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[Reprinted from Torreya, Vol. 7, No. 9, September, 1907.]

THE DATES OF RAFINESQUE'S NEW FLORA AND
FLORA TELLURIANA

By John Hendley Barnhart

As far as I am aware, no question has ever been raised con-
cerning the rehabiUty of the dates given on the title-pages of any
of the works of Rafinesque. His Autikon Botanikon, to be sure,
is dated 181 5-1840, while no portion of the text was pubhshed
until 1840; but this text was intended to illustrate an herbarium
which the author had accumulated during the years 1815-1840,
so that the meaning of the date he gives is manifest.

About a year ago I noticed in the Flora Telluriana (4 : 27) a
brief criticism of Gray's monograph of the Melanthaceae of
North America, which was not published until November,
1837 ; * and this, of course, showed that Rafinesque's criticism
could not have been published earlier than that date. A hurried
examination revealed further internal evidence of the erroneous
dating of the Flora Telluriana and its companion-work, the New
Flora of North America, but the investigation of the subject was
not carried very far at that time.

When the last number of the North American Flora was in
press, it became necessary for Dr. Small to decide upon the
relative priority of Mesynunn Raf. (" 1836") and Catliartolinuni
Reichenb. (1837), and this led to the study of which the results
are here reported.

The New Flora of North America was undertaken by Rafin-
esque as a supplement to the works previously published by
others upon the same topic ; and as a result of his labors upon

J=: •* Gray, A. Melanthacearum Americae Septentrionalis Revisio. Ann. Lye. Nat.
"^Hist. N. V. 4 : 105-140. N 1837.

• 177

178

it. lie was led to uiuiertake tlie preparation of its "sequel," the
Flora Telluriana. ilcalin^ with the plants of the rest of the world.
The pages of these two works contain many descriptions of " new
genera" of plants, so that the dates of their appearance are of
considerable importance. As the books themselves are quite
scarce, a brief preliniinar\^ account of them may not be out of
place.

Each was planned to consist of six " parts " or volumes, but
was completed in four. Each of the eight parts is separately
paged, and has a separate title-page and subtitle of its own ; and
each is dated " 1836."

New Flor.-v and Botanv of North America
First part. Introduction, Lexicon, Monographs. 100 pages.

1836.
Second part. Neophyton. 96 pages. 1836.
Third part. New Sylva. 96 pages. 1836.
Fourth part. Neobotanon. 112 pages. 1836. (This contained

also a general title-i)age for the entire work, dated 1836.)

Flora Telluriana
P^inst part. Introduction and Classification. 103 pages. 1836.
Second part. Centuria I, II, III, IV. 112 pages. 1836.
Third part. Centuries V, VI, VII, VIII. 1 00 pages. 1836.
Fourth part. Centuries IX, X, XI, XII. 135 pages. 1836.

(This contained also a general title-page for the entire w^ork

dated 1836.)

Of these eight parts, the first part of the New Flora was the
first to appear. It contained a dedication dated at Philadelphia,
September, 1836; and pages 73-80 are occupied by a mono-
graph of the genus Kuhiiia, dated October, 1836. These facts
alone are sufficient to make one suspect that perhaps the eight
parts were not all issued before the end of that year ! There is
not lacking other internal evidence on this subject, in addition to
the citation of Gray's monograph (Fl. Tell. 4 : 27 ; also New Fl.
4 : 103, where the date of " Grey's " paper is distinctly stated as
" ^^1)7 ")■ I^'lora Telluriana, part 3 (which in turn is cited by

179

New Fl. 3 : 41, 51), on page 57 refers to Bot. Reg. //. igo6 (i
N 1836 !); and on page t^-j to Bot. Mag. //. 3540 (i D 1836 !),
which could not well have reached Philadelphia before the end
of the year 1836. Flora Telluriana, part 4 (which in turn is
cited by New Fl. 4 : 56, 57, 6^, 98), on page 124 cites Bot. Reg.
pi. igjS (i My 1837). But, in spite of these references, I know
of no internal evidence that the two works were not completed
before the end of the year 1837.

From internal evidence, too, it is possible to arrange the parts
serially, in the order in which they were printed. This may be
done by means of the exact citations, by page, of one work by
the other; chiefly of the Flora Telluriana by the New Flora.
The result is as follows : New Fl. I ; Fl. Tell. I ; Fl. Tell. II ;
New Fl. II; Fl. Tell. Ill; New Fl. Ill; Fl. Tell. IV; New
Fl. IV.

In order to approximate more closely than might otherwise be
possible the exact dates of issue of each of these parts, the series
of letters written to Torrey by Rafinesque during the years
1836 to 1839, and preserved in the Torrey correspondence at
the New York Botanical Garden, was searched, and the search
was well rewarded, as is shown by the following quotations :

September 5, 1836. — "I having leisure have resolved to be-
gin to print my New flora of North Amer. by alphabetical
order. . . . When this Work is printed, my botanical labors
from 1802 to 1836, in America, will be better known."

December 21, 1836. — "My flora proceeds very slowly &
was even suspended awhile for lack of a compositor that could
print Botanical terms ! . . , I have concluded to close the Lexi-
con of monographs very abruptly, and give instead selected
monographs & my N. Genera & species."

This shows that only ten days before the close of the year
1836 even the printing of the first part of the New Flora was
not completed.

April 18, 1837. — "I wanted to surprise you with a great
Botanical Work — my Flora telluriana ... to which I was led
by my New flora of N. Amer,, but I could only print 2 parts or
volumes. I. Classes & Orders. 2d. 400 N. Gen. my other
engagts have compelled me to suspend for a while."

180

B\' the middle of April, 1837, then, had been printed one part
of the New Flora and two of the Flora Telluriana.

October 24, 1837. — "I am still going on slowly with my
New flora of N. America and I^'Iora telluriana at once. ... I
have circulated but few copies of the numbers published, wishing
to surprise you and all Botanists when the whole shall be out ;
but if you wish to see them earlier I may send you 5 numbers
of 100 pages Svo each very soon, and more next March."

From this it appears likely that a second number of the New
Flora had appeared when this letter was written, and that a third
number of the Flora Telluriana was nearly ready; or else that
the two parts were nearl)' read}' to be issued together.

January 10, 1838. — "My New flora or Mantissa begun to
print in 1836 is still going on & altho' interrupted by my flora
Telluriana & 2 works published this Spring (i. The Universe. —
2. Safe Banking) is proceeding as fast as correct exam, can allow.
I wished to issue the whole work together ; but I shall be com-
pelled to issue when half is ready 3 numbers of 100 pages as in
Flora tellur. My 3d N. on the Trees and Shrubs or a New
sylva is not quite ready."

At the end of 1837, then, three numbers of the Flora Telluri-
ana had been issued, and two of the New Flora, but on January
10, 1838, the third part of the New Flora was " not quite ready."

March 20, 1838. — "I have long ago concluded 600 pages of
my Supplemental Flora & Flora Telluriana or 6 parts. If I had
not undertaken these 2 works together, the first would have been
completed ere now, but will be ere. 1840."

The third part of the New Flora had evidently been published
since the date of the January letter. It appears that Rafinesque
still intended each work to consist of six parts, and for this reason
allowed himself until 1840 to complete them.

February i, 1839. — " My 4th part or Volume of New flora
was completed so as to give you time to go on with your flora.
I also completed my Flora telluriana in 4 Vol. or 1225 articles.
But immed' after begun & have concluded last Dec' my
Synopsis of N. G. & Sp. of Trees & Shrubs of N. Amer."

From this it appears that prior to December, 1838, both the

181

Flora Telluriana and the New Flora had been completed. The
last sentence refers to Rafinesque's Alsographia Americana,
which was dated 1838, and from his own statement above was
probably issued in December of that year.

The extracts from Rafinesque's letters show that few, if indeed
any, copies of either the Flora Telluriana or the New Flora had
been actually distributed until three parts of each had been
printed (in the spring of 1838); but, as he says in the letter of
October 24, 1837, " I have circulated but few copies of the num-
bers published," we must give him the benefit of the doubt, and
assume that he had distributed a few copies.

Rafinesque's Bulletin of the Historical and Natural Sciences
was an advertising sheet issued by him at irregular intervals from
1834 to 1839. No. 7, dated "Spring of 1838," is devoted
chiefly to the two works here under discussion. He says in part :
" I had long contemplated to give a New Flora of North America.
... I resolved ... to add the improvements on Natural class-
ification. These last, however, increased so much under my re-
vision, as to become a work by itself, and a companion rather
than addition to our Flora. Both works were begun in 1836,
and our plants would all have been published by this time, if I
had not thus been compelled to double these botanical labors. I
once proposed to issue the whole at once when completed, but
this delay and others arising from different pursuits and labors,
have induced me to publish the parts as soon as printed, and now
that 3 parts of each (being half a volume,) are published, I issue
this Bulletin to acquaint the Botanists of Europe and America
with" them, " Each work is to consist of 6 parts of 100 to 120
pages, thus forming a volume large octavo of 600 to 700 pages,
which shall be completed in 1840 or sooner. . . . The 6 parts
now printed, 3 of each work, will be sold together for ^5."

The dates of the two works under discussion, as nearly as they
can be determined from the evidence here submitted, may be
summarized as follows :

New Flora Part I. 1836 (December).

n. 1837 (second half).
HI. 1838 (first quarter).
IV. 1838 (late in year).

182

Flora Telluriana. Part I. 1837 (first quarter).

II. 1837 (first quarter).

III. 1837 (November or December).

IV. 1838 (near middle of year).
New York Botanical Garden.

f6lK

NEW FLORA

NORTH AMERICA,

BY

PROF. RAFINESaUE.

FIRIST PART.

Introduction, Lexicon, Monographs.

P HILABELP HIA

*.'

"^ 1836.

:f^ 5)7

1 1\ T R O D. I. E X I C O :\, &Cy

AND BOTANY

OP

NORTH AMERICA.

BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,

To the various Floras and Botanical Works of Michaux,
Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttall, Elliot, Torrey, Beck> Ea-
ton, Bigelow, Barton, Robin, Hooker, Riddel!, Darling-
ton, Schweinitz, Gibbs, &c>

Besides the general works of Linneus> Wildenow
Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Lannark, Decandole, Sprenge!,
Jussieu, Adanson, Necker, Lindley, &c. Containing
nearly 500 additional or revised New Genera, and 1500
additional or corrected New Species, illustrated by
figures in Autikon Botanikon.

BY C;^Sr RAFINESQUE, A. M.— PH. D.

Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences — =
Member of many learned Societies in Paris, Vienna,
Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and
in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, Lexington, &c.

The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed.
Will be at last by learned care revealed.

PHILADELPHIA.

PRINTED FOn THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.

18 3 6.

DEDICATION.

To all my fellow Botanists in the United States ol
North America, and chiefly to those who are endeavor-
ing to complete and illustrate our Botany — I dedicate
these pages, results of 24 years of observations and re-
searches.

But above all, to my friends, colleagues, or contribu-
tors now living, and to the memory of the worthy de-
parted, Elliot, Collins, Schweinitz, Pursh, Conrad, Brad-
bury ... in grateful remembrance of their worth and
kind help. . . . . D. D. D.

Philadelphia, September, 1836.

THE AUTHOR.

INTRODUCTION.

After many years of active researches in
the continent of North America, I was medi-
tating to write a new Flora of it ; but was long
dubious in what form to produce it. To enu-
merate and describe all the plants of this vast
region in a proper form and natural classifica-
tion, would be a very acceptable labor, but a
very arduous task, to which, altho' I felt quite
competent, it was not possible to think of, ow-
ing to the expense of it, particularly if many
figures were given. All our Botanists have
shrunk from this undertaking, except Hooker
in his Flora of Canada and Boreal America,
now publishing by the help of patronage. Zeal
alone does not avail in this as in collecting,
other pecuniary means are required.

It has been found more practicable and near-
ly as useful by our Botanists to publish abridg-
ed Floras on the Ijinnean plan, of which Mi-
chaux and Pursh gave the example; while Nut-
tall, Torrey, Eaton, Beck, &.c. have followed
nearly the same path. Elliot alone has some-
what enlarged his labor, and produced a most
egregious work.

None but such condensed or compiled works
on our Botany, have been found acceptable to
all and saleable; while the elaborate and learn-
ed works, full of discoveries and ample re-
searches, can only be appreciated by a few, and
even often excite the envy of the learned ri-
vals.

',^-? ^.•' i (\ ^

4 INTRODUCTION.

Under such predicament, I was compelled
to decide upon a middle course; and I therefore
undertook this work as a Supplemental Flora
of North America, a kind of mantissa and ap-
pendix to all my predecessors, avoiding there-
by much expense and trouble in accumulating
all the scattered materials and fragments alrea-
dy published: altho' I endeavored to collect
them whenever I had to frame some peculiar
careful monographs of neglected Genera or fa-
milies. The illustration by figures of my New
Genera and New Species will be kept apart in
mpt. to be sold apart to any institution or indi-
vidual that wish to possess them, as well as my
botanical specimens, general Herbarium, and
original typical sets collected together under
the name of my Autikon Botanikon.

I have called this work, a Neio Flora of North
America, and such it is in fact : a real Flora,
although not classed by the false sexual system,
nor even my own improved natural method,
but arranged diflerently. I do not even know
yet exactly how it will be gone through ; but 1
propose to commence by a sample of a Lexi-
con to be contrasted with the manual Lexicon
of Eaton, and go on with monographs of inte-
resting Genera or Families, with a Sylva of my
New Trees and Shrubs, a JSeogenylon or ac-
count of New Genera, and a Neohotanon or
compendium of new species. I may, however,
deviate from this plan if needful or desirable,
and I hope to conclude the whole by a general
Index, both alphabetical and classified natural-
ly of all the Families and Genera.

While I was preparing this work, I found
myself so often perplexed and involved into dif-
ficulties, by the actual improper framing of Ge^

INTRODFC'TION. 5

ncra, that I was compelled to take up the suh-
ject of Generic retbrm simultaneously with this
new flora. This has greatly increased my la-
bors and delayed the publication ; but vastly
enlarged my field of botanical researches, now
based on generic accuracy.

In fact till lately most of the Botanists, both
here and elsewhere, were perfectly satisfied
with the Linnean Genera, and thought they had
done their utmost when they referred the Lin-
nean or new species, quite at random to those
Linnean Genera ; often avoiding or neglecting
to notice their peculiar floral characters, not
seldom at variance with the Genera referred
to. The labors of Adanson, Jussieu, Necker,
Moench, Lamark, ifec. upon generic reforms
were often overlooked or neglected. At last a
better feeling has been prevailing, and the mo-
dern improvers Decandolc, Agardh, Robert
Brown, Lindley, &.c. have restored many of the
old Genera, or further corrected generic no
mcnclature.

As I rank among these botanical reformers
ever since 1808 when I first published new Ge-
nera, and 1815 when I published the outlines of
my reformed Natural Families, it was just
and proper that I should resume these investi-
gations, now that I mean to give the results of
a whole life of botanical travels, discoveries and
arduous researches. This shall then be done
in a colateral work published at the same time,
but kept apart, which I shall call Flora tcllu-
riana or synoptical mantissa of 2000 new fa-
milies, Genera and species of plants of the whole
earth. There most of my generic and other
reforms will be elucidated, and 1 shall merely
refer to them in this N. Amer. Flora.

6 INTRODUCTION.

Here, the new species of this continent shall
be chiefly attended to. They arc often in as
great a disorder as the Genera; many are occa-
sionally blended into one, or improperly deter-
mined and settled. To give their synonymy is
not always an easy task, nor are the varieties to
be overlooked. Many botanists mistake real
botanical species for varieties or viceversa. In
fact all species might have been varieties once^
jind many varieties are gradually becoming spe-
cies by assuming constant and peculiar charac-
ters. This is an interesting feature of botanical
philosophy, which I shall properly explain and
prove hereafter.

This new Flora is very far, therefore, from
being a compilation of former labors: it is quite
an original work, chiefly based upon my indivi-
dual researches and discoveries, during 36 years
of botanical travels and exertions, whereof 24
were spent in North America, the main field of
my scientific rambles and labors.

It may perhaps be useful to give here an out-
line of my botanical travels in North America,
whereby it will be perceived that I have survey-
ed and examined more States and regions than
any other Botanist perhaps except Nuttall.
Thus I was enabled to detect a great number of
N«w Species, and examine many plants alive in
full bloom in their native wilds. It would be
well if botanical writers would thus detail us their
actual excursions and ex})lorations.

Some plants are quite local or have very nar-
row limits of growth, others are only in bloom
for a few hours or days. Many early vernal
]>lantsofthe Genera Dodccatlieon., Clhitonia^
Vernasolis, Viola, Peltmidra^ Cijpripedium,,
&/C. can onlv be seen in narrow localities during

INTRODUCTION. 7

the month of May. Others of the Genera Gen-
tiana, Kuhnia., Ecllpta, Spiranthcs^ Aster,
iS»oZ/<Zfir^o, with many radiate Genera, are quite
late and autumnal, found chiefly in October :
therefore they had escaped the notice of our
Botanists, who chiefly botanize or travel in
summer.

Other plants are confined to Mountains, or
Pinelands, or Western Glades, or deep
Swamps, which must be visited by turns, if
we wish to collect them. I have sometimes
looked in vain for years for some particular
plants^ at the very places where they are known
to grow, because I was not in the due season :
this happens to all Botanists, and it is very im-
portant for collectors to know the precise epoch
of blooming and seeding. What escapes one
of them may be met by another a little earlier
or later. There are besides years when some
plants bloom more abundantly, and others like
the Miegia, Enslenia, Slc. only bloom once in
many years.

I came to North America in 1802, and tra-
velled chiefly on foot until 180 1, over New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and
Virginia, from the Juniata to the Sea Shore,
and from the Alleghany Mountains beyond
Easton, to the Potomac beyond Washington
and Alexandria. Some of the results of my
discoveries in those three yearsof early travels
were published in 1808.

In 1805 I left America for Europe, where 1
remained till 1815. On my return to this con-
tinent in that year, 1 was shipwrecked on the
shores of Connecticut, and lost all my former
Herbals and collections, both American and
European.

S INTKODUC'TlON.

Therefore being deprived of all my first la-
bors ill Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy in
that memorable year 1815, I had to begin
again my researches and collections, which I
pursued ever since with renewed zeal, always
at my own sole expense. I spent 1813 and
1816 in the States of New York, New Jersey,
and Pennsylvania chiefly. In 1816 I went to
explore as far as Lake Champlain, Vermont,
and the Saranac Mountains, near the sources
of the Hudson River. In 1817 I went to the
Mattawan and Kiskanom, or Catskill Moun-
tains, and explored Long Island, where I dwelt
awhile.

But my great travels in the West began in
1818, I made a tour of 2000 miles as far as the
Wabash River, crossing twice the Alleghany
Mountains on foot, and exploring Ohio, In-
diana, Illinois, Kentucky, &/C. Some of the
results of my former discoveries in that jour-
ney were published in 1819, in the Physical
Journal of Paris, in 80 new Gen. of Plants, and
70 New Gen. of Animals.

Having been appointed Professor of Natural
Sciences in the IJniversity of Lexington, in
Kentucky, I went there in 1819, crossing a
third time the Alleghany Mountains, through
the Cumberland road of Maryland, still on foot,
as I never would cross these beautiful moun-
tains in any other way, in order to botanize all
the while, and I was rewarded by many new
plants.

I spent seven years in Kentucky in 1826,
exploring that State thoroughly, and making
excursions to Ohio, &/C., my longest journeys
were in 1823, when I went West as far as the
Rivers Cumberland and Tennessee near their

INTRODUCTION. 9

snoullis, and next East to the falls of the Cum-
berland River and the Wasioto or Cumberland
mountains.

In 1825 I undertook a long journey through
Ohio, and Virginia, crossing the Alleghany
mountains of Virginia, and returning by the
Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, always on foot.
Next year, 1826, I left Kentucky and settled
in Philadelphia : but took a very long botanical
journey in the way, going through Ohio to
Sandusky on Lake Erie ; thence to Buffalo,
Niagara, Canada, the New York Canal, &c.

My excursions in 1827, were to the Sea
Shores of New Jersey, and thence to Troy, the
Taconick mountain, and through Massachu-
setts to Boston, returning by a different road.
In 1828, I went to the Alleghany mountains
of the North on the Lehigh, the Schooley
mountains of New Jersey, and Mattawan
mountains of New York. In 1829, 1 went to
the Pine-barrens of New Jersey, and as far as
Connecticut. In 1830, I made a second jour-
ney to the Kiskanom mountains of New York.

Several botanical excursions and journeys
were undertaken in 1831, in Delaware, New
Jersey, and the Taconick mountains. While
in 1832 I visited Maryland twice, the second
time I explored the Cotocton mountains of
Maryland, and Alleghany mountains as far as
Sherman Valley and the Juniata, quite at
leisure, residing some times at the top of the
mountains.

