100 to 160 500 60 200 280 320 200 Becomes available Immediatelv Gradually Cotton-seed Hull Ashes are obtained in some of the Southern States where the cotton-seed hulls are used as fuel in some of the mills These ashes, which con- tain little or no chloride when obtainable, are especially desirable for such crops as tobacco. Wood Ashes are obtainable wherever wood is burned in large quantities. The potash contained in them is water-soluble and easily leaches out. Wood ashes are excellent as fertilizer and none should be allowed to go to waste. Carnallite is obtained from the potash mines of Germany. It consists largely of chlorides of potash and magnesium. The crude material also contains small quantities of the sulphates of potash and magnesium. Kainite is also obtained from Germany. It is rather complex, consisting largely of sulphates and chlorides of potash and magnesium. It usually contains common salt and gypsum. Krugite comes from Germany. The crude material consists largely of sul- phates of potash, magnesium and calcium. Muriate of Pota^sh as obtained commercially is one of the products of the German potash mines which has been partially purified. It is used very exten- sively as a fertilizer. Nitrate of Potash. — The natural source of this material is lidia. It is very valuable as a fertilizer, but the demands for it in manufacturing operations almost preclude its use in agriculture. Sulphate of Potash. — Both high and low grades are sold in large quantities as fertilizer. Potash in the form of sulphate usually costs more than when bought in the form of muriate. These sulphates of potash are obtained from Germany. Sulphates of Potash and Magnesia, sometimes called double potash salts, as the name indicates, consists largely of sulphates of potash and magnesia. These double salts are obtained in Germany and are used in considerable quantities as fertilizers. Sylvinite. — This is rather a low grade of potash coming from Germany. The potash in this substance exists mostly as sulphate and chloride. It also con- tains large quantities of sodium chloride and some compounds of magnesium. Tobacco Waste is obtained from certain factories and when ground fur- nishes a small amount of fertilizer material. The ash from tobacco waste is ex- ceedingly rich in potash, often containing 50 per cent — it is, however, unwise to burn the waste, for in so doing its nitrogen and insecticidal value is destroyed. FARM MANURES, ASHES AND STRAW. Many of the Oregon farmers little realize the value of the waste materials which accumulate on the farm. All the waste materials upon the farm contain one or more of the essential elements of plant-food. These plant-foods have certain commercial values which have been adopted by many of the leading experi- 158 Appendix. ment stations of the country (See page — ). In reality the trade values of most of the plant-foods in Oregon are somewhat higher than in some of the centrally located Eastern States ; notwithstanding this fact, if we assign the Eastern trade values to the plant-food contained in Oregon farm waste products, we And that they have approximately the following values per ton : Material Horse manure (liquid). Horse manure (solid) __ Cow manure (liquid).— Cow manure (solid) Sheep manure (liquid). .Sheep manure (solid) — Pig manure (liquid) Pig manure (solid) Fowls Mixed stable manure.. Straw, wheat Htraw, rye •Straw, oat .Straw, barley Ashes, wood-^ Nitrogen(N) per cent 1..5.J .51 .81 .36 1.9-5 .74 .43 .52 1.19 .50 .53 .45 .55 .83 Phoxphoric acid {PiOi) per cent .22 .15 .01 .27 .07 .30 1.16 .25 .17 .26 .25 .23 1.70 Potash(KoO) per cent 1 50 44 .92 .07 2.26 .41 .83 .36 .76 .50 .57 .83 1.35 1.41 6.00 Value jyer ton 8 6 15 2 19 3 35 1 30 8 12 2 90 2 19 3 54 5 49 2 25 2 3:^ 2 44 3 25 4 13 7 70 According to carefully conducted scientific experiments, the excrement, liquid and solid, from one animal for a year has approximately the following values : Horse. $22.00 to .$27.00 ; cow, .$28.00 to .$35.00 ; sheep, if 2.00 to $2.50 ; pig, $1.00 to $3.00. Enormous losses occur annually due to bad handling of the farm wastes. One of the best methods of caring for farm manures is to haul them out shortly after they have been made and spread them broadcast upon the land. If manure is thrown in piles it many times heats and becomes "fire-fanged." This slow burning of the manure destroys much of its value. The odor of ammonia about the manure heap, indicating a loss of nitrogen, shows that the method of caring for the manure is poor. The liquid portion of the manure is most valuable and should be saved, and yet the general practice is to pay little or no attention to this portion. It pays to use straw, litter, dry earth, muck or peat as an absorbant for this valuable liquid portion of the manure. Manure should never be piled under the eaves trough. Do not burn the straw pile. — It is the custom in many sections of the State to burn the straw in order to get rid of it. By so doing all the nitro-* gen and organic matter contained in the straw are destroyed and lost to the farmer. These losses represent many thousands of dollars annually. It is far better to use a straw as litter and as an absorbent about the barn and sheds as mulching and as a rendezvous for stock where they can pick it over and tramp it to pieces, so that it can be more easily handled and worked into the soil. ^yood Ashes. — Every pound of wood ashes which is made on the farm is valuable and should be carefully saved. Do not let it accumulate in open boxes or barrels exposed to the rains, because its valuable constituent, potash, is easily leached out. Keep the ashes dry until ready for use. It is a bad practice to mix wood ashes with any of the farm manures because the action of the lye in the ashes is to decompose the ammonia compounds of the manure and thus liberate the most valuable plant food element, nitrogen, in the form of ammonia gas. Trade Values of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. — The commercial values of the materials which are used as fertilizers, depend upon several conditions, such as cost of production, supply and demand, etc. It is the cus- Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 159 torn for the leading experiment stations of the East, to annually adopt a schedule of trade values for nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash ; these prices being governed by the prevailing wholesale prices of the standard materials as shown by the market reports of the commercial centers. SCHEDULE OF TRADE VALUES ADOPTED BY EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Cents per lb. 1903. Nitrogen in Nitrates ■ 15.0 Nitrogen in Ammonia Salts 17.5 Organic Nitrogen in dried and tine-ground fish, meat and blood, and in mixed fertilizers 17.0 Organic Nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage 16.5 Organic Nitrogen in coarst bone and tankage 12.0 Phosphoric Acid, soluble in water 4.5 Phosphoric Acid, soluble in ammonium citrate 4.0 Phosphoric Acid, insoluble in fine bone and tankage 4.0 Phosphoric Acid, insoluble in coarse bone and tankage 3.0 Phosphoric Acid, insoluble mixed fertilizers 2.0 PhosDhoric Acid, soluble in fine-ground fish, cotton-seed meal, castor pomace and wood ashes 4.0 I'otash as Muriate 4.25 Potash as Sulphate, and in forms free from muriates (or chlorids) 5.0 Owing to distance from Eastern markets, transportation rates and to the amounts of material used, fertilizers in Oregon at the present time cost ap- proximately one-fifth to one-half more than they do in the East. In Oregon according to the present prices and available material, the probability is that nitrogen can best be bought as nitrate of soda or as fisji guano ; phosphoric acid in the form of ground bone, acid phosphate, double superphosphate, or Thomas slag ; potash as muriate or sulphate of potash. At the present time potash and nitrogen do not cost very much more than they do in the Eastern markets, while phosphoric acid costs much more and in some cases twice as much. AYHEN AND HOW TO APPLY COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, FARM MANURE AND ASHES. There is much uncertainly among farmers as to the manner of applying fertilizers. Generally they should be sown broadcast and cultivated into the soil. The feeding rootlets are not at the base of a tree or plant, but usually are found some distance from the plant where they form a perfect network of rootlets in the soil. If fertilizers are applied just at the base of the plant they do but little good and many times much harm. yitrogoi in the form of nitrate should not be applied until the beginning of the growing season. If applied too early much may be lost by leaching out of the soil before the crop assimilates it. It is many times best to apply the nitrate in two or three partial applications, say one-third at be- ginning of the growing season, one-third three weeks later and the {ast third two weeks later. Other forms of nitrogen may be applied earlier in the spring. Phosphoric Acid and Potash compounds may be applied early in the spring, or even during the fall and winter without danger or loss by leaching out of the soil (except on very sandy soils). It is best to apply those phosphates that contain much water-soluble phos- phoric acid early in the spring, for if applied in the fall the phosphoric acid tends to revert and become insoluble. Many times when potash is ap- plied it tends to become fixed near the surface of the soil ; it is better, there- fore, to apply it early in the spring and as soon as the ground is dry enough to work thoroughly cultivate it into the soil. Farm Manures may be applied any time during the fall, winter or early spring broadcast upon the land. The time and manner of application is gov- erned largely by the crop or plants for which it is used. 160 Appendix. Wood Ashes may be applied any time during fall or winter. They are especially valuable for bushes, small fruits and tree fruits about the garden. Do not apply at base of plants but spread broadcast about the plants. The ashes work into the soil very slowly, so it is very helpful many times to spade them into the ground. Land- PI aster when used upon land should be sown broadcast very early in spring or during the winter because it works into the soil very slowly. Good success is obtained in Oregon by using 50 to 100 pounds of plaster per acre. Better results are usually obtained by using plaster upon deep rooted leguminous plants rather than upon shallow rooted non-leguminous plants. EFFECT OF FERTILIZER. In the use of fertilizing materials, nitrogen tends to stimulate leaf growth. An abundance of nitrogen in the soil is indicated by rank, luxuriant growth and dark green foliage. Too much nitrogen on vines, shrubs and trees cause a too rapid growth of wood. The wood thus formed is rather tender, soft and does not ripen properly and is often injured by tlie winter weather. An excessive use of nitrogen stimulates leaf and wood growth at the expense of fruit. Phosphoric pcid and potash have more to do with the development of fruit buds, fruit and seed ; they also produce a more normal development of the parts of the plant, the parts are firmer, the wood ripens better and is more hardy. FERTILIZERS FOR DIFFERENT CROPS. In the following pages are given approximately, the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash which it seems advisable to use on various farm crops. Many times, depending upon local conditions, the amounts of plant- food indicated may be profitably diminish or increased. The intelligent farmer should always satisfy himself that he can buy and use fertilizers profitably before he invests very largely. In the following pages only a few materials are indicated as furnishing plant-food. If other materials can be obtained more cheaply then use them instead. ALFALFA. Relative proportions available plant- Pounds material for one acre, food. Pounds per acre, f 60 to 120 nitrate of soda ; or J .50 to lOo sulphate of ammonia : or Nitrogen 10 to 20 > 1.50 to .300 fish guano : or I 2,000 to 4.000 stable manure. C 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or Phosphoric acid 30 to 60-^ 7.5 to 1.5o double superphosphate ; or ( WO to 000 ground bone. I 150 to .300 muriate of potash: or Potash 75 to 150.' 1">0 to aoo sulphate of potash: or I 000 to 1.20(1 kainite : or ' 1,500 to 3,000 wood ashes. Alfalfa is a leguminous plant and under certain conditions has the power of assimilating atmospheric nitrogen and. m.my times, application of nitrogen may be dispensed with. Land-plaster at the rate of 50 to 100 pounds per acre is usually followed by very beneficial results. This crop requires con- siderable lime and many times this material may be applied profitably not only because it furnishes lime to the plant, but because it destroys the acidity of the soil which is injurious to leguminous plants Examine the alfalfa roots : if nodules are growing upon them, then use very little nitrogen ; if no nodules are found, the application of nitrogt^n ' ■''* »» Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 161 should be increased considerably, also inoculate the field with soil from an alfalfa patch which has an abundance of nodules on the roots. Stable manure is probably the best fertilizer to use owing to its beneficial efTect upon the physical condition and bacterial activity of the soil. APPLES. — (Trees Over Ten Years Old.) Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 8 to 16 I'hosphoric acid 30 to 60- I>otash 50 to 100 . Pounds material for one acre. 50 to 100 nitrate of soda ; or 40 to 80 sulphate of ammonia ; or 120 to 240 fish guano ; or 1,600 to 3,200 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate : or 300 to 600 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainlte ; or 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Do not apply at base of tree but sow broadcast. Generally slow-acting forms of fertilizers are cheaper and desirable to use. Wood ashes are excel- lent for apple trees. Care should be taken not to use an excess of nitrogen. The cheapest and best way to add nitrogen to the orchard soil is to grow leguminous crops such as vetch, crimson clover, or peas and plow under when they attain medium height. In this way both nitrogen and humus are added to the soil and its texture improved. APRICOTS. — (Trees Over Five Years Old.) Nitrogen 10 to 20 food. Pounds per acre, f Relative proportions available plant- j I'hosphoric acid 30 to 60^ I'otash 45 to 90 j I Pounds material for one acre. 60 to 120 nitrate of soda; or 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia ; or l.^O to 300 fish guano; or 2 000 to 4,000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate ; or 300 to 600 ground bone. 90 to 180 muriate of potash ; or 90 to 180 sulphate of potash ; or 360 to 720 kainite ; or 900 to 1,800 wood ashes. Sow broadcast in all cases. If trees are making vigorous growth and foliage is dark and luxuriant, the amount of nitrogen should be diminished. It is advisable to use some leguminous cover crop as a means of adding nitrogen and humus to the soil. ARTICHOKES.— (JerMsaiew.) Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 15 to 30 " r Phosphoric acid 36 to 72 r I'otash 50 to 100 j Pounds material for one acre. 90 to 180 nitrate of soda ; or 75 to 150 sulphate of ammonia ; or 225 to 450 fish guano ; or 3,000 to 6,000 stable manure. 290 to 580 acid phosphate ; or 90 to 180 double superphosphate ; or 360 to 720 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Artichokes are hardy, rank growers and since their period of growth extends over several months, the cheaper, less active form of plant-food may be profitably used. HOR. 11 162 Appendix. ASPARAGUS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 45 to 90 i Phosphoric acid 35 to 70- Potash 50 to 100 J Pounds material for one acre. 270 to 540 nitrate of soda ; or 225 to 450 sulphate of ammonia ; or 675 to 1,350 fish guano : or 0,000 to 1,8000 stable manure. 280 to 560 acid phosphate ; or 85 to 170 double superphosphate ; or 350 to 700 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kninite ; or 1,000 to 2.000 wood ashes. It is a good plan to apply part of the plant-food early in the spring in im- mediately available forms such as nitrate of soda, acid phosphate and muriate of potash. Apply the remander in more slowly available forms such as fish guano, ground bone and kainite. Stable manure applied in fall or winter gives excellent results. BARLEY. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. ( Nitrogen 12 to 24 | L Phosphoric acid _. . 20 to 40. Potash 25 to 50 . Pounds material for one acre. 75 to 150 nitrate of soda ; or 60 to 120 sulphate of ammonia; or 180 to 360 fish guano ; or 2,400 to 4,800 stable manure. 160 to 320 acid phosphate ; or 50 to 100 double superphosphate ; or 200 to 400 ground bone. 50 to 100 muriate of potash ; or 50 to 1 00 sulphate of potash ; or 200 to 400 kainite ; or I 500 to 1,000 wood ashes. BEANS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 10 to 20 j Phosphoric acid 40 to 80 Potash 50 to 100 Pounds material for one acre. 60 to 120 nitrate of soda; or 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia ; or 150 to 300 fish guano ; or 2,000 to 4,000 stable manure. 320 to 640 acid phosphate ; or 100 to 200 double superphosphate ; or 400 to 800 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or 1.000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Beans are leguminous plants. If the nitrogen-gathering bacteria (indicated by nodules on the roots) are present in the soil, then the application of nitro- gen may be greatly reduced, or dispensed with entirely. If grown as string beans, the quantity of nitrogen used may sometimes be profitably increased. BEETS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 30 to 60 Phosphoric acid 60 to 120 rotash 75 to 150 I I Pounds material for one acre. 180 to 360 nitrate of soda ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia ; or 450 to i'oO fish guano ; or 6,000 to 12,000 stable manure. 480 to 960 acid phosphate ; or 150 to 300 double superphosphate ; or 600 to 1,200 ground bone. 150 to 300 muriate of potash ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of potash ; or 600 to 1,200 kainite; or 1,500 to 3,000 wood ashes. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 163 It is advisable to apply the nitrate of soda in two or three partial applica- tions. Some authorities advise using potash in form of sulphate, especially when the beets are grown for sugar. BLACKBERRIES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 15 to 30 | L f Phosphoric acid 25 to 50-! r Potash 50 to 100- Pounds material for one acre. 90 to ISO nitrate of soda ; or 75 to 150 sulphate of ammonia ; 225 to 450 fish guano ; or 3,000 to 6,000 stable manure. 200 to 400 acid phosphate ; or 65 to 130 double superphosphate 250 to 500 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or or or I- 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. broccoli. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 40 to SO | Phosphoric acid 70 to 140 \ Potash 90 to 180 . I Pounds material for one acre. 240 to 480 nitrate of soda ; or 200 to 400 sulphate of ammonia ; or 600 to 1.200 fish guano; or 8,000 to 16,000 stable manure. 560 to 1,120 acid phosphate ; or 175 to 350 double superphosphate ; or 700 to 1,400 ground bone. 180 to 360 muriate of potash ; or 180 to 360 sulphate of potash ; or 720 to 1,440 kainite ; or 1,800 to 3,600 wood ashes. Best results are obtained by applying a portion of the fertilizers in imme- diately available forms and the remainder in forms which gradually become available during the growing season. Brussels Sprouts. — Fertilizers same as for broccoli. BUCKWHEAT. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 12 to 24 j Phosphoric acid 25 to 50- Potash 30 to 60 Pounds material for one acre. 75 to 150 nitrate of soda ; or 60 to 120 sulphate of ammonia; or 180 to 360 fish guano ; or 2,400 to 4,800 stable manure. 200 to 400 acid phosphate ; or 65 to 130 double superphosphate : or 250 to 500 grotind bone. 60 to 120 muriate of potash ; or 60 to 120 sulphate of potash ; or 240 to 480 kainite ; or L 600 to 1,200 wood ashes. Cabbage. — Fertilizers same as for broccoli. Carrots. — Fertilizers same as for beets. CASTOR BEAN. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 8 to 16 ] Phosphoric acid 32 to 64 ( Potash 32 to 64 Pounds material for one acre. 50 to 100 nitrate of soda ; or 40 to 80 sulphate of ammonia ; or 120 to 240 fish guano ; or 1.600 to 3,2U0 stable manure. 250 to 500 acid phosphate : or 80 to 160 double superphosphate ; or 320 to 040 ground bone. 65 to 130 muriate of potash ; or 65 to 130 sulphate of potash ; or 250 to 500 kainite ; or 650 to 1,300 wood ashes. 164 Appendix. Caulifloiver. — Fertilizers same as for broccoli. CELERY. Relative proportions available plant- Pounds material for one acre, food. Pounds per acre, f 360 to 720 nitrate of soda ; or ) 300 to 600 sulphate of ammonia ; or Nitrogen 60 to 120 l 12,000 to 24,000 stable manure. I 900 to 1,800 flsh guano ; or ( 960 to 1,920 acid phosphate; or Phosphoric acid 120 to 240^ 300 to 600 double superphosphate ; or I 1,200 to 2,400 ground bone. I 300 to 600 muriate of potash ; or Potash 150 to 300 J 300 to 600 sulphate of potash ; or I 1,200 to 2.400 kainite : or L 3,000 to 6,000 wood ashes. Celery thrives best in soil rich in decaying organic matter such as muck or beaver-dam. Many of the Oregon beaver-dam and swamp soils are exce^d- ingly rich in nitrogen ; therefore when celery is grown upon such soils the amount of nitrogen to be applied may be greatly reduced. Cherries. — Fertilizers same as for apricots, except that the addition of a few hundred pounds of lime either in the form of air-slacked lime or wood ashes is very beneficial. CHICORY. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 30 to 60 ■! Phosphoric acid 60 to 120 Potash 50 to 100 . Pounds material for one acre. 1 80 to 360 nitrate of soda ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia ; or 450 to 900 fish guano ; or 6,000 to 12,000 stable manure. 480 to 960 acid phosphate ; or 150 to 300 double superphosphate ; or 600 to 1,200 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite; or 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Clover. — Fertilizers same as for alfalfa. CORN. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 15 to 30 ' Phosphoric acid 30 to 60- Potash 40 to 80 . Pounds material for one acre. 90 to 100 nitrate of soda ; or 75 to 150 sulphate of ammonia ; or 225 to 450 fish guano ; or 3,000 to 6,000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate ; or 300 to 600 ground bone. 80 to 160 muriate of potash ; or 80 to 160 sulphate of potash : or 320 to 640 kainite; or 800 to 1,600 wood ashes. Nitrogen applied in the form of stable manure is especially beneficial as a dressing for corn ground. If corn is grown for fodder or for eating and canning Iiurposes, the amount of stable manure, or nitrogenous fertilizer applied may be increased. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 165 CRANBERRIES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f I Nitrogen 10 to 20 ' I Phosphoric acid 30 to 60 r Potash 50 to 100 . Pounds material for one acre. 60 to 120 nitrate of soda ; or 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia; or 150 to 300 fish guano ; or 2,000 to 4,000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate ; or 300 to 600 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Cranberries grow best on low swamps, or bog-lands rich in decaying organic matter. These lands usually are excessively rich in nitrogen, but poorer in phosphoric acid and potash so that fertilizers should be applied accordingly. Many times, applications of nitrogenous materials are entirely unnecessary. CUCUMBERS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. \ Nitrogen 30 to 60 j I Phosphoric acid 45 to 90- r Potash 65 to 130 ^ I Pounds material for one acre. 180 to 360 nitrate of soda ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia; or 450 to 900 fish guano ; or 6,000 to 12,000 stable manure. 