In the year 1833 I proposed to visit the
Apalachian mountains as far as Alabama : but
was prevented by an accident and heavy rainsj
I only went as far as those of Virginia, and
again in the Cotocton mountains. — In a second

10 INTRODUCTION.

journey I undertook to visit the sources of the
river Delaware, and Susquehannah, exploring
first the Pine barrens and Sea shores of New
Jersey, next going from Albany over the Hei-
delberg mountains to the Lake Utsiantha
source of the Delaware at the foot of the Kis-
kanom mountains, and Lake Otsego source of
the Susquehannah.

The year 1834 saw me twice in the Alle-
ghany mountains of the north, once by follow-
ing the course of the Delaware, the second
time westward by the Welsh mountains, Cone-
wago mountains, Albany mountains. Locust
mountains to the Pottsville mines and the
source of the Schuylkill river, returning by
Mauchchunk and Allentown.

My travels of 1835 were in the Central Al-
leghanies up the River Juniata and Susque-
hannah, exploring the mountains of Peters,
Buffalo, Wiconisco, Mahantango, Tuscarora,
Jack, Seven mountains, &c. with their Val-
leys. An account of all these travels and ex-
cursions is given by me more at length in my
liife of travels and researcJies^ published ear-
ly in 1836. Since then I have chiefly explor-
ed South New Jersey and the pine barrens.

Although these journeys were often under-
taken with the additional ulterior view to col-
lect Fossils and Animals, my favorite science
and pursuit of Botany was always my main ob-
ject. I always travelled with my botanical col-
lecting book and reams of paper to preserve my
plants : and thus I have been enabled to collect
in 20 years, since 1816, a most valuable Her-
barium, rich in new species, rare plants, and
complete Monographs; which have been in-
creased by exchanges and purchases, chiefly of

INTRODUCTION. 11

Southern plants ; not having been able to ex-
plore as yet the Southern States, deterred by
the bad roads, unhealthy climate, scanty fare,
heavy expenses and state of society. A pedes-
trian Botanist is not always very welcome
there.

During so many years of active and ardu-
ous explorations, I have met of course all kinds
of adventures, fares and treatment. I have
been welcomed under the hospitable roof of
friends of knowledge or enterprise, else laugh-
ed at as a mad Botanist by scornful ignorance.
Often deemed a herbalist and wandering doc-
tor by the vulgar, I have allowed or indulged
this harmless belief, and thereby elicited from
many quarters the local knowledge of medical
facts, which I have published in my Medical
Flora of the United States.

I have seldom met with liberal enlightened
men, who could believe that I was actuated by
the pure love of knowledge and science ; yet I
have found such worthy men sometimes and
their names are gratefully impressed on my me-
mory. Such were J. D. Clifford, Alex. Walsh,
Mess. Knevels, Adlum, Dr. Schultz, D. Jack-
son, H. Clay, Clinton, Meade, Maclane, Wells,
Thompson, Aldie, &.c. who without being Bo
tanists, or at most mere florists, could appre-
ciate my pursuits and facilitate my researches.
As to Botanists and Zooligists I made it a point
to search for them and enjoy their society, mu-
tually imparting our knowledge.

Such a life of travels and exertions has its
pleasures and its pains, its sudden delights and
deep joys mixt with dangers, trials, difficulties,
and troubles. No one could better paint them
than myself, who has experienced them all; but

12 INTRODUCTION.

I must be brief in conveying a slight idea of
them.

Let the practical Botanist who wishes like
myself to be a pioneer of science, and to in-
crease the knowledge of plants, be fully prepar-
ed to meet dangers of all sorts in the wild
groves and mountains of America. The mere
fatigue of a pedestrian journey is nothing com-
pared to the gloom of solitary forests, when not
a human being is met for many miles, and if
met he may be mistrusted ; when the food and
collections must be carried in your pocket or
knapsack from day to day ; when the fare is
not only scanty but sometimes worse; when
you must live on corn bread and salt pork, be
burnt and steamed by a hot sun at noon, or
drenched by rain, even with an umbrella in
hand, as I always had.

Musquitoes and flies will often annoy you or
suck your blood if you stop or leave a hurried
step. Gnats dance before the eyes and often
fall in unless you shut them ; insects creep on
you and into your ears. Ants crawl on you
whenever you rest on the ground, wasps will as-
sail you like furies if you touch their nests.
But ticks the worst of all are unavoidable
whenever you go among bushes, and stick to
you in crowds, filling your skin with pimples
and sores. Spiders, gallineps, horse-flies and
other obnoxious insects will often beset you, or
sorely hurt you. Hateful snakes are met, and
if poisonous are very dangerous, some do not
warn you off' like the Rattle-snakes.

You meet rough or muddy roads to vex you,
and blind paths to perplex you, rocks, moun-
tains, and steep ascents. Fou may often loose
your way, and must always have a compass

INTRODI'4 TTON. 13

with you as I luid. You may he lamed in
chmhing rocks for plants or hrcak your limhs
by a fall. You must cross and wade through
brooks, creeks, rivers, and swamps. In deep
fords or in swift streams you may lose your
footing and be drowned. You may be overta-
ken by a storm, the trees fall around you, the
thunder roars and strikes before you. The
winds may annoy you, the fire of heaven or of
men sets fire to the grass or forest, and you may
be surrounded by it, unless you fly for your
life.

You may travel over a unhealthy region or
in a sickly season, you may fall sick on the road
and become helpless, unless you be very care-
ful, abstenious and temperate.

Such are some of the dangers and troubles
of a botanical excursion in the mountains and
forests of North America. The sedentary bo-
tanists or those who travel in carriages or by
steamboats, know little of them ; those who
merely herborize near a city or town, do not
appreciate the courage of those who brave
such dangers to reap the botanical wealth of
the land, nor sufficiently value the collections
thus made.

Yet although I have felt all those miseries, T
have escaped some to which others are liable.
I have never been compelled to sleep at night
on the ground, but have always found a shel-
ter. I have never been actually starved, nor
assailed by snakes or wild beasts, nor robbed,
nor drowned, nor suddenly unwell. Tempe-
rance and the disuse of tobacco have partly
availed me, and always kept me in health.

In fact I never was healthier and happier
than when I encountered those dangers, while a

14 INTRODUCTION.

sedentary life has often made me unhappy or
unwell. I like the free range of the woods and
.if^lades, 1 hate the sight of fences like the In-
dians ! The free constant exercise and pleasu-
1 able excitement is always conductive to health
and pleasure.

The pleasures of a botanical exploration ful-
ly compensate for these miseries and dangers,
else no one would be a travelling Botanist, nor
spend his time and money in vain. Many fair-
days and fair-roads are met with, a clear sky
or a bracing breeze inspires delight and ease,
you breathe the pure air of the country, every
rill and brook offers a draught of limpid fluid.
What delight to meet with a spring after a
thirsty walk, or a bowl of cool milk out of the
dairy ! What sound sleep at night after a long
day's walk, what soothing naps at noon under
a shaded tree near a purling brook !

Every step taken into the fields, groves, and
hills, appears to afford new enjoyments, Land-
scapes and Plants jointly meet in your sight.
Here is an old acquaintance seen again; there
a novelty, a rare plant, perhaps a new one !
greets your view : you hasten to pluck it, exa-
mine it, admire, and put it in your book. Then
you walk on thinking what it might be, or may
be made by you hereafter. You feel an exul-
tation, you are a conqueror, you have made a
conquest over Nature, you are going to add a
new object, or a page to science. This peace-
ful conquest has cost no tears, but fills your
mind with a proud sensation of not being use-
less on earth, of having detected another link
of the creative power of God.

Such are the delightful feelings of a real bo-
tanist, who travels not for lucre nor paltry pay.

INTRODUCTION. 15

Those who do, often think only of how much
the root or the seed or the specimen will fetch
at home or in their garden.

When you ramble by turns in the shady
groves, grassy glades, rocky hills, or steep
mountains, you meet new charms peculiar to
each ; even the gloomy forest aftbrds a shady
walk. TiVery rock, nook, rill . . . has peculiar
plants inviting your attention. When nothing
new nor rare appears, you commune with your
mind and your God in lofty thoughts or dreams
of happiness. Every pure Botanist is a good
man, a happy man, and a religious man ! He
lives with God in his wide temple not made by
hands ....

To these botanical pleasures may be added
the anticipation of the future names, places,
uses, history, &/C. of the plants you discover.
For the winter or season of rest, are reserved
the sedentary pleasures of comparing, studying,
naming, describing and publishing. A time
may come, when if all plants are well known,
little will be left to be done, except seeking rare
plants or occasional deviations and varieties ;
but a long while will elapse before this may
take place, since so few of our plants are com-
pletely known as yet. Then will begin the la-
bors of the draftsman, the collector of rare
plants and roots, or the seeking of special and
generic deviations.

In this another wide field of researches will
be open to the enquiring mind. My thoughts
have often been led thereto when noticing
singular deviations. I admit like Adanson,
Necker and liinneus himself that plants do
vary gradually and constantly, although often
very slowly, both in the specific and generic

16 IJNTKODUCTION.

characters. I refer to these authors for exani-
ples so often met in gardens ; but I have chief-
ly attended to this in the woods and fields
where quite spontaneous.

The process is by the seedlings being some-
what different from the parents, and thus evinc-
ing a deviation of typical mould, that may be,
or may not be, propagated again. H it is, this
soon assumes a permanence, becoming a per-
manent variety if the deviation is slight, such
as mere color of flowers, size of stem, leaves,
Slc; but becoming a New Species! if at last
several deviations are permanently combined.
A tendency to such deviations is sometimes met
even in the various annual shoots of the peren-
nial plants, or shrubs and trees, that are not al-
ways alike to those of the preceding years.

The specific deviations which I could men-
tion are numberless, this work will be full of
them, as all new species are in fact such per-
manent deviations of growth, unless they are
widely different from all former species. The
oldest type of the species may probably be
found in the most common with most numerous
individuals, while those called rare or with few
individuals as yet must be the newest in order
of time.

Generic deviations are more rarely observed
or noticed, because less evident and very slow-
ly produced, or not so easily propagated; but I
shall mention here some very striking instances
of them ; while many more are to be met with
in all the Genera, where the characters are

polymorphous, expressed by SO . . . Oil SO,

3-5 fidis, 4-5 andris, 3-4 stylis. Capsule with
4 or 5 valves, one or many seeds, &lc.

1. I have seen in a garden a Tulip with 5

INTRODUCTION. 17

petals only and 5 stamens. That was even a
deviation from the family !

2. I have met with a Tecoma bearing a ca-
psule with 3 valves, the generic character is
bivalve.

3. Asters and Solidagos with the ligules
mixt with the florets, forming a kind of peloric
genus which I have called Mictanthes.

4. The Aster discoideus of Elliot or my
genus Atiactis, has no rays, it must have been
a deviated genus like Kclipta from Verhesina.
I have met some Asters with the rays so short-
ened as to be almost invisible.

5. My G. GoNONcus has two sorts of flowers
and seeds on the same plant, uniting the char-
racters of Polygonun and Persicaria.

6. My G. Stttrandra appears to have origi-
nated once from Convallaria or rather Majan-
ihemuni^ just like Paris from Trillium.

7. Many monoical and dioical plants return
to Polygamy and hermaphroditism. This is the
case with some of our Vines, Vitis, Morus, Ur-
tica, CallitricJie, ^c.

8. Nothing more common than monstruous
deviations by addition or deficiency of parts,
which are as many links of generic varia-
tions.

Of all the European Floras, that in which
generic and specific deviations are most expli-
citly stated and best detailed, is the Flora Li-
thuanica of Gilibert, where many similar ano-
malies may be noticed.

Therefore the result will be that our species
and genera are not quite permanent as suppos-
ed, but are gradually producing deviations of
forms ; when these are floral thev are of course

18 INTRODUCTION.

generic, and may after centuries form New
Genera.

Hybridity also multiplies species : this pro-
cess is much more common in plants than ani-
mals ; but it is often difficult to detect in the
wild plants the real parents. Unless they are
both found growing near the hybrid, and it has
the traces of both forms, we may as safely
ascribe it to a natural deviation of frame, call-
ed Peloric if floral and generic.

Some Eotanists have different ideas of Ge-
nera, species, and varieties : their errors and
my corrections will be found in the principles
of my Floratelluriana. I merely recapitu-
late here my ideas of them, deduced from 40
years of botanical observations.

Species include all the individuals perfectly
alike in all their parts — Varieties are slight ca-
sual deviations — Pinoles are permanent varie-
ties, such as are called Breeds among ani-
mals.

Genera are the groups of species that have
similar floral characters and sometimes a simi-
lar habit. Whenever a species has different
floral forms it must be a peculiar genus.

Such are the natural distinctions of those
two groups, any others must be unnatural and
improper ! All species may have been varie-
ties once, except the original types or ancestors
of the genus, and all uctual varieties may be
incipient species.

My views of the natural method will be gi-
ven in my Flora Telluriaisa, where 1 shall
correct and improve my former classes, orders
and families of 1815 in Analysis of Nature.
I have adopted and studied the natural method
since 1800, 1 have always tried to improve it.

INTRODUCTION. 19

I have always been opposed to the Linnean
system and its blunders ; but the natural me-
thod has had so long, and has perhaps yet, so
many anomalies, that unless they are rectified,
the study of affinities will be impeded. Jus-
sieu had a crowd of generxi incerta sedis, or
annexed to orders without belonging thereto,
which were a Dedalus of ambiguity. The mo-
dern Decandole, Richard, Lindley, Agardh
have partly improved this Labyrinth ; but the
clue to guide us is now in our hands ! Let
every genus that does not agree in general
frame and characters be removed, and placed
elsewhere, as I have done. When this is done
and generally adopted we may hope to reach a
perfect classification : while that of Lindley for
instance, is as yet quite loose and inaccurate,
as bad as Adanson or Necker's ; since one
fourth of his genera do not agree to the com-
mon characters ascribed, and some orders have
none at all . . .

This is the ambiguity and absurdity carried
from Species and Genera to the National Or-
ders ! unless restricted or exploded in all in-
stances, we can have no correct nomenclature
nor classification. What absurdity to have an
order without definition., like the patched genera
Gentiana and Convallaria for instance ! a
false definition that does not apply to all
the Genera or Species, is equal to no definition
at all . .

Our North American Botanists were very
late in noticing the natural method, and even
now hardly admit of it, or else without restric-
tion on its defects. From 1802 to 1804 I was
perhaps the only one that followed that new
path. Barton, Muhlenberg, and others of that

20 INTRODUCTION.

period would not even listen to it. Correa
alone began to give lectures on it towards 1816,
I vainly tried to introduce it in 1817. Pursh,
Elliot, Torrey, Nuttall, Eaton, Bigelow, &c.
all wrote their works on the sexual plan. Ea-
ton alone added thereto the orders of Jussieu
to his manual ; yet he was amazed when Tor-
rey pubhshed his edition of liindley ! Since
he and Hooker have begun to open the path in
England, Beck and Torrey have begun to fol-
low, while a few others begin to incline to-
wards it : yet Adanson had disclosed it since
1763, and Robin Flora of Louisiana used it in
1807.

Its progress will be slow here, because it re-
quires application and study, and my improve-
ments require besides accuracy and perspicui-
ty. It will be easier to follow the blunders of
liindley as formerly those of Linneus without
investigation. My own labors on families and
genera will perhaps meet the fate of those of
Adanson and Necker, and be denied belief or
assent for half a century like theirs ; but the
time will come at last to grant me justice, and
admit me among the classical improvers of the
science.

Jealousy of my great labors and discoveries
may influence some ; but I hope that real Bo-
tanists ought always to be impartial. Torrey
is my friend, although we differ in our views of
Genera and Species, Nuttall has done so much
already and has so much yet to bring forth
from Origon, that he need not be jealous of my
labors. Many other Botanists profess to value
them. I know of no one that is my avowed foe
like Dr. Harlan is for Zoology — I have been
liberal and friendly to all, if they do not reci-

INTRODUCTION. 2 1

procate, it must be out of bad and improper
feelings.

I have had warm friends and patrons for
awhile ; but I have been deprived of them all
by death already, J. D. Clifibrd, Z. Collins, D.
Clinton, Dr. Mitchill, Dr. Jackson, were such.
May I meet similar new patrons in my old
age! -h

Although this Flora will exhibit me as a
learned Botanist, accurate observer, and zeal-
ous discoverer, it does not afford me the means
of appearing as a Draftsman, Collector of spe-
cimens, Medical Botanist, &c. for which I
must refer to my other works. Medical Bota-
ny with 100 figures, my Autikon Botanikon,
sic.

I have written my Botanical Works in 4
languages, Latin, French, Italian and English !
I now write this entirely in English in order to
make it available to all our Botanists ; but my
Flora Telluriana will be partly in Latin, at
least for generic and specific characters.

It is usual for accurate Botanists to state the
kind o^ botanical evidence that they can give,
which is usually expressed by v. v. meaning-
seen alive — V. s. seen dry, &c. but this may be
very delusive since many plants seen alive are
only seen in gardens and not in their natural
state, or the floral characters have not been ex-
amined. Greater accuracy should be required
and I state at once that all the plants I describe
have been met alive, and collected by me in
their native soils, in bloom and seeds unless I
otherwise state the facts ; whether seen with-
out seeds, or only in gardens.

As to dried or 'preserved plants, they may
also have been with or without seeds ; always

22 INTRODUCTION.

with flowers however and carefully examined
generically; although it is not always easy to
see well the minute floral characters of dry
specimens. As to the inside of the seeds, their
fallacious anatomical structures never perplex
me ; I leave them to Anatomists with the in-
side of roots and fibres : microscopical observa-
tions are always useless for practical descrip-
tive Botany, as all genera and families have
outward evident floral forms peculiar to each.

When plants have not been seen actually
alive or dry, I quote as usual the books, au-
thors or figures, that have imparted their
knowledge; but few such plants will however
be mentioned here, this being rather intended
as a collection of my own observations : yet in
complete monographs or revised Genera it will
be needful to compare all the species and facts.
It is to be regretted that our botanists too of-
ten neglect the labors of their colleagues, by
not comparing all previous or proposed spe-
cies : whereby they can only give us imperfect
monographs.

Severul authors have mistaken foreign
plants of distant regions for our own. Many
such are found in Thunberg, Gmelin, Loureiro,
&,c. that are different species from Japan,
Sibiria or Anam. Decandole has recommend-
ed to compare again every plant deemed native
of several remote regions, and I shall often do
it.

23

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY AND LOCALITIES.

Botanical Geography has lately been much
attended to since Wildenow, Decandole and
Humboldt have written upon it. Dr. Picker-
ing alone has specially written upon that of
North America, and although I do not admit
of all his conclusions, nor think his map quite
correct, yet he has opened the way.
* The Earth is divided into botanical regions,
where a peculiar growth of trees and plants are
found; these regions although sometimes well
defined in Islands and Physical regions, must
necessarily blend in large continents near their
limits.

Wildenow supposed that groups of moun-
tains were the nucleus of these regions, and
that the floras expanded "around; others think
that mountains often divide the botanical as
well as physical regions. In North America
both seem to be partly the case.

Decandole had only three botanical regions
in North America, north of Mexico, the Atlan-
'^lic or Apalachian extending to Florida and
Missouri, 2d the Origonic or the Origon moun-
tains and plains of the West. 3. the Boreal
common to boreal Asia and Europe. Picker-
ing has proved that following the level of the
land, the Boreal or Canadian extends South
over the Alleghany mountains, while the Mexi-
can region extends North into Texas and Ark-
ansas.

24 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Eaton has supposed that our Atlantic region
was divided in two hy the Potomac, the Nor-
thern, and the Southern that winds round the
mountains to the far West including all the
Western States.

These are of course exclusive of the three
great regions of the Southern parts, Mexico,
Central America and the Antilles.

I have rectified these views since 1832 by
increasing our regions to seven; to which I
have given the names of Boreal, Canadian,
AUeghanian, Floridian, Louisianian, Texan
andOrigonian: each of these is perfectly distinct
and distinguished both by physical features and
peculiar Genera of plants.

1. Boreal Region, including the Polar re-
*^ gion, Greenland, Iceland, Labrador, Hudson
• Bay and New Sibiria. This wide region, is

very similar to the Boreal parts of the Old
Continent, Lapland and North Siberia, forming
perhaps only one wide circle around the Arctic
Pole. It is the poorest of all the American
Floras, with very few trees and shrubs, chiefly
evergreen, and with the lower classes of plants
preponderating, such as Mosses, Lichens, Al
gas, &.C. but few Fungi. The floral season is
very short, hardly three months from June to
August.

2. Canadian Region. This forms a broad
belt across the Continent including Nova Sco-
tia, New England, Canada, the countries
around the Lakes, and the vast lacustral plains
of the West. It has spurs in the northern Al-
leghanies, the Saranac, Taconick, and Kiska-
nom mountains. It is distinguished by the pre-
vailing Firs, Willows, and Birches, the Gene-
ra Linttea, Diervilla, Parnassia- H^'^--

BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 25

Kibes, Coptls, JSemopanthes, Comariim,
Caltha, &^c. a.nd an abundance of Mosses, Li-
chens and Fungi, not however exceeding one
half of the whole number The floral season of
five months, from May to September.

3. Alleghanian Region. This has for nu-
cleus the Alleghany mountains of Pennsylva-
nia, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, &c. called
Apalachian south of Potomac and Wasioto
or Cumberland to the West : this region winds
all around East and West into the hilly or
broken country. It is distinguished by the
abundance of trees, oaks, radiate plants, fungi,
grasses, leguminose, hypericines, with the pre-
vailing genera Hicoria, JCalmia, Trilliutn,
Azalea, Vitis, Rhododendron, Hydrangea,
Heuchera, Lactuca, Solidago, Rosa, S^c. the
Mosses and Lichens are yet abundant,but now
form only a small proportion of the whole, while
the Fungi are become about one third of the
whole. It is remarkable that here the trees
and shrubs although yet of the same Genera as
in Europe are nearly all unlike in species. —
Floral season from April to October.

4. Floridian Region. This begins in the
North by a narrow belt in the marshy and san-
dy Islands or Shores, pine woods and swamps
of Long Island and New Jersey, widening
gradually in the plains of Virginia, Carolina,
Georgia, ascending the hills and south Apala-
chian mountains which run west into Alaba-
ma, occupying the whole of Florida, Alabama,
&c. \ It blends in South Florida with the An-
tillian flora of Bahama and Cuba, in the moun-
tains with the Alleghanian flora, and west with
the Louisianian. It is distinguished by Mag
nolias and Pines, Palms and Yucas : the pecu-

26 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.

liar Genera Clethra, Fothergila^ PassiHora^
Chionanthus, Lantana, MarshaUia, Xerophy-
lum, Pinkneya^ Halesia^ LeiopJiylum, Hudso-
nia, &/C. with many species of Ilex, Ludwigia^
Rhexia, Viburnum, Lobelia, Slc. Here the
Mosses, Lichens and Fungi greatly decrease,
while the grasses, rushes, ferns, aroides, lilies
and akin greatly increase. It is the richest of
our Botanical regions in Species, and Vegeta-
tion is unceasing, there are flowers in every
month, even in January.

5. Louisianian or Missourian Region.
The actual state of Louisiana hardly belongs
to this ; but the ancient Louisiana is the nu-
cleus of it, extending into the plains of Tennes-
see, Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas, Missouri,
and up into the vast plains of the Upper Mis-
souri. The cradle of it appears to be the Ozark
mountains. It is distinguished by the Pacan-
tree, the Bowtree, tho Amorphas, the Planera,
Cladrastis, peculiar Pavias and Poplars ; with
abundance of Cacti and Ferns ; but scanty
Mosses, Lichens and Fungi : with the peculiar
Genera Miegia, Collinsia, JBellis, Leucospora,
&c. Floral season from March to November.

6. Texian Region. This extends over the
wide plains between Louisiana and Mexico,
and probably over New Mexico : the nucleus
may be the Taos mountains ; botanical spurs
extend into Arkansas and the Colorado Valley.
It is very Httle known as yet, but the produc-
tions are intermediate between Mexican and
Louisianian, with abundance of Cactides and
Canebrakes. The floral season lasts nearly the
whole year as in Florida.

7. Origon Region. This extends over the
Origon mountains and the hilly country west

BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHV. 27

of it. We do not know it thoroughly as yet,
but what we know of it, is very peculiar. We
may hope that Nuttall will describe it botani-
cally. It has perhaps several divisions, the
mountains, sea shores, and new Albion or new
California to the South. It bears the same
^ botanical relation to Sibiria than the AUegha-
nies do to Europe. It is distinguished by pecu-
liar trees, Firs, Oaks, Maples, the singular
Garrya tree, many species of Ribes, Lupimis^
Pentostemon, Cactus, Mimulus, &/C. with
peculiar Genera Calochortus, Eutoca, Las-
tJienia, CoUomia, Aegochloa, Lewisia, Clar-
Ma, <Slc.— The Labiate, Hypericines, Grasses,
Fungi and Mosses appear to be scanty. Lili-
acea abound, but the Orchides are very few.
The floral season extends from March to No-
vember in New Albion, but is much shorter in
the mountains and to the North.

Besides the above great Regions of this Con-
tinent, there are several other Local Regions,
more confined in limits, but well distinguished
by peculiar vegetation or growth of trees. The
principal of these are

1. The swampy pine region, where grow the
Schubertia and Cupressus thyoides, from New
Jersey to Louisiana, with many peculiar water
plants. These swamps are unlike marshes by
being sandy and having a clear yellow water.

j^In the dry places prevail Pines, Hudsonia, &c.

2. The Sandy Shore Regions all along the
margin of our Sea from Long Island to Flori-
da; Ilex and Myricas prevail, also shrubs,
plants, with palms in the South. The rocky
shores of the North are very unlike this.

3. The Alpine Region or Summits of High
mountains, where few trees are found, while

28 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.

many peculiar plants grow only there. In the
Alleghanies they partake of the Canadian flo-
ra, and in the White mountains of the Boreal
flora.

4. The Prairie Regions of the West, with
few trees, but a profusion of fine plants, Dode-
catheons, Tradescantias, Helichroas, Gentians,
Radiate flowers, &-c., some peculiar shrubs
and hardly any Acotyle plant. There the flo-
ral season begins in March or sooner as you go
South.

5. The Limestone Region of Florida, with a
profusion of fine plants, Ludwigias, Rhexias,
&c. and many peculiar shrubs.

6. The Limestone Region of the Ohio, form-
ing a bassin in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky ;
it has a very scanty flora, few shrubs in the
woods, no Kalmias nor Vacciniums, but among
trees many Asiminas and Pavias, with abund-
ance of social grasses or congregated plants.

1. The Apalachian and Wasioto Region, or
of the hills and mountains from Kentucky to
Georgia : this has a distinct flora from the Al-
leghanies and Florida shores, many Rhodo-
dendrons, Azaleas, Magnolias, and a crowd of
fine plants; many yet new in the Unaka or Iron
mountains, the northern nucleus of it, as well
as in the peninsula of Florida, Alabama, &c.

Besides these great localities I will add se-
veral smaller localities of great botanical inte-
rest by the numerous new plants which they
have afforded me. Every botanist knows some
similar place ; but those which I may boast to
have discovered or first well explored deserve
to be commemorated. They are

1. The neighborhood of Quaker Bridge and Cedar Bridge in the centre
of the Pinelands of New Jersey. — 2. The neighborhood of Mullica Hill in
New Jersey — 3. The sea Islands of New Jersey. — 4. The source of the river

BOTAMCAL GEOGRAPiiy. 39

Delaware in New'York at Utsianlha Lake in Oqiiage monntains.— The Kis-
kartom or Catskill mountains of New York.— 6. The Dismal Swamp of De-
laware. — 7. Sherman \alley m the Alleghanies. — 8. The Cotocton moun-
tain.sof Maryland and Virginia cut through by the Potomac— 9. Valley of
Loyalhannah in west Pennsylvania.— 10. Falls of the river Potomac.— 11.
Falls of the river Cumberland in Wasioto hills of east Kentucky — 12. The
serpentine rocks of Chester and Maryland.— 13. The Wiconisco, Tuscarora
and Central mountains of ihe Alleghanies. — 14. The summit of the Allegha-
nies in Marj'land. — 15. The Cacapon mountains of Virginia. — 16. The prai-
ries of Bigbarren river in Kentucky. — 17. The Wasioto Hills and mountains
of Kentucky, or Knob Hills, with their knoblicks.— 18. The banks of the
Wabash, and glades near them. — 19. The neck of land between the mouths
of Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, with the glades of South Kentucky
and Tennessee. — The shores of Lake Erie near Sandusky.

I hardly need add the far famed fall of Nia-
gara, the head and falls of the Hudson, the Ta-
conick and Mattawan mountains, and in fact
every ridge of the Alleghanies. They are all
interesting botanical spots to fisit; but in or-
der to detect all their plants, you must visit
them at least three times, in the Spring, Sum-
mer and Fall, or every month from May to Oc-
tober, and even some plants of short floral du-
ration may then escape you. How can we then
hope to know all our productions, except gra-
dually and by repeated explorations. I have
never been able to meet the Hainiltonia, nor
Centunculiis, nor Parnassia in full bloom, and
many rare plants were only found once by me
during 24 years of exploration.

It is a mistake to imagine that all our plants
are sylvan or nemorose, because forests abound
in our Continent, The plants growing under-
neath the shade of trees are not even the major
number, and we must look for many in mea-
dows, glades, fields, swamps, sea shores, banks
of rivers, brakes, (these are peculiar places in
woods or glades where ferns, canes or grasses
prevail,) salt licks, rocky hills and cliffs, moun-
tains tops, near springs and brooks.

The distribution of the plants in these loca-
lities, and the distribution of peculiar tribes

30 BOTANICAL GEOORAPHV.

over the whole continent, would form an inte-
resting theme, which although partly conjec-
tural and never quite exact, might lead to phi-
losophical reflections and deductions. Some
problems remain to be solved on the subject.
Why are our North American trees chiefly of
European and Siberian Genera, but unsimilar
in species.''

Why are our shrubs still more dissimilar both
in genera and species ?

Why are our grasses and cyperacea so often
similar in species, while the other monocotyle
plants are all different?

Why are the minute and simple Acotyle
plants, such as Algas, Lichens and Fungi, near-
ly identic in the two Continents ?

Why are Mosses and Hepatica so often si-
milar, while the ferns are less so, and offer
many new forms.''

Why are many similar forms offered by the
tribes of Ranunculacca, Labiate, Juncides, Ro-
sacea, Polygonides, Lysimachides, Veronicides,
Borragines, Bicornes, Caryophyles, Amenta-
cea ? &/C.

Why are so many dissimilar genera and spe-
cies found among the Violacea, Irides, Aspho-
delides, Orchides, Gentianides, Apocynea,
Corymbifera, Hypericea,Malvacea, &c. of both
continents ?

Why are some families quite lacking in N.
America ? Such as Rutacea, Guttifera, Pro-
tacea, Epacrides, &c.

Why do the tropical genera so seldom extend
into Florida ?

Why is the vegetation of Boreal America to-
tally unlike that of Austral America.''

BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY. 31

Why have we so few Crucifera, UmbelUfera
and Narcissides, compared to Europe and Af-
rica ?

Why are the two shores of North America,
east and west, so unHke to each other in vege-
tation ?

These queries and others of a similar nature
may exercise the ingenuity of speculative Bo-
tanists, or amuse their idle hours; but they are
facts and as such deserve our notice.

Another interesting study is that of our na-
turahzed plants. We have so many that they
appear to invade the fields and drive out the na-
tive plants in some instances ; but it is by no
means certain but that some deemed natura-
lized, were not really native. Such at least
must have been the case with Verbascum thap-
siis^ Hypericum perforatum, Dauciis carota,
Anthemis cotula, Origarm'm vulgare, &c. 1
gave a long list of the naturalized plants in my
dissertation of 1808, some have since disappear-
ed, while others have appeared instead out of
gardens. But few American plants have be-
come spontaneous in Europe, Phytolaca decan-
dra and Cenotis canadensis are mentioned as
such ; but we have received several hundreds,
besides some few from the Antilles and inland
Decandole has properly stated that naturalized
plants even when not spontaneous, but exten-
sively cultivated in the open air ought to be ad-
ded to every general flora, and Eaton has fol-
lowed that advice with us.

It appears that even previous to the discovery
of America by Columbus, our Indian tribes had
received or imported from abroad or the South,
several trees and plants. I have at least evi-
dently ascertained historically that this was

32 BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY.

the fact with the Maize, Mayzea cerealis (Zea
mays of L) the Orange tree, the Chicasa
plumb Primus angustifolia^ the Catalpa tree,
the Peach tree, and the holy plant Nelumbiurn
luteum! besides several kinds of Beans, Tobac-
co, Potatoes, Squashes, Pumpkins and Melons
that were cultivated by our native tribes before
Columbus or at least the invasion of Soto be-
tween 1540 and 1543, and subsequent French
and English colonies.

The number of Genera and Species of each
botanical region, and their proportion of Trees,
Shrubs, Plants, Herbs, Grasses, Ferns, Mosses,
Lichens, Fungi, &c. is not only variable in
each, but difficult to fix, owing to the great
number that are common to several blending on
the limits. In general the Trees, Shrubs, Ferns
and Grasses, increase in number from North to
South, while the Acotyle plants diminish ; but
Fungi are most numerous in the Alleghanian
region, by Schweinitz account of them they
nearly equal the Phenogamous plants.

However all the calculations heretofore made
were erroneous, depending on the peculiar
knowledge of the writer and his limited views
of Genera. Forster said they were only 1200!
in 1771, Eaton in 1833 said exactly 5267!
Torrey about 8000 ! I say 15000 and am near-
er the truth : at least 10,000 are Vascular
plants in the whole of North America, north of
Mexico, with about 5000 cellular plants, where-
of nearly 300 are trees or palms. Our largest
Flora, the Floridian contains 6000 species at
least, while the smallest, the Boreal, has hard-
ly 1000 species, and no more exist in the Lime-
stone region of Kentucky. The number of Ge-
nera will depend on the reformed view and cor-
rection of them.

MONOGRAPHS,

WITH NEW GENERA SPECIES AND
VARIETIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS
CHIEFLY.

ABALON Adanson. Veratrun L. Heloni'
as Alton and all our Botanists. Melanthimn
Walter, Diclinotrys Raf. meaning two beds
racemes.

Dioical. Corolla Cpetals linear, Stamens 6
filiform longer, anthers bilobed adnate. Pistil-
late flowers with 6 rudiments of stamens, pis J
til Sgrooved, 3stigmas sessile reflexed. Cap-
sule ovate Sgrooved 3celled, cells with many
seeds angled acute. Habit, Caulescent, leaves
scattered, flowers in long racemes.

Adanson good name meaning not in a ball,
was applied to the Helonias of L. as this Ge-
nus must certainly be divided, this good old
name ought to prevail, unless mine of Diclino-
trys is prefered. Linneus made many blunders
on this plant, uniting to Veratrum and calling
it V. luteum altho' the flowers are white. We
know only one Sp. as yet ; but it has many vari-
eties or deviations. The divided stems are
found so far apart, that no fecundation can take
place. The sterile plants are more common
than the others. This pistilate become fertile
at a great distance from them.

Abalon (or Diclinotrys) albiflorum Raf.
1817. Melanthiiim dioiciun Walter, Helonias
lutea ! Aiton &;C. Hel. dioica Mx. Pursh,
Elliot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton .... I

Very smooth, stem angular, leaves cuneate
lanceolate, subacute, enerve : raceme cylindri"
cal, pedicels short, petals linear obtuse.

5.

34 ABALON.

Varieties and deviations 1. Pumilutn,6 or 8
inches, leaves narrow, linear above. Mts Alle-
ghany, rare.

2. Sylvaticum, large, bipedal, low^er leaves
broader and thick, cuneate nearly obtuse :
crowded on the stem. In woods.

3. Serpentarium, raceme elongate flexuose
like a Snake.

4. Spicatum, flowers nearly sessile forming
a long spike, the pistillate flowers remote
Kentucky ....

5. Obovatum, radical leaves petiolate obovate
nervose, obtuse, stem leaves remote cuneate
few obtuse. Alabama and Florida : perhaps a
species, fertile flowers very remote.

Flowers white, the pistillate greenish not so
crowded — found from Maine to Missouri and
Floridas, in meadows, glades and woods.
Root tuberose premorse, medical, see my med-
ical flora.

Figures. Autikon Raf. 1 to 5.

ABAMA of Adanson. His good Genus
was wrongly named Tofielda by Hudson ; but
some American Sp. united to it, being distinct,
I called them Conradia or Leptilix in Neog.
1825. Nuttal has named another Genus Con-
radia in 1834. I therefore restore the Aba-
ma for our Tofieldas and thus reform the
characters.

Abama. Cahx small 3dentate. Corolla 6-
parted obtuse alternate longer. Stamens 6fili-
form on the corolla and opposite. Pistil one
conical 3angular. 3 Styles spreading short,
stigmas capitate. One capsule 3celled, 3val-
ved, valves bifid above, cells with 2 or more
seeds — Habit leaves ensiform, flowers white
racemose, peduncles commonly triflore. — Con-

ABAMA. 35

taining 2 Sub-genera 1. leptilix Raf. Caules-
cent, petals broader, capsule 3angular, cells
two seeded — 2 Trianthum Nuttal, Stemless
petals narrow, capsule globose, cells with many
terete caudate seeds,

ToFiELDA Subgenus Paltri3ia Raf, Differs
from Abama, by petals equal, stamens longer
subulate, dilatated at the base. Styles none or
very short, stigmas sessile or nearly so, flat, 3
distincts pistils and capsules, gibbose, opening
inside, few seeds angular curved. Stemless
flowers almost spiked. This applies to our 2
species : the European are, T palustris ^ hor*
ealis. see Tofielda.

Narthecium Smith. No calix, corolla of
perigone 6parted spreading persistent. Stam.
6 hirsute, pistil one Sangular, one style stigma
Sdentate. Capsul triangular Scelled many
seeds caudate. Type N. ossifragum and one
American Sp.

Therefore the Abama with the capsule of
Narthecium has the calix of Tofielda: the
Narthecium of Jussieu which is the Tofielda
has 6 pistils, stigmas and capsules. Decandolc
ascribes to Tofielda a capsule with 3 or 6 cells !
much confusion arose from the rarity of those
plants and incomplete descriptions.

1. Abama (Leptilix) scabra Raf. Tofielda pu^
bens Elliot, Melanlhium racemosum Walter.
Stem naked above glandular rough, leaves ensi-
form acute smooth, upper small, peduncles as long
as the flowers 2 to 4 fasciculate, capsule 3gone.
In Carolina and Alabama wet pines. Root
perennial tuberose.

Stem. 1 or 2 feet, flowers green tipt with pur-
ple, estival, petals lanceolale and obovate.

2. Abama (Triantha) pubens Raf Narthe-

36 - ABBOTIA.

clum Mx. Anthericum caliculatum Gronovius.
Tofielda puhescens Nuttal (fee. Scape pubes-
cent raceme obloni^ interrupted, capsule globose,
leaves ensiform — From Delaware to Carolina,
rare; flowers greenish white, petals linear cu-
neate. Found in Virginia by me. Figure of both
Autikon 6 and 7. —

The other 2 species called Nartliecium by
Mx. Tofielda by Persoon, and all our botanists,
are unknown to me ; but very distinct, and per-
haps each the type of another subgenus, since
they appear to differ more by the flowers than
the leaves.

3. A. pusiLLA Raf. smooth, leaves very short,
scape filiform, flowers few nearly sessile, calix
separate from the corolla, capsule globose. —
Lake Mistassin. Subgenus Desmipus Raf.

4. A. GLUTiNosA Raf. Glutinose, stemless,
capsule ovoidal double of corolla. — Lake Mis-
tassin. Perhaps a Leptilix.

ABBOTIA Raf. very distinct from Triglo-
chin by 3 Stamens only, more akin to Triste-
mon or the triandrons Sp of Juncus. See those
Genera. Named after Abbot the Botanical and
entomological painter.

Calix or perigone simple 3 or 4-leaved, mem-
branous, deciduous. Anthers sessile, common-
ly 3 seldom 1 or 2, Pistils 3 or 4 cohering.
Stigmas sessile glandular cleft. Capsules 3 or 4
gibbose one seeded, united by spungy mem-
branes like false cells (Elliot) — Stemless, leaves
linear, flowers racemose.

1. A. FiLiFORMis Raf. Triglochin triandrum
Mx. Elliot and all our Botanists — Leaves fili-
form, equal to scape, flowers clustered on the
spike and on short pedicels, capsules gibbose
half connected. — In Carolina and Florida in

ABIES.

37

marshes. Scape terete 6 inches, flowers oft with a
fourth part. — Figures. Autikon Raf. 8— Ic. N.
Sp. 1. Seen dry.

2. A. PALusTRis Raf. Triglochin palustre
L &.C. Leaves hnear shorter than scape, race-
me slender, flowers remote erect, capsules con-
nected Hnear equal to pedicels — Found on
Lake Erie, pedal, leaves very narrow obtuse,
scape terete — Figure Autikon Raf 9. Seen
alive.

3. A. PUMiLA Raf Triglocliin harrelieri
Loesel flora gallica, not in Fersoon nor Decan-
dole — Leaves linear thick equal to scape, race-
me 4 or 5 flore, capsules connected linear-oblong
longer than pedicels — Found on Lake Cham-
plain, annual, 2 or 3 inches high, leaves nearly
convex beneath, obtuse.— Fig. Autikon Raf 10.
Ic. N. Sp. 2. seen alive.