360 to 720 acid phosphate ; or 110 to 220 double superphosphate ; or 450 to 900 ground bone. 130 to 260 muriate of potash ; or 130 to 260 sulphate of potash ; or 520 to 1,040 kainite ; or 1,300 to 2.600 wood ashes. Well decomposed stable manure is especially beneficial, also nitrogen in form of fish guano. If cucumbers are grown for pickling purposes and if a quick growth is desired, then apply most of the nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda, in several partial applications. CURRANTS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f 1 Nitrogen 10 to 20 i I Phosphoric acid 30 to 60 Potash 50 to 100 . Pounds material for one acre. 60 to 120 nitrate of soda ; or 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia ; or 150 to 300 fish guano ; or 2,000 to 4,0000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate ; or 300 to 600 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or l^ 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Too much nitrogen produces rapid growth of foliage and the plants be- come more easily susceptible to disease and mildew. Nitrogen applied in some slow-acting form is usually best. 166 Appendix. EGG-PLANT. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 40 to 80 I'hosphoric acid 60 to 120- Potash 75 to 1(50 Pounds material for one acre. 240 to 480 nitrate of soda ; or 200 to 400 sulphate of ammonia : or 600 to 1,200 fish guano ; or 8,000 to 16.000 stable manure. 480 to 960 acid phosphate ; or 150 to 300 double superphospha te : or 600 to 1,200 ground bone. 1.50 to 300 muriate of potash; or 150 to 300 sulphate of potash ; or 600 to 1,200 kainite; or 1,500 to 3,000 wood ashes. Emmer. (Spelt) — Fertilizers same as for barley. £ndit/"e.— Fertilizers same as for chicory. FLAX. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 12 to 24 ^i Phosphoric acid . 35 to 70^ r Potash 40 to 80 -i Pounds material for one acre. 75 to 150 nitrate of soda ; or 60 to 120 sulphate of ammonia ; or 180 to 360 fish guano; or 2.400 to 4,800 stable manure. 280 to 560 acid phosphate ; or 85 to 170 double superphosphate ; or 350 to 700 ground bone. 80 to 160 muriate of potash; or 80 to 160 sulphate of potash; or 320 to 640 kainite ; or 800 to 1,600 wood ashes. Flowers in Garden. — See last page for general instructions in preparing and using fertilizers in the garden. Flowers in Pots.- — At times it becomes desirable to stimulate the growth of plants in pots. Besides using small applications of the water-extract of l)aru- yard manure, the following soluiion may be prepared and used to advantage. These materials may be obtained at any drug store; 1 ounce sodium nitrate. 4 ounces sodium phosphate. 2 ounces potasium sulphate. 1 gallon water. Keep this solution in glass jars or bottles. Two or three times each week when watering the plants, apply from one teaspoonful to one tablespoonful to each plant, the amount used of course, depending upon the size of the pot and plant. Oooseberrics. — Fertilizers same as for currants. GRAPES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 25 to 50 Phosphoric acid 50 to 100 J i r Potash 100 to 200 J I I Pounds material for one acre. 150 to 300 nitrate of soda ; or 125 to 250 sulphate of ammonia : or 375 to 750 fish guano ; or 5,000 to 10,000 stable manure. 400 to 800 acid phosphate ; or 125 to 250 double superphosphate ; or 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 200 to 400 muriate of potash ; or 200 to 400 sulphate of potash ; or 800 to 1,600 kainite; or 2,000 to 4.000 wood ashes. Grapes require large quantities of mineral plant-food. Wood ashes are especially valuable as a source of potash and lime. If wood ashes cannot be Plant-Food and Use ob' Fertilizers. 10' obtained, several hundred pounds of lime may be applied to advantage every four or five years. Instead of applying nitrogenous fertiliers, it is the practice in many places to grow crimson clover or other leguminous crops during the fall and spring and plow under. This practice is to be commended since it adds both nitrogen and humus to the soil. GRASS FOR LAWNS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 20 to 40 - Phosphoric acid 40 to 80- Potash 40 to 80 - Pounds material for one acre. 120 to 240 nitrate of soda; or 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia : or 300 to 600 fish guano; or 4,000 to 8,000 stable manure. 320 to 640 acid phosphate ; or 100 to 200 double superphosphate : or 400 to 800 ground bone. 80 to 160 muriate of potash ; or 80 to 160 sulphate of potash ; or 320 to 640 kainite ; or 800 to 1,600 wood ashes. In preparing soil for a lawn use the slow-acting forms of plant-food. After the lawn has become established, use small applications of the more easily avail- able forms of plant-food. Excellent results are obtained by applying 50 to <">i> pounds of nitrate of soda two or three times during the growing season. Lawns that are overrun with moss may be greatly helped by applying, dur- ing winter or early spring, heavy coatings of wood ashes. This kills the moss and at the same time stimulates the growth of the grass. Too great an appli- cation of potash may also stimulate the growth of clover and so it frequently hap- pens that the application of wood ashes is followed by a heavy growth of clover, providing there are any clover seeds or small plants in the lawn. GRASS FOR MEADOWS AND PASTURES. Relative proportions available plant- Pounds material for one acre, food. Pounds per acre, f 120 -to 240 nitrSte of soda ; or .... f^^ , ^,^ I 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia : or Nitrogen 20 to 40-i 300 to CUO fish guano ; or I 4,000 to 8,000 stable manure. ( 160 to 320 acid phosphate ; or Phosphoric acid 20 to 40-^ 50 to 100 double superphosphate ; or ( 200 to 400 ground bone. r 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or Potash 50 to 100 --' 100 to 200 sulphate of potash: or I 400 to 800 kainiie ; or 1^ 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. It is uggested to apply about half the fertilizer in spring and the remainder after cutting the hay crop. If the field is used for pasture, the amount of nitro- gen applied should be diminished and the potash increased. HEMP. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. ( Nitrogen 30 to 60 -i I Phosphoric acid 40 to 80 -| r Potash 60 to 120 J I I Pounds material for one acre. 180 to 360 nitrate of soda ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia : or 450 to 900 fish guano ; or 6,000 to 12.000 stable manure. 320 to 640 acid phosphate ; or 100 to 200 double superphosphate : or 400 to 800 ground bone. 120 to 240 muriate of potash : or 120 to 240 sulphate of potash; or 480 to 960 kainite : or 1,200 to 2,400 wood ashes. 168 Appendix. HOPS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. ( Nitrogen 20 to 40 i I. Phosphoric acid 50 to 100- Potash 100 to 200 . ( Pounds material for one acre. 120 to 240 nitrate of soda ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia ; or 4,000 to 8,000 stable manure. 300 to 600 flsh guano ; or 400 to 800 acid phosphate ; or 125 to 250 double superphosphate ; or 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 200 to 400 muriate of potash ; or 200 to 400 sulphate of potash ; or 800 to 1,600 kainite; or 2,000 to 4,000 wood ashes. Too much nitrogen may produce a rank growth of foliage at the expense of the hops unless it is properly balanced with phosphoric acid and potash. Hops are exceedingly heavy feeders of potash. Many hop vineyards are becoming less productive and this is in part due to a decrease in the humus of the soil. If some leguminous crop could be sown, as soon as the hops are picked, on a nar- row strip between each two rows and then plowed under in the spring it would add both humus and nitrogen to the soil and thus keep up the texture. HOKSE-RADISH. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 20 to 40 Phosphoric acid 25 to Potash 50 to 1 00 •! Pounds material for one acre. 120 to 240 nitrate of soda ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia ; or 300 to 600 flsh guano ; or 4.000 to 8,000 stable manure. 200 to 400 acid phosphate : or 60 to 120 double superphosphate ; or 250 to 500 ground bone. 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or I- 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. Kale. — Fertilizers same as for broccoli. LETTUCE. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 35 to ro. . Phosphoric acid 50 to 100-' Potash 75 to ]\>''* I Pounds material for one acre. 210 to 420 nitrate of soda : or 175 to 350 sulphate of ammonia : or 525 to 1,050 fish guano ; or 7,000 to 14,000 stable manure. 