ABIES. This good Genus of fine trees dis-
tinguished by Tournefort, Adanson, Jussieu
and all the correct botanists, was wrongly uni-
ted to Pinus by Linneus. The Firs are not
Pines ! the habit is very different, and Jussieu
has given a long description of the peculiar
fructification. The region of Oregon has afford-
ed many new Firs, well described by Lewis in
1812 and in Atlantic Journal.

1. A. TRiGONARaf 1832. Bark and branches
scaly, leaves densely scattered, petiolate tri-
gone acuminate and stiff".— In Oregon, gigantic,
200 to 300 feet high, trunk 40 feet around,
leaves 3-fourths of an inch long, one tenth
wide. Gigantic Fir.

2. A. HETEROPHYLA Raf 1832. Bark ri-
mose, leaves distichal petiolate, very unequal,
sulcate above, glaucous beneath ; cones termi-
nal ovate flexible.— In Oregon, reaching 180

38 ABIES.

feet, leaves one fourth to one inch long, but all
one twentieth wide. — OddleaJ Fir.

3. A. AROMATicA Raf 1832. Branches bul-
late balsamiferous, leaves densely scattered
forming 3 rows, sessile lanceolate obtuse, flexi-
ble sulcate and shining above, gibbose beneath.
— In Oregon, reaching 100 feet, blisters on the
branches filled with a fine aromatic balsam,
leaves very small one eighth of an inch long,
one sixteenth wide. Aromatic Fir,

4. A. MicROPHYLA Raf 1832. Bark rimose,
branches not bullate, leaves densely scattered
forming 3 rows, sessile acute sublanceolate. —
In Oregon, reaching 150 feet high, like the last,
but yielding no balsam, leaves still more min-
ute, only one-twelfth of an inch long, one 24th
wide, wood white and tough. Scaly Fir.

5. A. MUCRONATA Raf 1832. Bark scaly,
branches virgate, leaves scattered very narrow,
rigid and oblique, sulcate above, pale beneath:
cones ovate acute, scales rounded nervose mucro-
nate. — In Oregon, reaching 150 feet, leaves sub-
balsamic, one inch long, one 20th wide, cones
very large two 1-2 inches long. Large cone Fir.

Var. palustris. Only 30 feet high, branch-
es spreading. In swamps.

6. A. FALCATA Raf 1832. Bark scaly,
leaves in 3 rows, 2 rows upright, one row de-
clinate falcate, all linear lanceolate with tri-
gone petiols: cones fusiform obtuse at both
ends. — On the sea shore of Oregon, rising only
35 feet, leaves three 4ths of an inch long, one
5th wide. Sickle Fir,

Oi the Atlantic Firs we have 7 or 8 species,
all called Pinus !

7. A. TAxiFOLiA Raf Pinus •) Lambert and
Eaton. Yew leaf Fir.

ABRUS.

39

Var patula Raf. Autikon 11. Branches

spreading, leaves obtuse, entire hardly glauce-

ous.— Cumberland mts. Spreading Fir. _

8. A. BALSA3I1FERA Michaux. Balsam Fir-

9. A. FRASERi Raf. Pinus Pursh. Double

Spruce Fir.

10. A. CANADENSIS Mx. Common Spruce

lir.

11. A. NIGRA Raf. A. denticulata Mx. Pinus
nigra. Aiton. Black SpruceFir.

12. A. RUBRA Raf. Pinus Lambert. Red
Spruee Fir.

13. A. ALBA Mx. Pinus Lambert. White
Spruce Fir. All these dwindle to dwarf vari-
eties on the White mts. and in North Canada.

ABRUS. This tropical Genus extends to
Florida ; but our Sp. has not been described ;
the A. precatorius is said to have 3 varieties
with red, white and yellow seeds. They must
be again compared, also, the Asiatic, AntiUian
and Floridan plants. Linneus once mixt those
plants with the Glycine.

ABUTILON. Tournefort, Mahinda Dil-
len, Sida Linneus &c. This good old Genus
hardly preserved except by Adanson, is per-
fectly distinct from Sida by the many truncate
and 3 seeded capsides around a hollow in a
stellate and campanulate form, 10 to 20 with as
many styles, the Sida having only 5. There
are many species of it ; not yet well distin-
guished, perhaps all the multicapular Sidas of
Linneus belong to it, or to the Genus Dia-

desma.

1. A. MOLLissiMUM Raf. A cordatum Med.
flora. Autikon. 12. Soft like velvet, leaves or-
bicular cordate acuminate, erose crenulate,
no long petiols ; peduncles axillary pauciflore

40 ABUTILOW.

short, capsules 12-15 hairy bicorne 3 seeded.
— Sida ahutilon L. and all the Botanists, but
with many varieties, perhaps species ? all an-
nual with small yellow flowers.

Var paliistris. Stem 2 to 6 feet, leaves
crenulate, peduncles triflore, 2 sterile. Swamps
of Carolina. Vernal. Elliot,

Var. ruderale. Stem 2 to 6 feet, leaves
nearly entire, peduncles 3-5flore. Common
among rubbish, in woods and old dry fields
from New England to Kentucky. Estival.

Var. unijlorum Raf. Stem pedal or less,
simple, few leaves, nearly entire, peduncles
uniflore, or only one flower. In waste grounds,
rare.

Whether our American varieties are identic
with those of Europe, Sibiria, India &,c. is
doubtful: the European has stem 5 feet high,
large entire leaves, peduncles uniflore, calix
canaliculate &.c.

2. A. DECARPUM Raf. 8ida ahutiloides Ja-
quin. Lavatera ! Americana L — Tomentose,
leaves cordate acuminate, crenate, peduncles
uniflore as long aspetiols, 10 capsules 3 seeded.
--In South Florida, Stem 3-4 pedal. Hardly
different from some of the varieties above, but
capsules less on longer peduncle. Mistaken
for a Lavatera and deemed fruticose by Lin-
neus, a double blunder.

3. A. CRispuM Raf Sida crispa L. ifec, ap-
pears to differ from the others by white flowers.
a multilocular inflate cristate fruit: certainly
no Sida : Michaux and Elliot did not s ee it,
must be examined again. It probably belongs
to Cristaria. Leaves oblong cordate, acu-
minate and crenate. In Florida and Baha-
ma.

ACAKIA. 41

The Sida rhombifolia, S. stellata, S. vir-
gata^ S. cardajiisea, must belong to Dia-
desma, which see. The authors enumerate
120 species of this Genus, improperly blended.
Anoda and Cristaria of Cavanilles have been
properly separated ; while Napea of Linneus
has been very improperly united to it. Other
Genera are hidden in the jumbled Sidas. The
true Ahutilon has calix not 5angular, nor pe-
tals obliquate as in Dladesma and Sida,

ACAKIA Adanson who spelt Akakia, but
mispelt Acacia by Wildenow, which being pro-
nounced Acasia becomes blended with Cassia !
One of the many genera blended with Mimo-
sa by Lin. We know already 14 Sp. of Mi-
mosas in N. America, which may as well be
enumerated here at once. They are rare
plants in herbals, because difficult to dry, the
leaves falling in the process. Eaton has only
7 species.

1. AcAKiA FARNESiANA Wildcnow Slc. In
Louisiana, native.

2. A. JULiBRisiN. W. native of Asia, but
naturalized in Carohna, Virginia and as far
north as Philadelphia in gardens. Beautiful
tree 20 to 25 feet high, splendid when in bloom.
Pods flat as in Darlingtonia, probably a partic-
ular genus. Julihrisin arhorca R.

3. A. LUTEA Leavenworth, (Eaton.) In Al-
abama, pods ovate, differ from farnesiana by
unarmed, folioles numerous and pod ovate.

4. A. cooLEYi Eaton. A. anomyma ! To-
rey W. pi. 106. Leaves bipinnate, very irrita-
ble, flowers capitate white, legumes long li-
near smooth. In Arkansas.

AcAKiA has the pods unilocular and bivalve,
Ftrait. Amosa of Necker.

42 ACAKIA.

Mimosa has pods multilocular by transverse
partitions. 2. Sp.

Darlimgtonia Dec. pods unilocular bivalve,
flat often falcate. 5 Sp.

ScHRAJ^KiA. Wild, pods unilocular quadri-
valve. 2 Sp.

5. Mimosa pudica L. which is said by Bar-
tram to grow spontaneous in Louisiana, deemed
a weed ; but perhaps it is another Sp. see fl
JLud 445.

6. Mimosa chionacantha Raf. fl. lud. 331.
M. ehurnea Robin. Perhaps not even a Mi-
mosa, altho' the fruit is similar ; but the flowers
are different.

M. pudica typical Sp, has cal. trifid, no co-
rolla, 3 or 4 stamens; but this Sp. cal. and
corolla irregular, many stamens : therefore
type of another Genus Eburnax, Raf fruti-
cose cespitose aculeate, spines gemimate diver-
gent strait snowy lucid, heads of flowers glo-
bose, pods strait terete glutinose. — Sandy
fields of Florida and Louisiana.

7. Darlingtonia glandulosa Dec. Mimosa
Mx. Acacia W &c. Pods strait.

8. D. iLLiNOENSis Dec. Mimosa Mx. Acacia
hrachyloha W. Mg. &c. The Acacia mia-
onensis of Don & Mg. Cat, is perhaps this Sp.
also, and their A, divaricata of Carolina the
glandulosa ; both undescribed, but made out
distinctly by Mg. I found at the falls of the
Cumberland R. in Kentucky, one of these, but
without flower nor seed in September.

9. D. INTERMEDIA Torrcy W. pi. 107, good
description, copied by Eaton, on Arkansas R.

10, D. BREViFOLiA Raf. Herbaceous, inerme,
stem 4angular striated, leaves very short bipin-
nate by 3 pairs of 10 to 12 folioles oblong

ACALYPHA. 43

acute pubescent ; pods unequal linear contor-
ted, end hooked. — In West Louisiana and
Texas, small plant, minute leaves and flowers
in peduncled head. Figure in Autikon rare. 14.

11. D. ViRGATA Raf. fl. lud. 444. Acacia.
Mimosa Virgata Bartram. Stem erect,
branches virgate, leaves bipinnate ; pods ob-
long on long peduncles, and lunate broad flat
contorted. — On the shores of Florida, Herba-
ceous perennial, flower of a pale greenish yel-
low. Omitted by all our botanists.

12. ScHRANKiA Wild. Nuttal wrongly says
only one species known ! Eaton joins to it the
M. sensitiva of the hot houses ! the type is the
M. quadrivalvis of Linneus, which includes se-
veral Sp. of which I give two. —

13. S. UNCINATA W. M. intsia Walter, M
horridula Mx. Prickles hooked, branches an-
gular, leaves bipinnate, peduncles geminate,
pods oblong (Elliot) linear terete (Mx.) prick-
ly — Virginia to Florida. Well described by
Elliot, flowers purple, vernal.

14. S. 3IEXICANA Raf. M. 4:-valvis L. Hous-
ton fig. Prickles hooked, branches quadrangu-
lar, leaves bipinnate, partial ternate, pedun-
cles axillary, pods linear subulate 4 angular
prickly. — In Mexico sea shores, and probably
in Texas.

ACALYPHA of Linneus, Cupameni of
Adanson. Genus well known and natural,
well described by the authors, who have adopt-
ed the good linnean name, rather than the ma-
labaric name of Adanson. It is a tropical and
Asiatic Genus extending to North America.
Persoon has 38 Sp. (Linneus had only 5) and
there are more, since only two arc admitted of
N. A. out of the whole. I have ascertained 9 at

44 ACALYPHA.

least. Being an unsightly Genus, it is neglected by
the Botanists; but many other Sp. exist per-
haps in Florida and the South: few of them
know well their 2 species, and blend them con-
tinually ' in herbals, having united 3 species in
A. Virginica. All have alternate leaves.

1. A. VIRGINICA L. or A. CRENULATA Raf.

Stem erect, nearly simple, pilose ; leaves longer
than petiols, oblong-lanceolate, crenate obtuse
pubescent punctate : flowers axillary few mon-
oical, shorter than petiols, involucre crenate. —
From New England to Carolina. Pedal and
annual, leaves small uncial. Seen alive. Esti-
val. Capsule hispid.

Figures. Autikon. Raf. 21.

2. A. BREviPEs Raf. Hardly pubescent,
stem erect angular simple; leaves on very
short petiols, narrow lanceolate, acute, nearly
entire: flowers axillary, few monoical, involu-
cre laciniate. — N. Jersey to Alabama and Ken-
tucky. Annual 3 to 6 inches high. The A.
virginica of many Botanists. Seen alive since
1804. Estival, capsule hispid.

Figures. Autikon. Raf 22.

Var. Linearis. Leaves ijearly linear and en-
tire.

Var. puhescens^ stem and petiols hairy, leaves
lanceolate, A. Virginica Michaux.

3. D. DivARicATA Raf. Pubescent, branches
opposite divaricate ; leaves on short petiols,
ovate obtuse crenate ; flowers axillary few mo-
noical, equal to petiols, involucres sessile, laci-
niate. Virginia, Kentucky &.c. annual spread-
ing 1 or 2 feet, Estival, seen alive.

A, Virginica of some Botanists. Capsule
hispid.

Figures. Autikon Raf. 23

ACALYPHA. 45

4. A. RHOMBoiDEA Raf. nearly smooth, stem
virgate nearly simple ; leaves on long petiols
ovate rhomboidal, acute, serrate ; Involucre pe-
dicellate, laciniate, shorter than petioles, flow-
ers monoical caps, hispid. — Pennsylvania to
Ohio, Alleghanies &.c. annual, estival, pedal.

A. caroUniana of Michaux and all our Bo-
tanists except Walter and Elliot. Eaton says
Darlington was the first to find it North ; but
Muhlenberg and I found it in 1802, deemed
then the same as the next.

Figures. AutikonRaf 24, Lamark tab 780.

5. A. CAROLiNiANA Walter, Elliot. Stem
strait hairy, leaves on long petiols, oval lance-
olate 3 or 5 nerved, pilose, acuminate, serrate,
base subcordate, spikes axillary and extra, mo-
noical, involucres sessile laciniat©, capsules
echinate. — Carolina and Florida. Annual, Es-
tival. Leaves large 2 or 3 inches, involucre
small, spikes elongate 2-4 inches : totally dif-
ferent from last, this might be called A. echina-
ta. Elliot was doubtful of the Genus.

6. A. URTiciFOLiA Raf. Stem erect angular
grooved smooth ; leaves ample ovate acute on
long pubescent petiols, base acute, serrate, tri-
nerve with a few hairs : flowers axillary mono-
ical, 2-3 involucres laciniate or palmate, ciliolate,
capsules scrobiculate or dotted, smooth. In
West Kentucky and Tennessee, discovered in
1818. Sesquipedal, estival, annual. Near the
last, but smooth, leaves with only a few ad-
pressed hairs above, flowers not in spikes, few,
and capsules with sunken dots. Seen alive.

Figure Autkon Raf. 25.

7. A. DiGYNEiA Raf. fl. Louis. 369. Stem
herbaceous ramose tomentose, leaves petiolate,
oblong lanceolate, dentate, villose : involucres

46 ACANTHUS.

flat ciliate, 2 pistillate flowers on the peduncle
of the staminate flower. — In Louisiana, stem
2 feet, flowers axillary only 3, authers almost
in a spike. No figure.

8. A. FRUTicuLosA Raf. fl. Louis. 368. Shrub-
by, branches divaricate, rufous tomentose,
leaves petiolate ovate dentate : involucres invo-
lute unequally dentate, a single pistilate and
staminate flowers. — In Louisiana, stem 2 feet,
with many slender branches, flowers axillary
geminate. No figure.

These two last species neglected by our Bo-
tanists, are very distinct and approximate to
the tropical species. Linneus states his A,
virginica to grow in Jamaica and Ceylon,
quoting the figures of Brown and Plukenet ;
they must apply to other kinds, which may be
called

9. A. JAMAicENsis Raf. Fruticose, leaves
ovate-lanceolate longer than petiols, serrate,
scabrous: Spikes axillary, involucre multifid
(Lin.) but cordate crenate (Brown) — In Ja-
maica and perhaps in Florida, shrub 4 to 5
feet high. See Brown, Lunan and Jamaica au-
thors. Very different from all ours, perhaps 2
Sp.there.

10. A. ZEYLANICA Raf. In Ceylon, certainly
more distinct yet, but I have no materials at
hand on it.

ACANTHUS of Lin. Genus foreign to N.
America, the following doubtful species may be
a Pedicularis.

A. RUBENS, Raf fl. Louis. \ 104. Leaves
inerme soft, clasping, broadly sinuate. — In
Louisiana near New Orleans ! A. mollis Ro-
bin. Stem 3 to 4 feet, flowers pale red.
^ Var Minor smaller, leaves deeper sinuate,
flowers remote

L.. '' ■ " ACER. 47

ACER ; pronounce Aker not Aser. Of the
useful maples, I hardly need give a Monograph,
as they are so well known, and the G. Negun-
dium is now separated, except by Eaton and
such incorrect botanists. Yet some Sp. are not
yet well settled, Nuttal unites the A. glahrum
with A. circinatum Pursh : the A. coccineutn
Mg. is only a variety of A. ruhrum; manySp.
are blended as A, sacharinum because they
produce sugar.

A singular blunder has prevailed for this
Genus. All trees are feminine in Latin, what-
ever be the gender of the generic name : thus
we say Quercus alba, Salix nigra, Lirioden-
dron tulipifera <fec. but in some neutral names
like this we make the species neutral also ! I
never could find a botanist or latin scholar to ex-
plain the cause or propriety of this contradiction.

See Michaux, Elliot, Nuttal, Eaton Slc. for
the species ; but I may present a better view of
them divided into six sub Genera.

I. EvoTRiuM Raf. Polygamous. Calix 5 fid,
petals 5, stamens 8, fruits smooth flowers in
racemes, leaves lobed, A, tstriatum, 2. A, spica-
turn.

II. Sacharodendron Raf. Polygamous. Cal.
5fid bearded, no petals? Stamens 6 to 10, fruits
smooth, flowers fasciculate, leaves lobed. 3. A.
sacharinum, 4 A. harhaturn, 5 A, nigrnm, 6
A. circinatum, Pursh glahrum, Torey.

III. Clinotrox (old name) Polygamous. Cal.
petaloid smooth 8-12 parted, no petals, stamens
4 to 6, with a globular gland at the base of each,
fruits smooth, flowers agregate with a scaly in-
volucre, leaves lobed. 7. A. ruhrum, and the
Var. Coccineum Mg.

IV.Eriocarpum Rvif. Polygamous. Cal. mem-

48 ACER.

branous 5 toothed, no petals, stamens 4 to 6
without glands, fruit hairy, flowers glomerate,
leaves palmate or angular. 8 A. dasycarpum,
and a N. Sp. from Oregon.

9. A. viRGATUM Raf. many stems and branch-
es virgate, leaves on long petiols, rounded an-
gular crenate acute. — Mentioned by Lewis and
Clarke as a small white maple, bark white :
perhaps another Var of A. circinatum, but our
white maple is the dasycarpum. Seen dry,
without flowers.

V. Negundo or Negundium Raf 1808. Dec.
Beck. Dioical, without complete flowers. Cal.
minute 4-5 dentate, no petals, anthers 4 to 5
sessile, fruit smooth, flowers racemose pendu-
lous, leaves pinnate or ternate. 10. A. or N.
fraxinifolmm,\en.\es ternate and pinnate, fo-
lioles unequallyjdentate, the lasttrilobed. — 11 A.
or N. TRiFOLiATUM Raf. fl. Tex. 8. leaves ter-
nate, folioles ovate oblong entire, smooth, acute,
the last Sdentate. — In Texas and Arkansas,
branches green, flowers 4androus. Seen dry.
figure Autikon rare. Ic. N. Sp. — 12 A. or N.
lobatum Raf. leaves nearly simple, triparted or
trilobed, sublaciniate. Apalachian Mts. Seen
alive, figure Autikon rare. Ic. N. Sp.

VI. Sphendamus Raf. (old name) Dioical,
Cal. 6 parted, no petals, stamens 9, long hairy,
fruits hairy ? flowers in erect racemes, leaves
digitate. 13. A. ^nacrophylum Pursh. leaves
digitate hairy beneath, segments trilobed, re-
pand dentate. In Oregon, and another N. Sp.
or Var. 14. A. palmatum Raf. leaves wide
palmate, 5parted, smooth, segments 3 or 5 fid,
lobed and dentate. On the R. Oregon, leaves
on long petiols equal to leaves, they are broader
than long, 12 inches wide, 8 long. A tree 40
feet high. Seen dry. fig. Ic. N. Sp.