400 to 800 acid phosphate ; or 125 to 250 doublesuperuhosphate ;or 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 150 to 300 muriate of potash ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of potash ; or 600 to 1.200 kainite : or 1,500 to 3,000 wood ashes. j^ucerne. (Alfalfa) — Fertilizers same as for alfalfa. Mangel-Wurzcls. — Fertilizers same as for beets. CAUTION. — Question the soil tli or o uglily as suggrsted on page sijB before adopting the wholesale use of fertilizers. Much money is unicisely spent in buying and using commercial fertilizers. c o > o V) u (0 CD CL ■D c 3 o O c o V c V o C/5 Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 109 MILLET. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. ( Nitrogen 20 to 40 -{' Phosphoric acid 20 to 40- I Potash 40 to 80 J Pounds material for one acre. 120 to 240 nitrate of soda ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia ; or 300 to 600 fish guano ; or 4,000 to 8,000 stable manure. 160 to 320 acid phosphate ; or 50 to 100 double superphosphate ; or 200 to 400 ground bone. 80 to 160 muriate of potash ; or 80 to 160 sulphate of potash ; or 320 to 640 kainite ; or i. 800 to 1,600 wood ashes. • Since this is a quick growing, shallow rooted crop, best results are obtained when all the plant-food is applied in immediately available forms. Muskmelons. — Fertilizers same as for cucumbers. MUSTARD. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. | Nitrogen 10 to 20 i I J Phosphoric acid 15 to 30 r Potash 25 to 50 J Pounds material for one acre. 60 to 120 nitrate of soda ; or 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia ; or 150 to 300 fish guano ; or 2,000 to 4,000 stable manure. 120 to 240 acid phosphate ; or 35 to 70 double superphosphate ; or 150 to 300 ground bone. 50 to 100 muriate of potash ; or 50 to 100 sulphate of potash ; or 200 to 400 kainite : or I- 500 to 1,000 wood ashes. NURSERY STOCK. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 15 to 30-1 Phosphoric acid 30 to 60 Potash 40 to 80 . Pounds material for one acre. 90 to 180 nitrate of soda; or j 75 to 150 sulphate of ammonia ; or 225 to 450 fish guano ; or 3,000 to 6,000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate ; or I 300 to 600 ground bone. ! 80 to 160 muriate of potash ; or 80 to 160 sulphate of potash ; or 320 to 640 kainite ; or f t 800 to 1,600 wood ashes. OATS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 10 to 20 ' f Phosphoric acid 20 tc 40 Potash 30 to 60 . Pounds material for one acre. 60 to 120 nitrate of soda; or 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia ; cr 150 to 300 fish guano ; or 2,000 to 4,000 stable manure. 160 to 320 acid phosphate ; or 50 to 100 double superphosphate ; or 200 to 400 ground bone. 60 to 120 muriate of potash ; or 60 to 120 sulphate of potash; or 240 to 480 kainite ; or I- 600 to 1,200 wood ashes. Quick acting forms of plant-food generally give best results. 170 Appendix. ONIONS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, r Nitrogen 40 to 80 •{ L Phosphoric acid 50 to 100 J r Potash 90 to 180 <;' Pounds material for one acre. 240 to 480 nitrate of soda : or 200 to 400 sulphate of ammonia ; or 600 to 1,200 flsh guano; or 8,000 to 16,000 stable manure. 400 to 800 acid phosphate ; or 125 to 250 double superphosphate : or 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 180 to 360 muriate of potash : or 180 to .360 sulphate of potash ; or 720 to 1,440 kainite ; or 1,800 to 3,600 wood ashes. When onions are grown upon beaver-dam, or rich black soil, the application of nitrogen may be greatly diminished or dispensed with entirely because these soils are many times exceedingly rich in nitrogen. PARSNIPS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds Der acre, f Nitrogen 30 to 60 -I i Phosphoric acid 50 to 100- Potash SO to 160 .{ I Pounds material for one acre. 180 to 360 nitrate of soda; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia ; or 450 to 900 fish guano ; or 6,000 to 12.000 stable manure. 400 to 800 acid phosphate : or 125 to 250 double superphosphate : or 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 160 to 320 muriate of potash: or 160 to 320 sulphate of potash : or 640 to 1,280 kainite; or 1,600 to 3,200 wood ashes. Peaches. — Fertilizers same as for apricots. Pears. — Fertilizers same as for apples. Peas. — Fertili::crs same as for beans. PEPPERS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. ( Nitrogen 30 to 00 i Phosphoric acid 30 to 60- r Potash 50 to 100 Pounds material for one acre. 180 to 360 nitrate of soda; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia ; 450 to 900 fish guano ; or 6,000 to 12.000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate : 300 to 600 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; oi- 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. or Best results are obtained when the nitrogen as nitrate of soda is applied in two or three partial applications. Plants in Pots. — Fertilizers same as for flowers in pots. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. 171 PIEPLANT. — (Rhubarb.) Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, r Nitrogen 50 to 100 ] Phosphoric acid 75 to 150 r Potash 100 to 200 .j I Pounds material for one acre. 300 to 600 nitrate of soda ; or 250 to 500 sulphate of ammonia ; 750 to 1,500 fish guano ; or 10,000 to 20.000 stable manure. 600 to 1,200 acid phosphate ; or 180 to 360 double superphosphate : 750 to 1,500 ground bone. 200 to 400 muriate of potash : or 200 to 400 sulphate of potash ; or 800 to 1,600 kainite; or 2,000 to 4,000 wood ashes. or or Well decomposed stable manure worlced into the soil gives excellent re- sults. Parts of Oregon have considerable rain in the spring, so that if all the nitrogen is applied early in the season as nitrate of soda, much of it may be lost. Plums. — Fertilizers same as for apricots. POTATOES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, r Nitrogen 30 to 60-^ Phosphoric acid 60 to 120 Potash 75 to 150^ Pounds material for one acre. 180 to 360 nitrate of soda ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of ammonia : or 450 to 900 fish guano ; or 480 to 960 acid phosphate ; or 150 to 300 double superphosphate ; or 600 to 1,200 ground bone. 150 to 300 muriate of potash ; or 150 to 800 sulphate of potash ; or 600 to 1,200 kainite. For early potatoes quick-acting forms of plant-food should be used. For late potatoes the amounts of fertilizers used may be diminished some- what. The nitrogen may be applied in a slow-acting organic form. Avoid the use of stable manure or wood ashes immediately before a crop of potatoes is grown. They promote the growth of potato scab. Some advise the use of sulphate rather than the muriate of potash. Prunes. — Fertilizers same as for apricots. Pumpkins. — Fertilizers same as for cucumbers. Quinces. — Fertilizers same as for apples. RADISHES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 20 to 40 -i Phosphoric acid 40 to 80- Potash 50 to 100. Pounds material for one acre. 120 to 240 nitrate of soda ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia ; or 300 to 600 fish guano ; or 4,000 to 8,000 stable manure. 320 to 040 acid phosphate ; or 100 to 200 double superphosphate : or 400 to 800 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. 172 Appendix. RAPE. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 20 to 40 -i Phosphoric acid 40 to 80- I Potash 40 to 80 J Pounds material for one acre. 120 to 240 nitrate of soda ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of ammonia ; or 300 to 600 fish guano ; or 4,000 to 8,000 stable manure. .320 to 640 acid phosphate ; or 200 double superphosphate ; 800 ground bone. 160 muriate of potash ; or 160 sulphate of potash; or 640 kainite ; or 100 to 400 to 80 to 80 to 320 to or 800 to 1,600 wood ashes. Raspberries. — Fertilizers same as for blackberries. Rhuharh.- — See pieplant. Ruta-bagas. — Fertilizers same as for beets, except that upon this crop, some »)f the cheaper less available forms of phosphoric acid may be used with good results. Rye. — Fertilizers same as for oats. isainfoin. — Fertilizers same as for alfalfa. Salsify (VegetabJe oyster). — Fertilizers same as for beets. SORGHUM.— (For Svgar.) Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 15 to 30 Phosphoric acid 30 to 60 i Potash 50 to 100 . 1 Pounds material for one acre. 00 to ISO nitrate of soda ; or 75 to 150 sulphate of ammonia ; or 225 to 450 fish guano : or 3,000 to 6,000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate : or 300 to 600 ground bone. 100 to 200 muriate of potash ; or 100 to 200 sulphate of potash ; or 400 to 800 kainite ; or t 1,000 to 2,000 wood ashes. When grown for forage the application of nitrogen may be profitably in- reased. When grown for sugar the use of too much nitrogen is to be avoided. Spinach. — Fertilizers same as for lettuce. Spelt (Emmer). Fertilizers same as for barley. Squashes. — Fertilizers same as for cucumbers. STRAWBERRIES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f I Nitrogen 25 to 50 -', Phosphoric acid 50 to 100-^ Potash 75 to 150 .' Pounds material for one acre. 150 to 300 nitrate of soda ; or 125 to 250 sulphate of ammonia ; or 375 to 750 fish guano ; or 5,000 to 10.000 stable manure. 400 to 800 acid phosphate ; or 125 to 250 double superphosphate : or 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 150 to 300 muriate of potash ; or 150 to 300 sulphate of potash ; or 600 to 1,200 kainite ; or 1,500 to 3,000 wood ashes. Sugar Beets. — Fertilizers same as for beets. Plant-Food and Use of Fertilizers. J I K> SUNFLOWERS. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre, f Nitrogen 15 to 30 ■{ Phosphoric acid 30 to 60- Potash 25 to 50 . Pounds material for one acre. 90 to 180 nitrate of soda : or 75 to 150 sulphate of ammonia ; or 240 to 480 acid phosphate ; or 3,000 to 6,000 stable manure. 240 to 480 acid phosprate ; or 75 to 150 double superphosphate : or 300 to 600 ground bone. 50 to 100 muriate of potash ; or 50 to 100 sulphate of potash ; or 200 to 400 kainite ; or 500 to 1,000 wood ashes. tobacco. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 100 to 200 Phosphoric acid 75 to 150. Potash 150 to 300 Pounds material for one acre. 600 to 1,200 nitrate of soda ; or 500 to 1,000 sulphate of ammonia : u 1,500 to 3,000 flsh guano ; or 20.000 to 40,000 stable manure. 600 to 1,200 acid phosphate ; or 180 to 360 double superphosphate :o 750 to 1,500 ground bone. 300 to 600 sulphate of potash ; or 3,000 to 6,000 wood ashes. Avoid the use of such potash compounds as muriate of potash and kainite which contain chlorine. The sulphate of potash and also the carbonate which is contained in wood ashes are very desirable as sources of potash for the fertili- zation of tobacco soils. TOMATOES. Relative proportions available plant- food. Pounds per acre. Nitrogen 25 to 50 Phosphoric acid 50 to 100 r Potash 100 to 200 J Pounds material for one acre. 150 to 300 nitrate of soda ; or 125 to 250 sulphate of ammonia : 375 to 750 fish guano ; or 5,000 to 10,000 stable manure. 400 to 800 acid phosphate ; or 125 to 250 double superphosphate ; 500 to 1,000 ground bone. 200 to 400 muriate of potash ; or 200 to 400 sulphate of potash ; or 800 to 1.600 kainite ; or 2,000 to 4,000 wood ashes. or For early tomatoes, quick-acting forms of plant-food should be used. Many times it is best apply the nitrate of soda in two or three partial applications. For late tomatoes, slow-acting forms of plant-food may be used with good results. Turnips. — Fertilizers same as for rape. Vetch.- — Fertilizers same as for beans. Watermelons. — Fertilizers same as for cucumbers. 174 Appendix. WHEAT. Relative proportions available plant- Pounds material for one acre, food. Pounds per acre, f 60 to 120 nitrate of soda; or -,.^ ,^ ^ ^,1, 50 to 100 sulphate of ammonia; or Nitrogen 10 to 20 ■, ^g,-, ^^ g^Q ggj^ guano ; or [ 2,000 to 4,000 stable manure. f 160 to .320 acid phosphate ; or Phosphoric acid 20 to 40-^^ 50 to 100 double superphosphate ; or t 200 to 400 ground bone. [ 30 to 60 muriate of potash ; or Potash 15 to 30 .1 30 to 60 sulphate of potash ; or '] 120 to 240 kainite ; or I- 300 to 600 wood ashes. Do not apply large quantities of nitrate of soda in the fall as it will leach out of the soil and be lost, but apply most of it in the spring as a top dressing for the wheat. FERTILIZER FOR GENERAL USE ABOUT THE YARD AND GARDEN, Although there is no such thing as an all-round fertilizer which will give equally good results on all crops, nevertheless, it many times happens that we wish to use a little fertilizer or stimulant about some of the plants in the door- yard or garden. Light applications of wood ashes, never piled at the base, but spread broad- ciist about the plant and spaded into the soil are very beneficial, especially if they are followed by a light coating of chicken manure, or well decomposed stable manure. A desirable mixture of commercial fertilizers consists of 1 part nitrate of soda, 2 parts fish guano. 6 parts acid phosphate, 6 parts ground bone, 3 parts muriate of potash. Apply this mixture at rate of 2 to .'5 pounds for each 100 square feet, and if convenient, work into the soil. Applications every two or three weeks of smaller or larger amounts may be beneficial. Deep green, luxuriant foliage indicates plenty of nitrogen. Poor growth and yellow foliage indicates either lack of nitrogen or t^lsc a poor physical condition of the soil. CAUTION. — Question the soil thoronyMy as siiggested on page six before adopting the wholesale use of fertilisers. Much money is unwisely spent in biiy- iiiii and using commercial fertilizers. Sketch of Fruit-Growing in Pacific Northwest. 175 A SKETCH OF FRUIT-GROWING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Peofessoe S. W. Fletciiee, Ithaca, N. Y. Commercial fruit-growing in the Pacific Northwest is mainly the development of a quarter century. Dr. J. K. Cardwell, one of the pioneers, relates that in 1853 a few peach plums were sold in the streets of Portland, then a mere village, to a clammoring and hungry crowd at five for a quarter, the smallest coin current in those days. This was one of the first sales of home grown fruit in the Northwest. It had been supposed that improved varieties could not be grown there. A little later a few venturesome spirits planted prunes, and were surprised with large yields and fine fruit. Some of these prunes sold in the early days for 25 to 30 cents a pound ; the growers now content themselves with 5 cents a pound. Prune-growing in the Northwest has since become an industry of many thousand acres, and other fruits have increased in like proportion. In scarcely a quarter century the fruit area of Oregon has grown to 80,000 acres, and of Washington to 100,000 acres. By far the majority of these orchards are still under fifteen years of age, and the orchard area is increasing from 10 to 20 per cent annually. In 1901 it was etimated that 2,730,000 fruit trees had been planted in the State of Washington alone, during the years 1889-1901. Men are the makers of history in horticulture as well as in nations. The whole history of northwestern fruit-growing is a record of obstacles overcome, ancient prejudices set at naught, and success won by daring and energetic men. Orchards now thrive where the "old-timers" said fruit could never be grown. The lowlands of the Coast Region, the wind-swept uplands of the Inland prairie, and the sagebrush deserts of the river basins, — all now pay tribute to the pluck and energy of the northwestern fruit-grower. We in the East already know something of this aggressive spirit. Already eastern markets have felt the compe- tition of northwestern fruit, and the pocketbooks of eastern fruit-growers have felt the impact of northwestern push. This is but the beginning of a long cam- paign. These hustling northwesterners will keep right on pushing their fruits into our eastern markets. They will make us look to our laurels, and to our orchards. If they can force our eastern fruit-growers to adopt better culture, better packing, better varieties and a ore aggressive spirit, in order to keep their local markets, the competition which many eastern growers now complain of so bitterly will be a help rather than a hardship. I have recently spent two years in examining northwestern fruit-growing, particularly the fruit-growing of Wash- ington, and shall try to give a summary of its most