ACER., 49^

By Hooker account the Sp'fendamtis or A.
fnacrofjhijhim has Ca!. smooth oval, 5 petals
obovate, 10 Stamens hairy at base, flowers yel-
low fragrant. He ha^ properly described the
A. circinatiim and it must form a 7th Subgenus,
as follow.

VII. Antadenium Raf flowers corymbose
trioical polygamous Cal. 5[id hirsute, 5 oetals
crisp linear, carnose disk, 5 glands opposite to
petals and one pistil in fertile flowers, 8 Sta-
mens and 2 pistils in sterile flowers.

Our Maples present then many anomalies in
their flowers, and are only united by their two
winged fruit. They form now a peculiar fa-
mily, akin to the Frarlnus. These Sections
will soon become as many Genera of it ; they
must be compared with the European and Asia-
tic Sp.

ACER-OTIS Raf 1817 meaning Ears
without horns, bad because compound of 2
other genera, a tree and a bird : Same as
ACER-ATEs Elliot 1820 (no horns) quite as bad,
derived from Acer, and there is another Aceras
beside^ among Orchidea, 3 mistaken names!
I have changed mine to Otanema, which See

ACHANIA Aiton and correct botanists,
Malva-msciis ! of Cavannilles, Nuttal and
other incorrect botanists, as if a Sp. of Maha
Differs from Hibiscus by berry Sseeded. Not
in Eaton.

1. A. MALVAviscus Ait. Hibiscus do L.
Louisiana and Texas.

2. A. MOLLIS Ait. In Florida. Both seen
alive in gardens.

3. A. FLORiDANA Raf Malvci-viscus do
Nnttal. Herbaceous, hirsute, leaves cordate
ovate crenate in short petiols, peduncles nod-

7

50 ACHILEA.

(ling. — In Florida, small leaves and flowersv
near to A. pilosa. Seen dry.

ACHILLEA. Weil known natural Genus,
which has been increased to 7 N. American
species.

L A. MILLEFOLIUM. L. the common yarrow
or milfoil, see my medical flora : our American
Sp. is not introduced, it has been deemed pecu-
liar by some botanists, having stronger medical
properties,and it has produced several varieties,
that are becoming species ! All in Autikon.

Var. 7'osea, with rose colored flowers.

Var. carnea, flowers of a pale flesh color.

Var. pumila. Dwarf, 4 to 6 inches high.

Var temiifolia. Leaves nearly glabrous, with
slender well divided segments, almost pecti-
nated.

2. A. GRACILIS Raf. fl. texensis 12. Stem slen-
der stiated, leaves remote, narrow smooth, lower
petiolated recurvate, pinnate, folioles narrow
laciniate, corymb small glomerate. — In Arkan-
sas and Texas, only inches high, fl. white.

3. A. PTARMICA, doubtful, seen by few botan-
ists, undescribed: perhaps same as 7.

4. A. SETACEA, near gracilis, differs by
leaves mucronate pilose.

5. A. LANULOSA Nuttal. A. tomentosa Pursh
not Wildenow nor Hooker. Silky, segments
crowdetl, corymb composite. In Missouri and
Oregon.

6. A. ASPLENiFOLiA. Pursli, kuowu by ob-
tuse segments.

8. A. MiJLTiFLORA Hookcr. Ptarmica Rich-
ardson. Stem erect, leaves long lanceolate ser-
rate pinnatif, segments serrulate, nearly smooth,
corymb composite, rays very short. In North
Canada. Is it the ptarrhica of Newyork ?

ACHLYS.

51

ACHLYS Dec. Hooker. Leontice triphy-
ia Smitli, certainly a peciilitir genus. Cal. o.
Cor. o. Many naked stamens around a naked
pistil, anthers bilabiate bilobe, stigma sessile
oblique concave, fruit monosperm. Put by
Hooker next to Leontice, by Dec. next to Jeff-
ersotiia, unlike either except in habit and anth-
ers. Nearer to Diphylleia, differing by the
many naked stamens, — A. triphyla Dec. H.
Radical leaves with long petiols, 3 sessile foli-
oles flabellate, reticulate, repand sinuate : Scape
with a spike ot white flowers. Perennial. N.
W. America.

ACHRAS SAPOTA L. said to grow in South
Florida and Texas : see medical flora vol, 2

ACHYRANTHES, Our Sp. of this Genus
appear to form a peculiar Genus indicated by
Elliot, see Steiremis. The genera akin Gom-
phrena, lllecebriim, Celosia are yet in great
<Jonfusion like this; see Adoketon, Phylepi-
dum, Xerandra of mine, and Pliiloxerus.

The A. repens of Elliot was a Gomphrena
of Linneus.

AC3IELLA Richard, helepta Raf. Neog.
33. Differs from Heliopsis by Perianthe sim-
ple, or nearly so. The seeds in both are ob-
ovate, and truncate without teeth : leaves oppo-
site, flowers peduncled, autumnal, yellow rays,
disk blackish.

I. Subgenus. Erpota, Raf. Perianthe 12 seg-
ments, rays 5 to 12 tridentate, seeds compres-
sed, sub4gone, chaff obovate. Creeping plants
annual ?

I. A. Repens Persoon &c. Anthernis do.
Walt. Spilanthiis do, Mx. Well described
by Elliot. Creeping, leaves oval-lanceolate too-
thed, trinerve, peduncles long axillary terminal,
rays about 12. — In Carolina.

>>-5 ACMELLA.

2. A. NUTTALiANA Raf A. occidentcdis Nut-
al. Creeping, leaves ovate crenate petiolate
hardly trinerve, rays 5 to 8. — Louisiana, peri-
anthe minute. The occidentalis of South
America has the seeds terete, 5 rays , leaves
large trinervate serrate, stem erect, 5 entire
rays: it was the Anthemis trhiervis of L.

II. Sub. G. Helepta. Perianthe equal seg"
ments 10 to 12, rays 6 to 12, narrow, nearly en-
tire, seeds 4 gone not compressed, chaff setac-
eous — Plants erect of ten simple and iiniflorCj
leaves petiolate trinervate^ Perennial.

3. A. nudicaulis Raf. stem sulcate smooth,
naked above uniflore, leaves ovate acuminate
serrate, base acute, rays 6 to 8 obtuse. — In
Cumberland Mts. and East Kentucky with all
the following. Stem bipedal, leaves roughish
.above, pale beneath, flower large. Seen alive.

4. A. FLAvicAULis Raf. Stem smooth striate
yellowish foliose, leaves ovate acute serrate,
dower nearly sessile, perianthe segments ovate
obtuse, rays 10 to 12 obliqualy retuse. — Bipedal,
leaves not pale beneath, flower large. Seen
alive.

5. A. PARviFOLiA Raf. Stem smooth sulcate,
leaves crowded at the base, small ovate acute
serrate, flower ped uncled, rays 6 to 8 retuse
notched. — Pedal, small leaves and flower, seg-
ments of perianthe lanceolate acute as in near-
ly all. Seen alive.

6. A. LANCEOLATA Raf Stem rough sulcate fo-
liose, leaves lanceolate acuminate serrate, flow-
er subsessile, rays 6 to 8 obtuse. — Over one foot,
leaves thin pale beneath, flower middle size with
broader rays. Seen alive.

I have united these plants to Acmella, altho'
the habit is very different from the others, near^

ACMISPON. 53

er HeUopsis. These 4 figured in my Autikon
U to 14.

ACMISFON Raf. Atl. jour, meaning jioint
hooked. Diifering from Trlgonella, Bticer-
ates, Platycarpos and Lotus. Even Torrey
said that it ought to be a genus, and Bentham
unites it to Hosaclda.

CaUx deeply 5 cleft, vexillum and wings equal,
pod stipitate smooth strait, compressed, swelled
and hooked at the point. Leaves ternate^S'dky ,

1. A. sERicEUM Raf Lotus do. Pui*sh, Tri-
gonella amerlcana, Nut. T. E. well described
by Nuttal, flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile.
From Missouri to Carolina, rare, probably 2 sp.
blended : both seen dry.

2, A. MULTiFLORUM Raf. pedunclcs axillary
and terminal, multiflore nearly in a spike or um-
bel. Missouri. Is not the Carolina plant this ?
or a peculiar sp ! Which is the Hosackia par-
shiana of Bentham 1 The true Hosackia have
pinnate leaves, pods cylindrical, keel rostrate
instead of tlie pods.

ACNIDA of Linneus. Genus better known
since Michaux corrected account, copied by all
our botanists except Elliot. But the original
A. canahlna L. is not known to our botanists;
they all mean that of Michaux. Linneus de-
scribed his species as follow. — A. canabina.
Root flexuose, stem white, petiols purplish
smooth, leaves pinnate velutlne., folioles 5 to
7 narrow acute, spikes axillary foliose, fl. fem.
cal. 2phyl. 5 styles. In Virginia salt marshes.
Such a plant with pinnate leaves cannot be of
this Genus. Could Linneus have described the
leaves of another plant mixt with Acnida flow-
ers ? Could this be over again his Dalisra hir-
ta found by no one since ? Sir James Smith

54 AC\[IDA.

the possessor of the Linnean herbarium has not
mentioned this curious fact.

1» A. OBTUSIFOLIA Raf. A. cannahina Mx.
and all hi.'^ copists. Stem angular solid, leaves
on long petiols, lanceolate, base acute, end ob-
tuse, panicle of spikes foliose, bracts subsessile
capsules or fruits smooth with acute or obtuse
angles, (leaves lanceolate, capsules smooth with
acute angles Mx.) — In Virginia. As found fur-
ther North, it has broad lanceolate leaves, ob-
tuse entire, stem solid from 3 to 5 feet high, py-
ramidal, panicles foliose. Raf. Autikon. 4. Seen
alive.

Var. retusa. leaves notched at the end.

Var. pumila. Stem pedal simple, leaves lan-
ceolate.

Var. procera. Stem much branched, 5 feet
high.

2. A. sAociFOLiA Raf. 1817. Stem solid, an-
gular above, leaves on long petiols, narrow lan-
ceolate mucronate, panicles foliose, capsules
granular 5 unequal angles obtuse tuberculate. —
From Long Island to Ohio near streams. Stem
annual 2-4 feet high, leaves like willow. — Raf
Autikon 5. Seen alive.

3. A. RusocARPA Mx tab. 50. Stem fistular
angular lofty, leaves on short petiols, acute, ov-
al lanceolate, capsules rugose with obtuse an-
gles. The place of growth not mentioned,
stem thick, 6 to 8 feet high, leaves acute at both
ends.

4. A. ELLTOTi Raf. A. cannahina Elliot.
Stem subfistular, slightly angular, leaves on long
petiols, ovate lanceolate, subcrenulate, acute ;
panicle naked, capsules with 3 to 5 angles ob-
tuse or acute, slightly rugose. — Banks of
streams in Carolina and Florida. Stem 4 to 8

ACONITUM.

55

feet high, leaves 2 to 5 inches long, petiols 1 to
3 inches. The only sp. found by Elliot who
was doubtful about it.

ACONITUM. This singular natural genus
of all the botanic d writers, is far from being
w ell understood : we see by DecandoUe and
Smith that many doubtful species exist ! and
that our A. iincinatum is a triple species! many
kinds grow in Oregon as in Siberia, and I am
able to present some of them.

A. UNciNATum L. Smith. Elliot. Stem near-
ly twining downy, leaves smooth, base truncate^
3 to 6 lobes 3dentate, 3nerve acute, flowers
clustered, pedicles ramoses lax downy, 2 oblong
bracts, hood unguiculate convex rostrate, wings
round hairy 3 to 5 capspules. — This is the origi-
nal linnean sp. described by Smith in Sup. to
Rees Cyclopedia, from the linnean herbarium,
and the specimen sent by Bartram, collected in
the AUeganies, not near Philadelphia as stated
by L. Smith quotes the figure of Curtis Mag,
1119. The flowers are large violet color,
known to few botanists. The description of El-
liot appears to agree.

2. A. scANDENS Raf. Stem climbing very lof-
ty, leaves trifid, flowers small in axillary pani-
cles — At the peaks of Otter in Virginia, merely
indicated by Pursh as a variety, but quite dis-
tinct : growing 9 feet high.

3. A. FLEXuosuM Raf Smooth, stem erect
flexuose, leaves palmate 3 or 5fid, lobes rhom-
boidal lanceolate acute, hood conical rostrate —
High Mts. Unaka of Carolina, flowers blue.
A. Iincinatum, of Michaux and Eaton.

4. A. TRiiNCATUM Raf Stem erect flexuose
smooth multiflore, leaves glaucous beneath,
broadly truncate at the base, trilobe, lobes ob-

56 ACONiTU3I.

long acute, entire or bifid or 2-4 serrate pe-
duncles divaricate ebracte 2-4 flore, hood
convex lower petals ciliate outside — In West
Kentucky and Illiriois, pedal, upper leaves near-
ly sessile, lobes nearly entire at right angle,
flowers small on pedicels, violet purple. Seen
alive. Autikon 3. Perhaps the real type of
A. jlexuosuin and A. divergens.

5. A. mvKRGENs llaf. Smooth, stem nearly twi-
ning with (livergesit branches, leaves coriaceous
deeply trilobed, flowers terminal 3 to 4, hood
conical, spur inclined twisted, capsules 3 — In
mountain swamps of the Alleghanies, flowers
large purple, leaves with 3 equal lobes — A. un-
cinatam Dec. Torrey, Beck. A. voluhile
Muhlenberg.

6. A. coRDATUM Raf. Smooth, stem erect
flexuose, nearly simple ; leaves en long petiols
cordate palmate, 5 lobed, clefts acute, lobes un-
equal oblong broad and bifid or trifid acute mu-
cronate ; flowers terminal on long pedicels 2 to
5, hood convex conical, petals elliptic, capsules
3 — In Ohio and Kentucky in rich woods ; about
one foot high, flowers large deep blue : very
rare. Undescribed till now, sent to Europe ^by
me as the A. uncinatum of my florula Kent.
Seen alive 1818.

Var. Bijlorum, semipedal, 3 leaves, 2 flow-
ers. Cumberland Mts. Figures, Autikon rar.
1 — Icones n. sp. 1.

7. A. NAPELLus L. Said by Muhlenberg to
grow in Virginia, and by Hooker to grow in O-
regon. Bartram found it in his travels in Flo-
rida, but he meant probably another sp. Ours
undescribed as yet.

8. A. FiscHERi Reichenberg. ill. ac. 22. A.
nasutum Fischer, Spr. Hooker, Eaton, Seringe

Leaves broadly laciniate, raceme paniculate, hood
conconical, spur bent, nectaries erect — In Oreg-
on and Kainskatka, different from the A. nas-
vtuin of South Europe.

9. A. oREGoissENSE Raf. Smooth erect,
segments digitate, Sparted, segments pinnatifid,
narrow acute; Hs. racemose erect, hood conical
very obtuse, spur strait-In Oregon, stem simple
1 or 2 feet, flowers large blue 5 to 10. Compare
with A. kelleri of Siberia. Seen alive in gar-
dens.

Figures, Autikon rar. 2. — Ic. N. Sp. 2.

10. A. DELPHINIFOLIU3I Decaudolc. Stem
erect downy above ; leaves with many pinaati-
fid segments, raceme few flowered, hood con-
vex acute. — On some Islands of the N. W.
Coast. Stem to 20 inches high. Called var.
Aniericnnam^ and two other var. deemed vari-*
eties of A. napelluc^ by Hooker.

ACORUS, well known Genus, which I have
increased to G species. 1. A, veras of Asia. — =
2. A. gramlneus of China. 3. A. Eiuropeiis
in raed. fl. page 2, with three American species.

1. A. AMERicANus Raf. mcd. fl. fig. 1. Leaves
and scapes broad gladiate, scape longer ; spa-
dix submedial lateral, capsules oblonsr acute. —
From Canada to Missouri and Virginia. Esti-
val, 2 or 3 feet high.

2. A. FLORiDANLs Raf. A. calamus Elliot
&LC. Leaves broad gladiate longer, scape shor-
ter, triangular, one side concave, sunnnit gladi-
ate ; spadix near the end, stamens exserted
capsules oval obtuse. — Florida to Carolina. — =
Sca-pe only one foot high, fl. vernal.

3. FLEXuosus Raf. fl. tex. 29. Leaves grami-
niform narrow shorter, scape longer flc'xuose
triangular, one side concave, end like leaf; spa-

8

58 ACROANTIIES.

dix medial. — Texas to Tennessee, dwarfish,
one foot high, vernal. Autikon rar. Ic. n. sp.

ACROANTHES Raf. 1818, Dcxvaux 1810.
Mierostylis Nuttal 1818 ! Beck 1833 ! Lindley
Gray . . . Malaxis sp. Michaux and authors.
Ophrys Lin ... A very distinct Genus by habit
and liowers, ascertained by me since 1802, na-
med and described ten years before Nuttal's
subgenus, since made a Genus, by others who
have neglected to restore my previous name,
meaning nncolortdfioicers.

Orchid ea with hulbose root, stem icith a
medial sheathing leaf, raceme with bracts and
scattered minute green flowers. — Sepals nar-
row connivent, the two inner narrower; lip
erect cuculate, dilatate: Column minute bear-
ing 2 anthers terminal annexed. Gray says one
anther with 2 cells and 4 pollens. Nuttal said
2 unequal anthers, one with a single pollen!
which must be by abortion. Capsules globose,
often abortive.

1. AcR. LAxiFLORA Raf. unifoUa 1808. —
Malaxis unifolia Mx. ophioglossoides Pers.
Mierostylis ophioglossoides N. Beck Slc. —
Stem harly angular, leaf ovate subcordate acute
raceme oblong and lax, peduncles filiform ; se-
pals linear, inner filiform, lip emarginate tooth-
ed in the middle. — From Newyork to Carolina,
rare, Estival, in shady groves under trees. —
Stem 6 to 10 inches high, flowers greenish. —
Seen alive 1802. Figures in Pluk. aim. 435. f.
4 and my Autikon 41. Ic. rar. 60.

2. AcR. oBTTJsiFOLiA Raf. Scape angular,
leaf cordate elliptical obtuse, raceme lax elong-
ate, peduncles filiform ; sepals oblong, inner lin-
ear, lip furcate or hastate, toothed in the mid-
(]le. — In Alabama and Georgia, probably the

ACROSTICHU^r. 59

plant of Elliot. My specimen is 10 inches, the
leaf large and broad, sheathing the stem, which
has two other sheaths at the base, bracts small
squamiform round. Autikon 42. Ic. 61.

3. AcR. ACUMINATA Raf. Microstijlis bra-
chypoda Gray. Stem triangular, two angles
winged, leaf ovate (acute?), raceme elongate
slender, pedicels short adpresssed ; sepals oblong
inner linear, lip hastate, trilobe, 2 lobes rounded
middle one acuminate. — Shady swamps of On-
eida and Herkimer in New York. Estival,
stem 2 to 6 inches. Deemed akin to the next
European sp. by Gray ; which I add to show the
distinction.

AcR. ciLiFOLiA Raf Opiirys cilifolia &. O.
fnonophylos L. Malaxis Persoon, Microstylis
Lindley. Stem triangular, leaf ovate acute
ciliolate, raceme slender as long as stem, pedi-
cels short patent, sepals ovate, inner lanceolate
lip entire concave acuminate. — Swamps of Prus-
sia and the Alps. Perhaps two sp. are even
blended here ; but I have no materials to dis-
tinguish them properly : let the European bota-
nists do so; but restore my genus Acroanthes
1808 adopted by Desvaux.

ACROSTICHUM, this linnean genus is now
distributed into 14 Genera, since Smith and
Wildenow reform of the ferns ! Woodsia, Schi-
zea and Woodwardiu belonged once to it ! the
A. lanceolatum is become the Nephrodium ac-
rostichoides of India, not ours, both of my ge-
nus Synotelis. His A. platineuron is our As-
plenium ebeneum. His A. polypodioides is our
Polypodium incanum — A, ilvense is Woodsia
— A. oreolatum is Woodwardia — A. lineatum
Mg. is Schizea Pusilla ?

>/

GO ACTAEA.

Our only sp. left in it has even probably been
mistaken for another.

1. A. MAiiiTiMvyili,3.f, A. aureumMx. Pursh
Pinnate, smooth, pinnules stipitate oblong entire
obtuse or acute. — Sea shore of Florida, large
fern, unligured as yet, compare with next again,

2. A. AUREUM L, (Bogs of Antilles , often fig-
ured) gigantic fern 5 to '0 feet high, pinnate,
pinnules sessile cuneiform oblong oblique obtuse,
veins reticulated. The Ongpi of Sumatra uni-
ted to this, is a third sp.

ACTAEA Linneus united thereto sp. with
capsule instead of berry, other botanists have
united Cimicifuga with it, having many cap-
sules ! a double blunder. The real Actaeas
have a real berry, not opening. We have two
sp. distinguished by me since 1802 ; but Muh-
lenberg prevented me to publish them, because
both deemed then var. of Actea spieata : while
Bigelow has published them since as peculiar.
The blue berry species is the Caulophylum.

1. A. RUBRA Raf. Big. hrachypetala Sl am--
ericaua of others. Petals acute shorter than
stamens, last leaf trilobe, berries red. Deep
woods from Canada to Kentucky, and Carolina.

2. A. ALBA Raf. Big. Beck pachypoda Elli-
ot. Petals truncate longer than stamens, last
leaf ovate, berries white, 5 seeded on thick pe-
duncles often white also..— Canada to Carolina.
Leaves in both bi-triternate, flowers white ver-
nal, see med. fl. Seen ahve. Autikon.

Actea racemosa see Botrophis serpeutaria.

ACTINEA Jussieu or Actinella of Persoon,
adopted by our botanists, being identic with Ac-
tinia a genus of animals, was changed by me to
Ptilepida 1817, which see.

ACTIMERIS Raf. mispelt Actinomeris by
Nuttal, who proposed it. Well distinct from all

ACTIIVIERIS. Gl

the akin genera with winged stems, and my
Cauloma that has naked seeds. It has even
2 subgenera, and Auoincrls is (jviite distinct.

I. Oliglosis liaf. Perianthe iiniseriai, raj'^s 2
to 3, seeds marginate, alternate leaves.

1. A. SQUARROSA N. Coi'eopsis altermfoJia
L. Leaves scabrous, lanceolate serrate. — Can-
ada to Florida : several varieties ; but the Alba
iclthout rays, is a peculiar Genus ! Anomeris.

Var. procera, tall, 6 to 10 feet high, flowers
paniculate. Coreopsis procera Aiton.

Var. pancijlora, stem simple, few flowered,
leaves lanceolate^ serrate.

Var. serrulata, Stem simple few flowered,
leaves oblong lanceolate serrulate. — the A. pau
ciflora Nutal, hardly distinct from the last. —
Kentucky and Florida. All seen alive. Autikon.

The A. alata N. of Mexico, with opposite
leaves is probably congeneric with Verbesirm
siegesbeckia my G. AnffinaMha.

II. Megactelis Perianthe biserial 10 to 12,
seeds ha r illy marginate, leaves alternate sessile,
Perhaps belonging to my G. Canloma.

2. A. heliantiwicles N. Leaves lanceolate
acute serrate, hairy beneath, flowers coarctate,
perianthe linear lanceolate rays 9. — Ohio to
Louisiana. Seen alive.

3. A. Ellioti Raf A. helianthoides, E. Stem
and leaves scabrous, ovate lanceolate serrate
acute, flowers corymbose, perianthe oval, rays
10 to 12. — Georgia and Alabama. Stem 2 to 4
feet, terete winged. Seen dry.

ACTISPERMUMRaf. misspelt Aetinosper-
miun by Elliot, from Actijiea ! BaJdimia mul-
tlflora N. differs from BaJdtnna by perianthe
biserial not imbricate, perianthe with Ggone
Ctoothed cells, pappus simple starlike.

62 ADELIA.

A. MULTiFLORUM Raf. Smooth, multiflore,
leaves alterne sessile linear, perianthe acumi-
nate. Florida Slc. Well described by Nuttal
and Elliot.

ADELIA of Michaux and Brown, not of
Linneus, is Borya of Wildenovv 1805, and
Persoon, not Labillardiere 1804, yet adopted by
our botanists; but changed to Bigelowia, by
Smith 1820, not of Raf 1817. What a jum
ble of blunders ! yet must be changed again
or united to my Nudilus which see.

ADENARIUM Raf 1816, Dec. Differs
from Arenaria^ by having large glands inter-
posed between the v^tamens and a different ha-
bit. Honkenya of Erhart, not of Wildenow,
Another genus Adenaria of Kunth since, must
also be changed to Decadenium, Raf.

1. A. peploides, Raf. Arennria, do. L. Suf-
fruticose, leaves fleshy ovate acute subserrate.-r
Europe, Sea shore, seen dry.

2. A. Maritirmim Raf Holosteum succulen-.
turn L. Arenaria peploides of Amer. bota-
nists. Herbaceous dichotome, leaves fleshy o-
vate obtuse entire petals obovate— Atlantic shores
of N. America from New England to New Jer-
sey, in sand, flowers white, vernal, terminal and
in forks. Seen alive. Nuttal refers to this, the
American Holosteum of L. who must have
mistaken the glands for trifid petals, but he says
leaves elliptic. Figures Autikon. Ic. n. sp.

ADENOCAULON of Hooker, N. G. near
Tussilago, differing by naked seeds without
pappus. A. bicolor, stem glandular, leaves cor
date subtrilobe angulate dentate. From Oregon.
Akin to Acmella, differing by want of chaff in
the phoranthe.

ADENOGYNA Raf 1825. Type the Saxi^

ADIANTllUM. 63

fraga sarmentosa of Japan, introduced into
N. America, and spontaneous in Kentucky. —
Genus very distinct by petals unequal, 2 lower
longer, pistil glandular. See my monograph of
Saxifraga genus and tribe, including N. Gen.
Hemieva, jDitriclita, Steiranisia^ blended with
Saxifraga by HookeiS altho' as good genera as
his Eriogyna and LfptarJiena.

ADIANTHUM pedatum Raf Med. fl. tab.
2., the only tSp. well known to all botanists.

ADIKE Raf. 1815, An. Nat. ancient name
of some Nettles. A very peculiar Genus dis-
tinct from Urtlca, by perfect smoothness, and
pellucid stem and leaves, bearing in N. Ameri-
ca the peculiar names of Richwced, Coolweed,
and Clearweed, never nettles. My name mis-
spelt Adesia by Eaton ! I had spelt it Adicea,
I now restore the original Greek name of Dios-
corides.

Monoical, Calix similar in both, 3partite,
sepals linear thick obtuse or cylindrical, erect.
Stamens 3 elongate no nectary. Fertile fl. with
persistent calix, a sessile capitate stigma. Seed
ovate compressed — Habit annual, stem erect
thick, leaves opposite petiolate serrate, very
smooth, trinerve, flowers estival in axillary and
dichotome corymbs, Sometimes a fourth part
added; but the Genus does not depend so
much on number as the consimilar peculiar ca-
lix.

1. Ad. pumila Raf Urtica pumila L. stem
filiform dwarf, base naked, leaves ovate obtuse,
lower entire, upper deeply crenate-serrate with
an obtuse point, margin subciliolate, petiols
shorter than leaves : corymbs pauciflore short.
In the Alleghany Mts. and near Philadelphia at
Manayunk. Stem 2 to 5 inches, pellucid round

C4 ADLUJ^IIA.

leaves small, flowers fe jv. Liiineus says in Ca^
nada Aquosls, stem digital, i have tbunfl his
real sp. uiikno vvn to many botanists who mistake
the next lor it.

Var. 1. Minima, biuncial, few leaves on
short petiols. Figures, Autikon Raf.

3. A. GLABERIM4 Raf. Med. fl. {Urtica pu-
mila, Mx and all our botanists except Elliot.) —
Stem round fleshy pellucid ; leaves on long pe-
tiols, oval acuminate, lucid, serrate: corymbs
dichotomous multiliorc.—- The most common
species all over the U. States, stem one or
two feet high, thick often diaphanous ! leaves
large extremely smooth. — Var. nimosa, stem
and corymbs branched. — Autikon Raf.

3. A. LANCEOLATA Raf {JJrtlca pumila ¥A-
liot) stem obtusely quadrangular, fleshy and
branched ; leaves on long petiols, lanceolate
acuminate, serrate, with some hairs above ; co-
rymbs multiflore, some recurved. — Stem pedal
branching from the base. In Carolina, Elliot's
description is original ; but his diagnosis bor-
rowed to make it agree with the last.

4. A. RiioMBOiDEA Raf Stem round dwarf,
branched at the base ; leaves on long petiols,
ovate rhomboidal or subdeltoid, base entire, end
with obtuse point, sides crenate serrate not cili-
olate; corymbs multiflore often foliolate and
recurved.

In Kentucky, rare, stem 6 to 8 inches, near
to A pumila, but larger stem and leaves, peti-
ols equal to leaves except on branches. Seen
alive. — Figure, Autik. Raf.

ADLUMIA Raf 1808, Dec. Beck. Noticed
as a genus as early as 1804 in the garden of
the collector indium, and also iothe Alleghanies
at Peter's Mt. only mdicated in 1808, since well

ADOKETON, 65

established by Decandole and begining to be
adopted. Very distinct from Corifdalis by Cor-
olla bigibose by 2 spurs as in Dielytra, but 4
petals spungy and coalescent, persistent over
the pod.

A. ciRRHosA R. D. B. Fiimaria fungosa Al-
ton, JP. recta Mich. Corydalis of many botan-
ists. Scandent cirrhose, leaves decompound,
racemes laxiflore axillary. — In the Alleghanies
from M attawan Mts. to Apalachian Mts. Per-
rennial.

Var. rupestris. Trailing on rocks, leaves
cespitose.

Var. clalior. Traihng up trees 10 feet high,
leaves remote.

Var. tilha &/ rosea, with white or rose flow-
ers instead of usual pale incarnate. All seen
alive.

ADNARIA Raf. fl. lud. probably a subgenus
of the Codorolla or Vacciniums with bell flow-
ers which see.

ADOKETON Raf Mus. N. Sc. 1. Akin to
LaJiayea, distinguished as follows — petals en-
tire, stigma trilobe, capsule few seeded.

LaJiayea misspelt Hagea by Persoon (dedica-
ted to Lahaye) has petals emarginate, stigma
entire, capsule polysperme.

Both have Cal. 5ph. 5 petals, 1 style, cap-
sule unilocular, trivalve, trigone, seeds central.
Leaves opposite, — Nat. family of Dionidia.

1. A. UNIFLORUM Raf. Stem uniflore, leaves
ovate minute, calix and petals acute equal, —
On the summit of the Unaka Mts. of N. Car-
olina, one inch high, flower white vernal. Seen
dry, Ic. n. sp.

2. A. SAXATILE Raf. Mus. Nat. Sc. Mleceb-
rum alsinefolium Scopoli. Stem multiflore,
leaves oval acute, calix segments hooded, petals

66 ADONIS.

longer oblong obtuse, capsule 6 seeded — Rocks
of Mt. Gallo near Palermo, and in Spain. Seen
alive in 1812, described 1817.

ADONIS. Decandole has reformed this ge-
nus, the two linnean sp. being the type of two
sections, the annual having 6 to 8 petals con-
cave, style strait : the perennnial (Consiligo)
8 to 15 spreading flat petals, style hooked.

A. RiPARiA Raf. {A. autumnalis of N. A-
merica, wrongly deemed exotic) stem ramose
striate, leaves glaucous crowded tripinnate mul-
tifid, pinnules crowded linear, end trifid acute
flowers terminal, solitary sessile, petals 6 to 8
concave round. — Margins of streams. West
Kentucky to Louisiana, pedal, annual, flower
scarlet, base darker spotted. Real native. Au-
tikon.

A, autumnalis of Europe has stem slender,
leaves short, remote, flower pedicellate, petals
obcordate, and grows in fields.

ADORIUM Raf. fl. Miss. Marathrum Raf.
1819, N. G. 22, this name was very good ; but
Dec. having a Hipomarathrum which must
become Marathrum^ I have changed it for
greater accuracy. Both were Greek names of
umbelliferous. Humboldt has also another
Marathrum.

It differs from Seseli by involucres, involucels
5 leaves unilateral membranous, calix 5toothed,
petals ovate acuminate involute, fruit oblong,
angular striate. Leaves opposite, many sterile
flowers.

1. A. crassifolium Raf. Seseli divaricatum
Pursh, Nuttal. Branches divaricate, leaves thick
pinnatifid, peduncles rigid. — On the R. Mis-
souri. Well described by Nuttal, fl. yeflow ver-
nal. Seen dry. Figure in my Autikon rar.

ADOXA. 67

ADOXA MosciiATELiNA L. Said by Torrey
and Hooker, to grow in boreal America and the
Oregon mts. undescribed. My specimens
from Europe. Genus near to Panax and Ar-
alia.

ADVENTINA Raf. Radiate. Perianthe
globular 5 phyle, Sepals connivent equal ovate
acute. Phoranthe fiat chaffy. Rays 5 fertile,
equal small and opposed to sepals, ligules short
trilobe white, ovary and seed shut between the
sepals and internal palea or chaff, similar to se-
pals oblong and thus bivalved, style very short
bifid, pappus paleaceous multifid. Floscules of
the disk minute yellow complete, chaff lanceo-
late flat, corolla tubular 5toothed, stamens and
style inclosed, pappus campanulate multifid.—
Seeds black oblong compressed bivalved in rays,
oblong terete in disk. Leaves opposite, flowers
terminal.

1. PARviFLORA Raf. Stem slender branched
diffuse smooth, leaves petiolate ovate acute an-
gular dentate, lower rounder, upper nearly ses-
sile and entire ; flowers terminal lax — Growing
spontaneous for several years in the orchard
of Bartram's Garden, come with seeds from
the South. Annual, Estival, pedal. Leaves
thin smooth, flowers very small, white rays har-
dly exserted. Very different from any known
genus, nearest Achillea, but habit calix and seed
unlike. Named after its adventitious produc-
tion near Philadelphia. Probably a Florida
plant. Seen alive.

Figure Autikon 5, and Ic. n. sp. 5.

2. A. ciLiATA Raf. Stem thick pilose, tricho-
tome and dichotome, leaves petiolate ovate ser-
rate ciliate, flowers in forks or terminal subcor-
ymbose— Found with the last, but in a different

68 ADVENTINA.

place and season : smaller, but flowers larger.
Autumnal, annual, 6 to 10 inches high, hardly
ramose or nearly simple. Messrs. Carr owners
of Bartram's garden cannot account for the
spontaneous production of these plants and sev-
eral others in their garden.

Figure Autikon 6. Icon. n. sp. 6.

I must conclude here this beginning and mo-
del of a proper Lexicon of our N. American
Flora. To continue the whole Flora even in
this concise form, would fill several large vol-
umes. This specimen contains about 40 arti-
cles and Genera, whereof many are new, and
includes nearly 150 species, whereof many were
undescribed.

North America, excluding the Mexican States
contains probably 2000 Genera and 10,000 spe-
cies of trees and plants, exclusive of the Cel-
lular or Cryptogamic plants ; but including
Palms, Grasses and Ferns, Shrubs and Vines . .
Our Botanists know or admit of hardly more
than one half. Botanical Works are filled with
plants neglected by them, because rare and lit-
tle known. Our Herbals or Botanical Collec-
tions contain a crowd of plants as yet unnoticed
and undescribed. Baldwin's Herbarium has
been a Botanical mine for 20 years past, for Elli-
ot, Nuttal, Torrey, &.c. and will continue so a
long while. Nuttal will soon increase the Ore-
gon Western Botany by perhaps 1000 N. Sp. —
Whoever applies to the proper study of a single
Genus or family increases or doubles our know-
ledge of it. Torrey has lately increased our
Cyperacea alone to 25 genera and 326 species
and he has not exhausted this tribe ; but omit-

CONCLUSION. 69

ted many genera and synonyms.

Meantime my own Herbarium and Autikon
contains about 1200 New Genera and New Spe-
cies discovered and collected since 1802, but
chiefly from 1815 to this time; and whereof but
a small part has been published or indicated as
yet. It is therefore to these that I must apply
myself at first in order to make known my dis-
coveries and labors w itli the hidden wealth of
our Flora. I shall however at the same time
give many discriminating monographs of Fam-
ilies and Genera, to elucidate their critical and
correct knowledge.

The New trees and Shrubs of North Ameri-
ica which I have discovered and ascertained
might form a separate volume ; but 1 may add
them if practicable. As I have stated already,
arrangement is of little consequence now in
botanical works ; since every botanist changes
the serial order, by misunderstanding the real
steps of nature in organized vegetables. If I
was to offer a very elaborate series of real cor-
rected NATURAL ORDERS as I did in 1815, they
would be deemed improper by those who now be-
gin to dabble in them, and give us jumbled fam-
ilies without pectillar essential characters, and
without proper names, as they constantly go
on to do the same with Genera and Species.

I seldom was able to publish a botanical w ork
exactly as I wished in the proper style and plan.
I can only collect and afford new materials, ob-
servations and criticisms for better times or
moods. Yet my actual labor, is as much a Flo-
ra as that of Michaux or Pursh, since it includes
more new discoveries, and may only pass over
the wellknown and settled plants. But whene-
ver doubts or disparities occur, they will deserve

CONCLUSION to

my attention and critical investigation. The
40 articles of this Lexicon have already proved
how many striking mistakes and palpable errors
of Linneus, Michaux, Pursh, Hooker, Nuttal,
Beck, Eaton, Torrey, Elliot, and others exist
undetected and unnoticed by our writers and
compilers. At this rate the 2000 Genera will
afford 5000 similar blunders.

It is a weary and ungrateful task to revise er-
rors ; but it must be done : Since every expo-
sed error is equal to a discovery. I shall not
even spare my own, as we are all liable to them,
and we improve by age and experience. If all
would be as careful and as liberal as I am,
the science might soon cease to be involved in
hidden groups of neglected genera and species,
or in useless synonyms of mistaken plants, and
improper names.

Meantime in order to name properly my new
American plants, it has been needful to study
over again and revise many Genera and Natu-
ral families ; since several are yet in utter con-
fusion, by the usual practice of Botanists to refer
plants at random, and without attending to the
actual characters, to force them into genera
where they do not belong.

This arduous undertaking was indispensable,
and has led me to revise, reform, divide and fix
several natural families and a crowd of genera ;
but such a labor altho' connected with our Amer-
ican Botany, applies nevertheless to the whole
Globe, and has become my Synopsis Flora
Telluriana, or synoptical Mantissa of 2000
New Genera, Species, Orders, &c., which will
be the companion to this North American Flora,
and the complement of my Botanical researches.

Being in hope of obtaining the Herbarium of
my late friend Z. Collins, which contains many

CONCLUSION. 71

new and rare plants collected by himself, besides
Kin, Boyken, Baldwin, Nuttal, Elliot, Ware,
Leconte, Schweinitz, &.c., from Florida and Ar-
kanzas to Labrador, I may find there additional
materials for this Flora ; therefore, the delay
that may occur in the publication of the num-
bers, will be compensated by the additional new
plants I may be able to describe.

I shall either continue to give monographs of
some remarkable or rich genera, beginning with
Knhnia, Gentiana, Lechea, Hypericum^ Slc,
or I may give series of new Species from inte-
resting localities.

I may also pay particular attention to our
New Genera, many of which are improperly
referred as yet to akin Genera.

As to the Natural Orders of our Plants, my
general views and examples have been given in
my preface, and will be found in the Introduc-
tion to the Flora Telluriana.

It is again recommended to our Botanists to
study well the natural affinities and disparities
of Genera and Species, both of which they have
often heretofore either neglected or overlooked.

72

NEW GENUS OLSYNIUM.

A very fine New Genus from Oregon, has
been blended with Shnjrinchium by the Enghsh
Botanists, which I have called Olsynium, mean-
ing hardly united. It differs by the Corolla
campanulate, the long free stamens only united
at the base, 3 stigmas &.c, and belongs to the
same natural family of Galaxidia, distinguished
from Iridia by stamens not quite free.

OLSYNIUM. Corolla of 6 petals campanu-
late, each oblong, striate. Stamens 3, filaments
free and subulate, base contracted above the
united base. Style elongate, stigmas 3 acute.
Ovary and fruit as in Siryrinchium. Roots
fibrose, leaves sheathing, spatha bivalve, biflore.

Olsynium grandiflorum Raf. Siryrhichi'
um grandiflorum. Douglas in Bot. register
1634. Bot. magazine 3509. Stem compressed,
leaves shorter, acute, spatha unequal margin
membranose, flowers twin drooping deep purple.

A lovely and graceful plant, discovered at the
falls of Oakanagan on the Oregon River. It
is hardy, flowers vernal large, nearly two inches,
but never spreading flat as in Siryrinchium.

NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

MONOGRAPH
OF THE GENUS KUHNIA,

WITH REMARKS.

BY PROF. C. S. RAFINESaUE.

OCTOBER 1836.

This curious Genus has appeared to puzzle
many Botanists, the species being rare and lo •
cal, have been seen by few of them, and they
have often copied each other, or mistaken those
seen. Sir James Smith has given a good ac-
count in Rees Cyclopedia, of some old blunders
about it ; but many more remain to be detected :
the original linnean species having again been
found on the very spot where Dr. Kuhn proba-
bly procured the specimen he took to Linneus,
affords the opportunity to do so, and to notice
at the same time the other kinds discovered by
Elliot and myself.