striking features, as seen from the point of view of an eastern man. By the Pacific Northwest is meant the states of Oregon, Washington, and lower British Columbia. The horticultural conditions in Idaho are quite similar to those in Eastern Washington and Eastern Oregon, and the fruit interests of that state are rapidly assuming large proportions, but they cannot be considered here. Even without Idaho the area of the Pacific Northwest is still immense. Oregon, with 05,274 square miles is nearly twice as large as the State of New York ; Washington, with 89,180 square miles is larger than all of the New England states together, and British Columbia is a vast stretch of 400,000 square 176 Appendix. miles of verdant forest and plain, just beginning to be quicltened into fruitfulness by the touch of man. The Northwest can fill the fruit cellars of a nation. One of the first impressions of an eastern man who travels in the Northwest is the remarkable diversity of its horticulture. It is divided into a great many "Countries ;" as the "Palouse Country," the "Big Bend Country," and the "Puget Sound Country." A "Country" is a district having approximately uniform climate and soil conditions. Some of these Countries are as large as the State of Massachusetts ; others are merely narrow river valleys. The horticulture of each of these Countries is distinctive and unique, and often very unlike that of the adjoining Country. For example, the deep valley of the "Snake River Country" has an almost subtropical climate, and grows fine vinifera grapes : while the surrounding "Palouse Country" has such a short summer and bleak winter that only the earliest and hardest of native grapes can be ripened. When fruit growers from all these diverse Countries gather at the meeting of the North- west Horticultural Society one would expect the discussions to be permeated with a fierce controverval spirit, because of these local differences in experience and practice. It seemed remarkable to me, therefore, to observe how clearly these northwestern fruitgrowers distinguish between what is general and what is local in fruit-growing ; between principles and practice. Many of our eastern horticultural meetings would be freer from profitless controversies over minor details of practice — due mainly to differences in conditions — if this broad recog- nition of principles were more common. Although there are these many local indifferences, the Northwest may be broadly divided into three great horticultural regions : — The Coast Region, west of the Cascade Mountains, having a heavy annual rainfall and a very even tempera- ture throughout the year; The Inland Valleys, east of the Cascade Mountains, having an altitude of from 300 to 1,000 feet, and a rainfall of from 4 to 10 inches, so that irrigation is usually necessary for crop production ; The Inland Uplands, east of the Cascade Mountains, having an altitude of from 1,000 to 3,000 feet, and a rainfall of from 12 to 25 inches ; not irrigated. The horticulture of each of these three regions will be discussed separately. I. THE HORTICULTURE OF THE COAST REGION. The Coast Region includes all parts of Oregon, Washington and Lower Brit- ish Columbia, west of the Cascades. It is characterized by a rather heavy rain- fall and a very even temperature throughout the year. The snow-capped peaks of the Cascades, which have an average elevation of 8,000 feet, form an effectual barrier to the inland sweep of sea winds, and cause them to precipitate their moisture on the coast plain below. The people who live in this region are some- times called "web-footers" by inland scoffers, it being alleged that after living a few years in that wet climate their feet become like those of a duck ; but as a matter of fact the rainfall in the greater part of this region is but 25 to 60 inches, no more than that of the Ohio Valley. In a very few places it Is as high as 90 inches a year. Most of the precipitation is between the months of November and April, the so-called wet season. The winters are very mild and equable. The ground rarely freezes. Pastures are green the year around. The summer months are clear and cool. In short the Coast region has a marine climate, very similar to that of England and Denmark. The natural result of the even temperature and the heavy rainfall of the Coast Region is a very luxuriant vegetation. All trees make a very rapid growth. Brakes stand head high in the woods and forest trees attain an immense size. Firs 15 feet in diameter and 250 feet high are common. Trees and fences are hung with lichens. Who has not heard of Washington and Oregon timber? Nearly half of the Coast Region timber has been cut, or has been swept away by relent- less forest fires. Deforested areas very quickly become covered with trees again, and these attain marketable size in a very short time. The climate and vegetation of the Coast Region are certainly unique. ■?> k''*V':-< ..*^ 2''%f'i ..V" ♦■ '"^-•ii'-f^" ■^«<^^' -sy ^ '.^ 1 '^>^^- •it.-*. •s* ^." Niagara Grape Vine in Vineyard of W. K. Newell, Dllley, Washington County, Or, Sketch of Fkuit-Growing in Pacific Northwest. 177 The horticulture of the Coast Region has five sriking features, — the growing of prunes, cherries, small fruits, bulbs and seeds. Each of these will be con- sidered briefly. Bulbs and seeds, while not pomological subjects, are such interest- ing features of Coast Region horticulture that I shall call attention to them here. 1. Prunes. There are now about thirty thousand acres of prunes in Wash- ington, and thirty thousand acres in Oregon. The output of dried prunes from the Northwest in 1001 was 24,000,000 pounds, which returned over $1,000,000 to the growers. The acreage of prunes is still increasing. About half of the prune area of the Northwest is in the Coast Region, and half in the Inland Valleys, but by far the greater part of the dried product comes from Coast Region orchards. The inland growers market most of their prunes as fresh fruit. As in California, prunes generally do best near the coast or along the river valleys, where the warm ocean fogs reach inland. The valleys of the Columbia and its tributaries, also of the Rogue and Umpqua Rivers are the chief prune districts of the Northwest. It is a crop which requires special care in selecting a site for the orchard. The Italian is the chief variety of prune grown in the Northwest. French, Silver and Hungarian are grown to a slight and decreasing extent for drying, but the latter two are more popular for shipping green. The French or Agen, which is- the chief variety in California orchards, is here almost worthless for drying. Un- less the trees are heavily thinned, which is too expensive an operation at present prices, French prunes are of very small size. The Italian has several advantages over other varieties. Under fair culture it is of large size. It never over-loads' and very rarely requires propping or thinning. It is also a tart prune, and there are many who prefer the tart, appetizing flavor of an Italian to the rather insipid sweetness of the California French prune. It is the larger size and superior qual- ity of northwestern prunes which enable them to compete with California prunes, which can be put on the market more cheaply because they are mostly dried in the sun ; not in expensive evaporators, as in the Northwest. The Italian prune, however, has several disadvantages. It has numerous constitutional and fungous troubles. It is also an early bloomer, and the blossoms are often cut off by the frost. The making of smudges for protecting fruit blossoms from frost has been practiced by northwestern fruit-growers with considerable success. Wet straw, or strawy manure is the material chiefly used. The tem- perature in an orchard is often raised six degrees on a frosty night by rolling a dense cloud of wet smoke from the smudge piles over it. Smudging is successful only on comparatively level land. On slopes the smoke drifts away too quickly. It is altogether probable that very soon the prune-grcwers in many parts of the Northwest will be organized for co-operative smudging, and that whole districts will be enveloped in the protecting cloud on frosty nights. Many northwestern prune-growers are now confident that the Sugar prune, originated by Luther Bur- bank, will meet their need of a prune which ripens several weeks earlier than Italian, so that the drying season may be extended. Like every other industry in the Northwest, prune growing has had its boom days, but those are over. Eastern men who went there some years ago with dreams of .