Dr. Adam Kuhn was but a poor botanist and
hardly deserved to have such a fine Genus
named after him : he has written nothing ; but
only gave the first linnean Lectures in North
America. It appears that he did not even find
himself the first Kuhnia, but it was brought to
him, and he had the only merit to take it to
Linneus, who flattered by having a Student
coming to him from Pennsylvania, and struck
by the anomaly of the Stamina, dedicated the
same to him as a new Genus. Schoepf has
written that having applied to Dr. Kuhn to know
the locality of the plant, he could not tell, not

74 MONOGRAPH

having found it himself. Meantime Gaertner
having proved that the chief hnnean distinction
of separate stamina was wrong, since the plant
he described as the same, bad syngenesious
stamina : the Genus became fixed by the strik-
ing character of plumose seeds, and well dis-
tinguished by it from Eupatorlum; but he wrong-
ly called it CrltoTiia, mistaking it for a Crito-
nia of Brown, which Smith states to be the
Eupatorium dalea^ with scabrous pappus. All
the sp. oi Eupatorium have more or less such
a scabrous or dentate pappus. The alternate
leaves are no character of the Kuhnia since I
have found a species with opposite leaves, and
the very Kuhnia of Linneus has sometimes
such leaves below.

The plant of Gaertner tab. 174, who only
figured the seeds, has been made since a second
Sp. of the Genus, and called Kuhnia critonia ;
but I shall show by Wildenow and others pres-
ently, that it is by no means positive that he
was mistaken, since the original Kuhnia of
Linneus, offers sometimes on the same plant
the characters of both species ; Ventenat and
Persoon unite both again.

Sir James Smith regreted that these plants
were not introduced as yet in the English Gar-
dens. In Loudon Cyclopedia of plants they
are not mentioned as introduced in 1829, being
omitted. Yet in the second edition of Sweet
Hortus Brittanicus, published in 1830, I find 3
species mentioned as introduced, the K, eupa-
torioides in 1812, K. critonia in 1816, and K,
rosmarinifolia in 1827. But they must be
very scarce, and they had not been figured yet
in the magazines^ nor elucidated by English
Botanists.

OP KUIINIA. 75

Ventenat united to this Genus the Eupatori-
urn canescens of Ortega, a plant of Cuha, and
called it K, rosmarini folia ; he was followed
by Persoon in this.

Michaux perhaps never saw this plant since
he does not mention their locality nor distinction
and has only one Critonia Kuhnia which no
one can prove to be Gaertner's. Muhlenberg
never saw these plants alive and ascribes to
both white flowers. Pursh meantime gives yel-
low flowers to K. critonia^ but quotes no local-
ity. Wildenow's account appears to be made
up of Linneus and Michaux account, making 2
Sp. of them. Lamark copied Linneus and his
fig. tab. 26 is K. eiipatorioidcs. Poiret has
copied Michaux and Ventenat.

W, P. C. Barton in his flora philadelphica
1817, states to have found the linnean plant on
the rocks of the Schuylkill R. above Lemonhill;
but Nuttal in 1819 ascribes that very same lo-
colity for the sp. K. critonia : and it is there
also that in 1836 has been found by Mr. Du-
rand and myself the Linnean plant, which I
suspect to be identic with that of Gaertner.

It is said that the Eupatorium alternifoliutn
of Sibiria, figured by Arduin, is also the same
plant, and Sir James Smith could find no dif-
ference in the specimen sent by Arduin to Lin-
neus. Yet is very strange that the same plant
should grow near Philadelphia and on the Al-
taic mts. of Asia, and hardly any where else :
since it is not in the Flora of Hooker and there-
fore does not extend to Canada, nor the central
and western parts of North America. Nor is
it found in the floras of Louisiana and Missouri.
Therefore the Sibirian plant must again be

76 MONOGRAPH

compared with ours, and will be found different,
in fact Lamark has noticed some difference in it.
Torrey in 1826, and Beck in 1833, in their
floras of the Northern States have both the lan-
nean and Gaertnerian species, but have never
found them growing wild, since they quote no
locality, but merely copy the characters of oth-
er authors, stating Pennsylv. and Virginia, as
the native place of both. Beck besides ascribes
pale yellow flowers to K. critonia, as Pursh
(but Torrey says white) and Torrey a pubes-
cent stem. But all the species with whitish
flowers, turn yellow in drying, and a pubescent
or glandular Stem belongs to many: while Smith
describes his as smooth ; but this varies on the
same plant.

In 1818 I discovered in Kentucky a narrow
leaved sp. which I mistook for the K. critonia^
but have since found very different from the K,
critonia of Elliot 1824, who is the only one that
has described it properly ; but his plant is even
probably different from Gaertner's : while my
plant is perfectly distinct by the fulvous pappus,
stated to be white in all the others ; I called it
K. media in 1833 but K. fiilva would be a bet-
ter name. I found it in 3 localities of Ken-
tucky and even on the banks of the Ohio.

In September 1823 in my visit to the falls of
the R. Cumberland, in the Wasioto hills of
East Kentucky, a beautiful botanical spot visited
by no Botanist but myself, I again detected
another sp. of l^uhnia, quite distinct by oppo-
site elliptic short leaves. I named it K. ellip-
tica^ and it is described in 1833 in my Herb.
Rafinesquianum.

Elliot has 3 Species of Southern "Kuhnia in
the 2d volume of his flora of Southern States

OF KUIINIA.

7>

1824, and all appear to be new, his K. critonia
is that of Mx. probably and nearer to K. ros-
marinifoUa, yet distinct, and I named it K. tu-
herosa in 1833. His K. eupatorioides '( deem-
ed doubtful by himself, altho' very near the Lin-
nean Sp. is somewhat peculiar, and perhaps
distinct, it is my K. dasijpia. It is from the
prairies of Alabama. There also grow his 3d Sp.
K. glutlnosa, a new sp. which I possess and is
quite distinct. It has been adopted by the com-
piler Eaton, with the other usual 2 sp. in 1833
in his manual of Botany, Gth edition, who never
saw any of the plants; he ascribes with Pursh to
K. critonia, pubescent and petiolate leaves !

Few of these botanists appear to have taken
the trouble to consult the original description of
Linneus, Arduin and others, and thus they as-
cribe the characters at random. The original
Eupatorkirn alternifoUum had Stem terete
puhescent, leaves Lanceolate, petiolate, decur-
rent, triuncial, rough: corymbs multiflore
compact, calix striate. This is the Siberian
plant of Arduin tab. 20. But Linneus in his
last edition decribes the K. eupatorioides with
Stem rigid and branches in the middle smooth,
leaves alter ne suhjjetiolate hroad lanceolate
serrate rugose, uncial, upper ones linear lan-
ceolate entire ; corymbs small ; w hich agrees
perfectly with the plants found near Philadel-
phia in 183G. Yet he refers to it the above
disparate plant of Arduin, and also the figure
of Plukenet 87. 2 ! best figured in his son's de-
cads tab. II. Meantime the plant of Gaertner
is described by Smith with entire leaves, linear
lanceolate and corymb paniculate pauciflore.

Yet Michaux's plant (with Gaertncr's name)

^8 MONOGRAPH

is pubescent, leaves linear lanceolate, commonly
entire, punctate beneath, flowers paniculate.

All these disparities evince that this fine ano-
malous and rare Genus has been misunderstood
and improperly described by nearly all the bot-
anists. Now at last in 1830, the original Lin-
nean and Kuhn's plant having been found wild
on the very identical spot, whence carried to
Linneus, many specimens collected, of several
varieties growing together, and roots, seeds and
specimens sent to England by Dr. James
Mease : the original species will become better
known. Meantime I presume that the follow-
ing comparative view of the Species actually
known will be acceptable to the Botanists and
Horticulturalists.

These plants altho' not very conspicuous, are
not destitute of beauty, by their elegant shape
and plumose seeds. They are all hardy peren-
nials with thick roots ; they blossom in Sep-
tember, and assume their feathery appearance
in October.

1. K. eupatorioides L (Critonia of many
authors), exactly as described by Linneus : only
add, root brown perpendicular with lateral fi-
bres, lower leaves trinerve, subpetiolate or base
attenuated, 1 or 2 inches long, a few are oppo-
site sometimes, stem terete striate, whole plant
covered with minute glands mistaken for pubes-
cence by some ; perianthe striate glandular,
flowers pale yellowish white, pappus white.
Rocky banks of the R. Schuylkill near Phila-
delphia, in a single spot near the rail road
bridge : 3 varieties 1 P?/?Yfm?V7«/i5tripedal, low-
er leaves lanceolate, entire at both ends, branch-
es and corymbs pyramidal with entire narrow
leaves. 2 \m\corymhosa. Stem simple, leaves

OF KUIINIA. 79

narrow lanceolate, somewhat serrate in the mid-
dle, fioAvers in a multiflore compound corymb.
3 Var. angnstifolUc, stem simple pedal leaves
linear lanceolate entire, flov.ers in a simple
pauciflore corymb. These 2 last are probably
the Qritonia of Gacrtner and others, yet they
are perhaps nothing else but various ages of the
plant? but since they have been mistaken for
species, they must be properly noticed.

2. K. altaica Raf. If the Sibirian plant is
distinct as probable, it may be distinguished by
Stem really pubescent, leaves triuncial alterne
rough decurrent, lanceolate base not attenuated.
This is Eup. alternifoUum Arduin tab. 20, and
Linneus in first editions.

3. K. dasypia Raf. enpatorioides Elliot.
Stem branched pubescent, leaves alternate, lan-
ceolate unequally serrate, glandular punctate,
triuncial, rough above, pubescent beneath ;
flowers paniculate white, pappus white. Mea-
dows of Alabama and Georsfia.

4. K. glutinosa Elliot, glutinose pubescent,
leaves lanceolate alterne sess. serrate laciniate,
upper entire; flowers corymbose panicled. Mea-
dows of Alabama, well described by Elliot, who
sent me a specimen. Stem bipedal, branched,
viscose glands mixt with hairs ail over.

5. K. eUiptica Raf. discovered 1823 descri-
bed 1833. Stem striate pubescent, branches
and leaves opposite, leaves sessile smooth, elliptic
uncial, serrate in the middle, glandular beneath,
flowers whitish in lax multiflore corymbs, pap-
pus cinereous — Falls of the R. Cumberland, 3
feet high; very handsome species. The 1^. gla-
bra of my monograph 1833 which I mistook for
the linnean sp. is only a variety of this with
stem smooth, leaves subpetiolate, flowers less
lax. I found it in the Alleghany mts. on the

80 KUIINIA.

Monongahela in 1825. Var. montana.

6. K. taherosa Raf. 1833. K. critonia Mx.

and Elliot exclus. Syn. Root tuberose, stem
virgate striate pubescent; leaves alternate sessile
linear entire, pubescent, margin revolute, flow-
ers paniculate white, exterior sepals of the peri-
anthe reflexed, pappus white. — In Carolina, dry
soils, well described by Elliot but under a wrong
name.

7. K. fulva Raf. disc. 1818 descr. 1833 as
K. media : entirely smooth, stem striate vir-
gate, lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, all
sessile linear lanceolate entire, long pale be-
neath and not glandular; flowers paniculate yel-
lowish, pappus fulvous — On the banks of the
Ohio and hills of East Kentucky, about 2 feet
high, leaves 3 inches, down or pappus very pe-
culiar by its color. I sent my 2 N. Sp. to Decan-
dole; but have not yet seen the 5th volume of his
Synopsis. I possess yet several specimens of 1,
5 and 7 to furnish to botanists, and they are
figured in my Autikon. and Ic. rar.

8. K. inibesceus Raf. mon. Entirely pubes-
cent, stem virgate striate, leaves subpetiol. lan-
ceol. nearly entire, punctate, fl. paniculate, pap-
pus fulvescent — Seen dry, said to grow in the
mts. Alleghany, perhaps only a variety of the
K. tuberosa, or fulva or K. eupatorioides ;
but the down was not white in the specimen:
probably mistaken by many for the 2 usual spe-
cies, \vhence the difference of descriptions. I
deem the color of the down truly essential.

9. K. rosmarhfifoUaj Vent. Pers, &c. Leaves
canescent linear lanceolate semiamplexic. very
entire, margin revolute, peduncles terminal uni-
flore, fl. purple, pappus white ? In Cuba, com-
pare it with K. taherosa ; but the flowers sep-
arate them. Enp. canescens Ortega dec. 34.

81

MONOGRAPH OF AMPHICARPA AND AKIN GENERA.
OF THE GROUP TETRODES.

G. AMPHICARPA Elliot. The Genus
Glycine of Linneus, a strange medley of species
without common characters, is now divided in
many Genera requiring yet discrimination and
revision. As early as 1804 I had proposed to
Muhlenberg the Genus Tetrodea for Gl. mo-
nolca, comosa, subterranean having a tubular
4toothed calix, and I indicated this G. in 1808.
But in 1818 Elliot established with them his G.
Amphicarpa,whichhRs been generaly received.
Decandole wrongly spells it amphicarpea. but
as each of these 3 sp. may be the type of a pe-
culiar Genus, I shall now revise it and add sev-
eral sp.

Amphicarpa Calix tubular sub campanulate,
base obtuse or gibbose, 4 teeth acute subequal.
Petals equal oblong keel obtuse, wings Itoothed
vexillum adpressed or incumbent. Stam 9-1.
Stigma capitate. Pod stipitate, oblong, com-
pressed acuminate by the style, 3-4 seeds sub-
reniform. Sometimes the lower flowers soli-
tary without petals nor stamens, perfect fl,
racemose and hracteolate. Perennials,

LoBOMON Raf. cahx campanulate, base acute,
unequaly 4toothed. Petals and stamens as
above, but commonly apetalous flowers dioical
or monoical, with 5 minute sessile united an-
thers. Pod flat semi ovate acute, without style,
one side strait, 2 seeds lenticular. Annuals
Flowers axillary, not racemose, no bracts,
(Name ancient.)

Geolobus Raf. calix campanulate, 4fid, up-
per segment notched. Petals unequal, keel and
wings oblong, vexillum obovate striate notched.
11

82 G. AMPHICARPA.

Pod compressed round acute, one seed lenticu-
lar, Peduncles blflore bibractate, flowers yel-
low, pods hiding in the grounds which the
name implies. Annuals.

The 3 Genera have twining or flexuose sterna,
and stipulate trifoliate leaves, roots creeping
flowers estival.

1. Amphicarpa viLLosA Raf. Gl. comosal
L. &LC . . . Twining, stem and leaves hairy, fo-
lioles subequal ovate oblong acute soft, the lat-
eral obliqual : racemes short 5-9flowered, bracts
ovate acute striate, calix hairy — In Alabama
and Mississipi. Folioles uncial equal to petiols,
flowers white tiptwith purple. Linneus having
only said of his Gl. comosa, leaves hirsute, ra-
cemes small lateral, flowers blue, seeds with
purple spots : it is impossible to identify it.
Torrey, Beck and Elliot omit it ; while Nuttal
deems it the real type of Gl, monoica. My des-
criptions and specimens will fix my sp. to which
1 give new names to avoid ambiguity.

2. Amph. ciliata Raf. stem twining filiform
round with reflexed hairs, leaves on long peti-
ols, smooth but ciliate, folioles unequal, lateral
sessile obliqual trapezoidal, medial petiolate
rhomboidal rounded acute : raceme elongate
equal to petiols, peduncled and multiflore,
bracts obovate obtuse biflore, calix smooth —
Apalachian Mts of Virginia and Carolina, disc.
1825, flowers white, very distinct species.

3. Amph. heterophyla Raf. monoica Nut-
tal. Stem twining filiform angular with reflex-
ed hairs, leaves on short petiols variable but
shining scabrous and ciliate, subequal but either
ovate lanceolate acute or else ovate elliptical
obtuse : raceme elongate, multiflore, bracts
rounded striate, calix smooth — In the Aflegha-
ny mts. of Pennsylv. flowers white.

G. AMPHICARPA. 83

4. Amph. Ellioti Raf. monoica Elliot. G/.
tnonoica ? L. stem twining angular with reflex-
ed hairs, folioles ovate lanceolate subequal,thin,
acute, scabrous above, petiols long: racemes
pendulous commonly sterile, calix hairy gib-
bose. Pods of imperfect flowers ovate one seed-
ed — In Carolina, Virginia &.c. Flowers white
and violet. Doubtful sp. yet, since Elliot says
in diagnosis leaves glabrous^ and in description
hairy ! He confirms the existence of imperfect
flowers in racemes, cultivated for these pods
like Arachis, but Linneus says these subterra-
nean flowers are solitary ! It would be hard to
say what Michaux, Pursh, Torrey, Hooker,
Beck, Eaton &:c mean by their monoica^ which
they do not describe, blending 4 or 5 sp, under
that false name ; most of them have all the
flowers perfect and fertile.

5. Amph. deltifolia Raf stem twining with
reflexed hairs, petiols short, folioles scabrous
ciliate ovate deltoid, lateral obliqual, medial
rhomboidal : racemes short equal to petiols,
erect pauciflore, bracks ovate acute striate —
From Canada and Missouri to New Jersey, the
most common kind and probably the monoica
of many botanists, but without imperfect flow-
ers ; all with whitish petals, although many are
abortive several Var. 1. hicarnata, 2 procera 8
feet high &c.

6. A3IPH. cuspiDATA Raf stem twining an-
gular hairy, hairs patent fulvous, petiols very
long, folioles ample ovate cuspidate nearly
smooth, lateral obliqual : racemes elongate ra-
mose, racemules 3-4flore, bracts ovate obtuse
striate, equal to pedicels, calix smooth — Mts.
Cumberland of East Kentucky, disc. 1823.
Leaves large 3-4 inches, petiols 6-8 inches :
flowers small, white.

84 , G, AMPHICAHPA.

Ail these plants are called Pea-Vines or
Binders, and are much relished by cattle.
They entwine over plants and shrubs, in woods
and among rocks. All in my Autikon. Their
blossoms are estival.

7. LoBOMON AcuTiFOLiuitfRaf. Twining quite
hispid, hairs adpressed, folioles equal ovate a-
cute, glaucous and reticulate beneath : pedun-
cles filiform l-3flore, bracts ovate lanceolate,
calyx smooth, pods pubescent — Ohio, Illinois
&c : flowers minute monoical or dioical, com-
monly apetalous, sterile sessile, but fertile and
pods with pedicels.

8. LoBo SAIIMENTOSU3I Raf. Glycine do W.
Amphlc. do Elliot .... Twining glabrous, fo-
lioles ovate acute, peduncles filiform triflore,
calix villose, pods smooth — Carolina, flowers all
apetalous and seeds grey, spotted with black.

9. Lob. obtusifolium Raf. Pilose, hairs
spreading, twining stem, folioles elliptical ob-
tuse or retuse, cuspidate glaucous, some ovate
or rounded : flowers sessile, calix hirsute, pods
sessie geminate pubescent — In Kentucky &c,
monoical, flowers apetalous, upper ones sterile,
2-3axillary sessile.

10. Lob. montanum Raf. Glycine montana
Raf. atl. Journ. Dioical, smooth, stem erect
flexuose, folioles ovate acute ; peduncles uni-
flore, pods and calix smooth — On the rocks of
high hills in the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania,
Juniata and Sherman Valleys. Only semipe-
dal and root annual.

The fecondation of these plants is a problem,
and their apetalous structure a great anomaly.
All in Autikon except 8. They form a pecu-
liar group Tetrodes Raf. by their curious ano-
malies, with Amphicarpa and the 2 next for<>-
ign plants.

G. AMPHICARPA. 85

11. Geolobus flavus Raf. Glyc. suhterra-
nea L. Stem procumbent flexuose, petiols erecti
trigone, folioles oblong obtuse smooth : pedun-
cles axillary drooping biflore, two bracts ovate
incumbent over the 2 flowers — In South Ame-
rica and perhaps Florida ?

I must add here for further discrimination
another fine N. G. united as usual to Glycine,
and akin to the above.

Triendilix Raf. calix 4fid closed, only 3
petals concealed within it. Pods linear terete
poly sperm. Perennial,, ttcining, peduncles
axillary, jlowers minute.

12. Triendilix clandestina Raf. Glycine
do W. Pers . . . stem twining, villose silky, fo-
lioles lanceolate, silky beneath, peduncles ter-
nate uniflore — In Australia. Leaves with 3
folioles as in all the true Glycine tribe. Tri-
endiUx means three within the calix, abrevia-
tion from Triendokilix,Geolobus means Earth-
pod. Lobomon is an ancient Greek name for
some kind of peas er beans.

MONOGRAPH OF PELTANDRA.

I noticed this Genus as early as 1804, I as-
certained it in 1816, and published it in 1819
in my Essay on 50 N. G. in Journal de Phy-
sique Paris. It has been adopted by many Bo-
tanists ; Torrey doubted it in 1817, yet in 1821
he has admitted but misnamed it Lecontea, a
double blunder, since there was another Lecon-
tea! and my previous name was better. Beck
in 1833 changed it again through ignorance of
my previous claim to Renselaria. Each knew
only of one type, while I have ascertained many:

85 MONOGRAPH OF

they had been blended in Arum and Caladl-
um. The whole tribe of Aroides was in utter
confusion ; but is rectified in my Flora Tellu-
riana.