$1,000 per acre profits, are now as wise as those who went to California expecting to reap a fortune from a few acres of lemons. There is no fortune in prune-growing when prunes return the grower 3 to 5 cents a pound ; but there is a good income in it for the man who knows the business. An eight-year old tree should bear 30 pounds of dried fruit, and it costs H/^ cents a pound to handle it. The grower should get at least from $40 to $50 net profit per acre, and the average is somewhat higher. There are many eastern fruitgrowers who average $150 per acre from their apple orchards. I believe that the opportunities for making money in fruit-growing are greater in the East than in the Northwest, providing the same degree of intelligence and energy is shown in both cases. The prevailing low prices of prunes have driven some growers out of the business, and have set the rest hustling for broader markets at home, in Europe HOR. 12 178 Appendix. and in the Orient. The rate on cured fruits from the Pacific Coast to Europe via New Yorlc is from $1.10 to $1.35 per liundred pounds. A brisk demand for Pacific Coast Italian prunes is being created in Europe at 15 to 18 cents a pound. One of the chief causes contributing to the dissatisfaction of prun ; growers is the dif- ference between the first and tlie last selling price. Prunes sold in the Northwest for 4 cents a pound retail in eastern cities for 15 cents a pound. Various prune- growers" organizations have attempted to correct this evil, but with Indifferent suc- cess. Prune men have gone at the problem of broadening the market for prunes and securing better prices in a systematic way. One of the large Oregon orchard com- panies has put up its product in dust-proof, air-tight and moisture-proof packages. Their prunes are cured artificially and with cleanliness, which cannot be said of <'allfornia prunes, and these facts are kept constantly before the public. Improved methods of cooking prunes are demonstrated in many large department and grocery stores, and with each package is a little pamphlet, giving the new and right way of cooking, which is given to the purchaser. He finds, on following direc- tions, that he never has known what a prune is ; it is so much superior to the old article that he Is delighted and liuys more. 2. Cherries. The second striking feature of the Coast Region horticulture is its cherry-growing. Those who have attended any of the great expositions well remember the wonderful sweet cherries exhibited by the Northwestern states. Tile Coast Region excels in the growing of Heart and Bigarreau varieties, but sour cherries do better inland. The Coast Region soil is quite variable, but much of it is a deep, moist loam, very ruch in humus. On these soils sweet cherry trees grow to an immense size, and produce an almost unbelievable quantity of high grade fruit. I have heard of one Napoleon tree, 25 years old, which is 7 feet in circumference, and bears 1,000 pounds of fruit some seasons. These cherry trees are almost always in sod. They grow so vigorously that tillage would often he a disadvantage. Napoleon, Black Tartarian, Black Republican and Bing are the'chief commercial varieties. Gumosis, which is very serious on cherries in this region, has been effectually prevented by some growers by grafting on Mazzard stock, about :'> feet from the ground. Northwestern cherries are now shipped in refrigerator cars as far east as New York City. An increasing per cent of the cherry crop, especially of the light-colored varieties, is being canned and evap- orated. ?,. SinaV Fruits. The even moist climate and deep, humus-laden soil of the Coast Region is very favorable for small fruit growing. One of the most famous small fruit regions in the country is the Puyallup Valley of Western "Washington. The raspberry and blackberry growers of this valley are organized into an associ- ation for co-operative shipping, which is one of the most successful enterprises of this kind in the West In 1000, 28,000 cases of berries of 24 quarts each were shipped from this point, under the supervision of the organization. A few years ago the limit of profitable shipment without refrigeration was 1,000 miles. Few Puyallup berries then went east of Butte, Montana. In 1897 the Bohn refrigerator oar was introduced, and now I'uyallup Valley berries are shipped to Chicago and to the Atlantic cities. Puyallu]) and Sumner are interesting places to visit in the height of the berry season. The long line of spring wagons driving to the shipping point with ber- ries reminds one of a wheat harvesting scene in the Inland Region. The berries are never picked when wet. They are usually picked in the cool of the morning, and delivered at the shipping point by 5 a. m. When they are to be shipped jiuch long sditances, great care in handling is necessary. The association now makes car load shipments of berries to eastern points; $1,127 was received this year for a single car load of berries shipped to Butte, Montana. The growers And that they get better returns through the association than they could get individually, and support the organization loyally. The acreage of raspberries and blackberries in the Puyallup Valley is increas- ing yearly. Many hop yards are being replanted to berries. Washington and Oregon are two of the leading hop-growing states in the Union, but the price of Sketch of Fruit-Gro'.ving in Pacific Northwest. 170 hops has been so low and uncertain of late that many hop-growers are going out of the business Hop-growers have taken 7 cents a pound for their hops some years, and refused $1.00 other years. Berries are a surer crop under present con- ditions. The red varieties chiefly grown are Red Antwerp and Marllwro. The latter variety often bears 1,'JOO pounds per acre, and has a picking season of about 34 days. The most profitable blackberries are Kittitinny, Snyder and Law- ton. One of the interesting points in Coast Region berry-growing is the remark- able growth of canes. Cane 10 to 12 feet long are the rule, not the exception. Pinching back the growing shoots when knee-high does not make a stocky branch- ing cane, as in some sections. The canes are commonly trained between two rows of split rails, and are bent over to facilitate picking. The size and quality of Coast Region berries is proverbial in eastern markets. The Ever-bearing, or Evergreen Blackberry, which has found little favor in the East, is one of the remarkable sights of the Coast Region. There it is trained to a trellis like a grape vine, with four or six canes often 30 to 40 feet long. From two to four crates of berries are often picked from a single plant. These berries are of good quality, they carry well and sell well. The Logan-berry is also quite profitable. Another noted small fruit section of the Northwest is the Hood Kiver Valley of Oregon. Here the strawberry growers are organized into a very successful TTnion for co-operative shipping. Ninety thousand crates of strawberries were shipped from the Hood River Valley in 1903. Many of these go to far eastern markets in refrigerator cars. The principal variety grown is called the Hood River, a local seedling. The Hood River Valley is also a famous apple section. These are a few illustrations of what the Northwest is doing in small fruit culture. Other sections are equall.y successful. English gooseberries grow to an immense size here, and are equally free from mildew. The iWillamette Valley of ■<">regon is noted for its strawberries as well as for its tree fruits. Many of the islands which dot the wide expanse of Ruget Sound are becoming extensive berry shippers. Mr. R. Heiberg of Vashon Island picked 1.200 crates of straw- berries in 1903 from two and three-fourths acres. Most all of the small fruits raised in the Northwest are marketed in Montana and British (