PELTANDRA Raf. meaning shield sta-
mens, 1819. Arum L. &.c Calla Mx. Caladium
Elliot, Lecontea Torrey 1824, Renselaria
Beck 1833.

Spatha narrow involute tubulose, side split
spadix inclosed quite geniferous, terete obtuse,
pistils inferior, stigmas sessile capitate. An-
thers confluent (sterile at the end of the spadix)
peltate crenate multilocular on the sides. Ber-
ries globose unequal 1 to 5 ovate seeds. Sea-
pose leaves simple commonly cuspidate^ root
tuberose.

Remarks. This Genus includes several aqua«
tic plants or growing in damp soils and mea-
dows, while the other Aroides commonly avoid
the Waters. They may be known by this pe-
culiarity even out of bloom, as also by the cus-
pidate leaves. The berries are green and con-
taia a jelly with commonly several seeds, but
often one only by abortion. Those seeds were
eaten by the Indians, even the leaves are edible
when boiled; the roots are thick, and tuberose,
but not properly turnip like as in other Aroides.
The flowers are vernal, and last only a few
days in May or June, they do not bloom every
year. Michaux reduced them to Calla that
has mixt flowers and a style, because one sp.
has a flat spatha as Calla ; this may form a
Sub Genus.

Leucospatha, Spathe cuculate, end dilatate,
4 to 5 seeds — Peltandra, spathe involute, end
narrow, 3 to 5 seeds.

Renselaria, Ditto, Ditto, 1 or 2 seeds.

PELTANDUA. 87

1. Pelt^andra undulata Raf. 1819. Petiols
equal to leaves striate dimidiate, leaves sa-
gittate nndulate oblong cuspidate lobes oblong
obtuse, scape striate terete punctate of black,
spatha subequal, base inflate, split in the mid-
dle, margin undulate, end narrow involute. In
the Alleghany and Mattawan mts, also in New
Jersey &.c, it flowers in June, spathe lucid
blackish green, margin yellow, spadix white,
young petiols glandular, leaves 5 to 10 inches
long. This was the type of my Peltandra
having 3 to 5 seeds. It is hard to say which
Authors have seen that species but blended it
with the next. It was probably the real Arum
Virginicurn of Clayton and Linneus.

2. Peltandra canadensis Raf. Arum sa-
gittatum foliiselongatis, Charlevoix pi. canad.
fig. 81. Arum Virginicum of many botanists,
Lecontea virg. Torrey. Renselaria virg. Beck.

Petiols elongate terete not punctate, leaves
oblong flat hastate cordate, cuspidate, lobes ob-
tuse: scapes several subcarinate, spatha lan-
ceolate involute, margin undulate — In Canada,
New York, New England and Pennsylvania.
This is the type of Renselaria having only 1
or 2 ripe seeds, easily known by flat leaves se-
mipedal, long petiols not dimidiate &lc.

3. Peltandra latifolia Raf. Petiols short
dimidiate flat above, leaves broad triangular
sagittate, undulate cuspidate, lobes divaricate
obtuse ; scapes several terete incurved, berries
often one seeded — In the waters of marshes,
ponds, creeks, in south New Jersey and Dela-
ware, leaves often one foot long and broad : not
rare there, but seldom found in flowers. It be-
long to subgenus Renselaria, but is quite dis-

88 MONOtillAPII OF

tihct from the last. The P, Walteri is very
akin, hut has acute lobes.

4. Peltandra heteropliyla Raf. Petiols une-
qual terete, leaves variable oblong cuspidate, or
ovatoblong hardly sagittate or nearly auriculate
or base often entire obliqual, lobes unequal
rounded short or ovate obtuse — With the last
in the same places, even near Philadelphia in
the Schuylkill, but rare, seldom seen in flovv^ers,
berries 1-3 seeded, different leaves out of the
same root.

5. Peltandra hastata Raf. Arum Virgin-
icum Elliot. Petiols vaginated at base, leaves
equal in length oblong, hastate cordate acumi-
nate, lobes subacute ; spatha oblong acute re-
pand, spadix equal, — In Carolina and Florida,
it blossoms in April there says Elliot, the ber-
ries have several seeds, and thus it is a Leu-
cospatha like the next.

6. Peltandra alba Raf. Calla sagittifolia
mx. Caladius glaucum Elliot. Leaves glaucous
hastate cordate acuminate, lobes oblong obtuse
divaricate, petiols elongate ; scape short, spatha
cuculate oval lanceolate, white, end dilatate —
In Carolina and probably all over the southern
States; Elliot says the berries are red and
with several seeds. The white flowers and red
berries will distinguish this ; they are both green
in the others. This will be the type of Leucos-
patha and may have some other peculiar char-
acters in the flowers to make it a Genus — Thus

1 have fully ascertained 4 sp. in the North and

2 in the South ; but there are 2 other doubtful
sp. there.

7. Peltandra Walteri Raf. Arum sagitti-
folium Walter, Arum Walteri Elliot. Leaves
triangular sagittate, angles divaricate acute.

PKLTANDHA. 89

In Carolina, not well described, but very near
P. latifolia, said to be larger than P. kastata
with similar flowers.

8. Peltandra angustifolia Raf. Calla Vir-
ginica Var. Michaux. Leaves hastate cordate
narrow oblong, lobes obtuse, spatlia elongate
incurved — Virginia &c, in this sp. Michaux
has blended probably the sp. 1, 2 aud 4, but the
narrow leaves and incurved spatha indicate a
peculiar species.

MONOGRAPH OF LECHEA.

AND THE SUBGENERA MENANDRA, EUDIEXA ^C»

Linneus had only two sp. of Lechea^ having
reduced to that Genus the Menandra of Gro-
vonius. His L. minor and major jfigured in
Amer. Acad. 3. tab. 1. have been apphed at
random by nearly all the botanists to any other
Species, till Michaux who added 3 sp. and
Wildenow L. verticill^ita of India, which I
doubt to be of this Genus, as it appears to be
strictly North American. I shall now increase
it to 21 sp. and divide it into 3 subgenera that
miglit perhaps become as many Genera.

The essential characters of this Genus were
also widely mistaken. Linneus put it into tri-
andria trigynia, altho' the stamens vary from 3
to 12, and there are not 3 styles, but a single
trilobe sessile plumose stigma ! The Capsule
is not one seeded as stated by most of Authors,
unless sometimes by abortion ; but it has 3 or
6 seeds : nor is that capsule 31ocular nor with
double valves as stated by others, it is strictly
unilocular, with 3 free placentas mistaken for
valves, or partitions. The calix is not single
12

90 3IONOGRAPH OF

as stated, but commonly double, the outward
of 2 sepals, being mistaken for bracts, altho'
they persist in the fruit, and are quite similar to
the extra sepals of the Cistidian tribe to which
this Genus evidently belongs, notwithstanding
the reduced stamens and seeds. This Genus
is in fact so nei3r to Anthelis (Helianthemum
T.) that the main distinction consists only in 3
petals instead of 5, and it is supposed that the
original L. major of Lin. was also his Cistus
canadensis ! or a variety of it !

Characters of LECHE A if kept as a single
Genus. Calix double and persistent, external
bipartite seldom lacking,sepals narrower, inter-
nal tripartite. Petals 3 small narrow, equal
obtuse and fugacious. Stam 3 to 12, filiform,
anthers bilobe. Stigma large sessile capitate
trilobe floccose or plumose or papillose. Cap-
sule unilocular trivalve, 3 to 9 seeds inserted on
3 small free placentas, sometimes only one by
abortion. Small annuals or perennials with
terete stiff branching stem, leaves ternate or
ojJjfosite scattered simple entire and sub-
sessile, flowers estiral evanescent paniculate
or racemose, not yellow — Vulgar name Pin-
weed,

1. ME?fANDRA, FI. Virg. of Gronovius. Ex-
ternal calix with 2 short sepals or almost lack-
ing. Stamens 6 to 9, seeds 1 to 3. Leaves
often ternate, and flowers racemose. Peren-
nials.

2. Lechea, Ext. cahx equal in length to the
internal. Stamens 6 to 12, seeds 1 to 3. floic-
ers spicate panictdate, some stems sterile,

3. ErDiEXA Raf, (well 2 external) Ext. ca-
lix longer than the internal. Stamens 3 to 6.
Seeds 3 to 9. Chiefly annuals.

LECHEA. 91

The mistakes about these plants have arisen
from few Botanists seeing their anthesis or full
bloom, which like many Cistides, only last a few
hours towards noon: the petals soon after
wither, and the stamens collapse or are glued
to the stigma. But the characters now assum-
ed on the persistent respective length of the ca-
lix, will always be perspicuous. I have speci-
mens of all the described species.

MENANDRA.

1. L. PULciiELLA Raf. quite smooth, stem
stiff virgate, leaves scattered long linear acute ;
flowers paniculate and lax in naked racemes,
bracts none, ext. sepals subulate, internal ovate
obtuse, petals elliptic obtuse incarnate, capsule
obovate. — In the Pine barrens of New Jersey,
probably extending South; probably the Ij,
racemidosa of many Botanists, but not Mx.
which is pubescent with ciliate leaves. It is a
very pretty sp. when in full bloom in August,
the calix being red inside, the petals incarnate
the large stigma v/hite. The erect stiff stem
produces hundreds of flowers at once, it is
about one foot high, and only branched above.
Several varieties 1. Minor ^ only 2 to 4 inches
high, panicle leafy. 2. Elegans, over a foot
high, panicle fastigiate. 3. Pyramidalis.
Branches pyramidal.

2. L. ciNEREA Raf. (L. thymifolia Mx. Slc)
adpressed pubescent,cinereous fastigiate, leaves
scattered narrow linear adpressed; racemes
paniculate pauciflore subnaked, flowers canes-
cent outside, sepals lanceolate acute, capsule
oblong longer. — In Florida and Georgia : deem-
ed L. racemidosa by Collins, easily known by
its color, perhaps the real thymifolia ?

3. L. TERNiroLiA Raf. (Menandra ramis ter-

93 MONOGRAPH OF

nis, Gronov.) Stem paniculate above, adpressed
pubescent, leaves and branches mostly ternate
cuneate acute ciliate nearly smooth ; racemes
paniculate lax nearly naked, peduncles elon-
gate, capsules oblong — In Virginia, New Jer-
sey and probably elsewhere. This must be the
real L. racemulosa of Mx. who quotes Grono-
vius. Pedal, calix colored of red as in L,
pulchella.

4. L. FURFURACEA Raf. Pubesccnt pulveru-
lent, stem erect, branches fastigiate above,
leaves narrow linear scattered nearly obtuse ;
racemules terminal naked,pedicels unequal,ext.
cal. subulate very short, internal rounded, cap-
sules globose — In Kentucky and Illinois, 6 to
10 inches high, flowers greenish oatside, with
a yellow furfie. Nearest to L. cinerea, easily
known by the mealy pubescence and globose
capsules.

5. L. LAXIFLOUA Raf smooth, stem erect
paniculate, branches lax, leaves scattered li-
near cuneate acuminate ciliate ; racemes scat-
tered lax, flowers remote naked, pedicels elon-
gate, calix and capsules ovate — In New Jersey'
Pine Woods with L. pulchella, to which akin,
difference in leaves chiefly, flowers green not
red outside. Var bremfolia semipedal, fl. red-
ish, leaves shorter more cuneate hardly ciliate.

6. L. TENUiFOLiA Mx. Elliot or L. verna Raf.
L. juncifolia Walter) humble dumose pilose,
stems assurgent, branches spreading, leaves
scattered subulate linear, racemes paniculate
divaricate ; flowers remote axillary solitary,
capsules globose large — said to grow on the R.
Santi of Carolina, and to blossom earlier than
any other in April and May, no external calix
according to Elliot, yet very near to some En-
diejca with long ext. calix.

LECHEA. 93

7. L. RECURVATA Raf. Hispid assnrgent,
branches opposite and ternate, leaves broad
oblong acute at both ends ciliate ; racennes spi-
cate recur vate unilateral, pedicels very short,
sepals oval, capsules globose — In Carolina and
Virginia, akin to L. ternifolla (perhaps the
true Menandra of Gr.) leaves and fruit differ-
ent, calix redish, seeds convex and concave.

LECHEA OR LEKEA.

8. L. MucRONATA Raf, precis 1814. villosa
Elliot 1820, major of Walter and Mx not Lin.
— Villose, stem erect, sterile stems prostrate,
leaves opposite and ternate below, chiefly lan-
ceolate, mucronate, on short petiols ; flowers in
compound spikes axillary to foliaceous bracts,
ext. sepals acute reflexed in anthesis, internal
sepals obtuse, capsules ovate villose. — From
New England to Carolina, the most common
sp. but not the linnean L. 7najor with leaves
rough above, tomentose beneath and scattered
flowers ; which is the real Cishis Canadensisl
Flowers subsessile,ext. sepals linear, adpressed
in the fruit, internal sepals lanceolate, petals
lanceolate obtuse, commonly 3 seeds oblong
acute with an angle inside. Several varieties
1. Simplex my original sp. stem nearly simple,
leaves oblong cuneate, bracts oblong. " 2. Ra-
mosa, branches spreading above, leaves ovate
lanceolate, bracts lanceolate. Original speci-
men sent me by Elliot from Carolina. 3 Ses-
silifloi'a, leaves lanceolate, petiols very hairy,
branches fastigiate, spikes axillary and short,
flowers sessile. From Missouri. All peren-
nials.

9. L. iiETEROPTiYLA Raf. L. miuor Smith,
stem paniculate above, adpressed pubescent,

94 MONOGRAPH OF

leaves commonly ternate, lower obovate, sub-
sessile, upper cuneate and linear petiolate acute
smooth ; racemes panicul. lax subnaked, pedi-
cels equal to fl. Internal sepals lanceol. acute
carinate, capsules ovate — Kentucky and Illi-
nois in woods and glades, trigone, ext. sepals
subequal linear. Several varieties, 1 major,
2 minor, 3 parvijfora, lower leaves caducous,
flowers small fuscate. It has no sterile stems.
Perennial,

10. h. GLOMERATA Raf. smooth, branches
short adpressed, leaves variable oblong, lanceo-
late or cuneate, petiolate mucronate ; flowers
axillary and terminal on short pedicels, glome-
rate, sepals ovate acute carinate, capsules sub-
globose — Apalachian mts. pedal, no sterile
stems, calix trigone over the fruit, external se-
pals linear — Perennial.

11. L. coRYMsosA Raf. stem erect rough,
above pilose corymbose, leaves petiolate broad
oblong nearly obtuse, pubescent, ciliate ; flow-
ers corymbose, pedicels equal to flowers, sepals
round concave, ext. linear, capsules globose —
Mts. Alleghany, 6 to 12 inches high, leaves
small, capsules large with 3 to 6 seeds, disco-
vered 1818,

12. L. suRcuLosA Raf. stem with spreading
branches, sterile stems prostrate pilose, with
leaves ternate ovatoblong acute ciliate petiolate
branches smooth with leaves opposite and al-
ternate smooth linear ; flowers paniculate, pe-
dicels equal, bracts subulate, ext. sepals linear,
internal ovate acute, capsules ovate — In Penn-
sylvania on dry hills, the L. minor of some Au-
thors, stem 3 to 6 inches, leaves and flowers
small.

13. L. REVOLUTA Raf. minor of Lin. not of

LECMEA. 95

Smith nor other Authors. Stem erect, bran-
ches opposite and ternate, leaves 3-4nate or op-
posite, lower ovate, upper Hnear lanceol. scat-
tered petiolate, smootli above, pubescent be-
neath, margin revokite, flowers paniculate —
Found by Kalm in Canada woody glades.
This description is taken from Linneus alto-
gether, and agrees very well with some speci-
mens I have from the Alleghanies of Pennsylv.
the flowers are small, the capsules ovate &c,
Smith says L. blended others with this.

14. L. viRGATA Raf. stem simple virgate pu-
bescent, leaves scattered or 2-3-4 nate mixt,
petiolate linear cuneate ciliate acuminate ; ra-
cemes axillary short paucifiore, pedicels equal
to fl. sepals ovate acute carinate, external lin-
ear, capsules ovate. — In the Ailegh. Mts. pe-
dal, var. 1. J5rei7/^orrt, semipedal, lower leaves
oblong, short, racemes very short 2-3flore. 2
Bracteata pedal, lower leaves oblong, racemes
longer than leaves, base foliose ; end 5-7flore.
The sp. 9, 10 and 14 with carinate trigone ca-
lix deserve perhaps to form another subgenus
TROPE^DRIA Raf.

15. L. FLORiDANA Raf. suiooth, diffuse ra-
mose, branches filiform, leaves scattered, mi-
nute linear, racemes paniculate paucifiore na-
ked, pedicels long unequal, sepals and capsules
ovate — Found by Mr. Ware in Florida, small
subdichotome, few leaves and flowers ; habit of
JEudiexa, but the ext. calix equal in length,
tho' narrower as usual : probably annual.

EUDIEXA.

16. L. SECUNDiFLORA Raf. smooth, stems
diffuse paniculate, leaves scattered lax narrow
Hnear, racemes subspicate, flowers remote se-

96 >IOi\OGRAPn OF

cund, pedicels short, ext. cal. double of the in-
ternal linear, internal silky lanceolate, capsules
oblong — Discovered 1823 in the glades of West
Kentucky, rare, 6 inches high, small flowers,
petals white oblong obtuse, stigma red, 3 oblong
seeds in the capsules. It blossoms in June and
July. Annual. Is it L. thymifolia Smith?
which is an Eudiexa ! certainly not that of Mx.
neither have the leaves like thyme.

17. L. PAUciFLORA Raf. adpressed pubescent
stem humble diffuse ramose, leaves scattered,
slender,linear cuneate, imbricate rather obtuse,
flowers few scattered extraxillary, pedicels
short, sepals smooth, external a little longer,
capsules globose — Near the Sea Shore in Long
Island and New Jersey, small plant only 3
inches high, it blossoms in July. Annual.

18. L. BREviFOLiA Raf. adpressed pilose,
branches fastigiate, leaves scattered petiolate
short, lanceolate or oblong ciliolate mucronu-
late ; racemes erect, bracteoles linear lanceol.
flowers secund, pedicels equal, ext. sepals not
much longer, capsules ovate — Mts. Apalaches,
semipedal, very distinct sp. by petiolate short
leaves. Annual.

19. L. UNiFLORA Raf. Smooth, stem slender
angular with few leaves, above naked, subuni-
flore, leaves scattered adpressed narrow linear
cuneate ; sepals membranaceous, ext. sepals
oblong obtuse not much longer, internal ovate
obtuse, capsule globose about 6 seeded — Sum-
mit of the Alleghany Mts. of Maryland, disc.
1825, only 3 or 4 inches high, only 5 or Cleaves
and 1 or 2 flowers. Capsule commonly with 6
oval seeds.

20. L. STELLATA Raf. Pilose, stem erect
nearly simple, leaves 3-4nate petiolate elliptic

lechea. 97

mucronate. upper leav es alternate lanceolate :
racemes foliose, pedicels shorter, ext. sepals
very long, capsules ovatoblong — New York and
Ohio, often mistaken for L. mllosa^ pedal, es-
tival, sepals linear and ovate.

21. L. sESSiLiFLORA Raf. adprcssed pilose,
branches diffuse virgate, leaves scattered,
spreading, petiolate, linear ciliate acute ; flow-
ers axillary subspicate or glomerate sessile,ext.
sepals linear not much longer, internal lanceo-
late. In Florida and Alabama, near to \i,
/>rti«6*/^orrt, main difference leaves petiolate ci-
liate acute. Near also to I^. floridana, but
flowers sessile.

It would have been diflicult to designate
which of these plants may have been seen and
blended with those of Michaux by our Botanists
since Torrey, Beck, Nuttal, Pursh, Katon, El-
liot &c seldom describe those they have seen,
and never noticed the peculiar characters of
the calix, capsules and seeds, on which I have
chiefly based my subgenera and species; most
of which are very distinct, and not likely to be
overlooked again, if my characters are duly at-
tended to, and even more sp. may be detected.

As to L. verticillata of the East Indies, it is
probably a peculiar Genus, being stated to have
the habit of Spermacoce, with opposite leaves
elliptic serrulate, smooth above, rough beneath,
and the flowers verticillate. Is it a Rubiacea
with adherent ovary ?

The L. chinensis of Loureiro is still more
widely different, being a Commelineal (of what
Genus?) according to Smith and Dunal. The
monograph of Smith in Rees cyclop, may be
consulted, he has exposed the blunders of L.
and expressed a wish for a better labor like

13

98 MONOftRAPH OF LECHEA.

mine on this Genus, having only 6 sp. of it, and
Dunal in Decandole 1824 has no more, he chie-
fly copies Elhot. We lack good figures of
these plants, that with our Hudsonias chiefly
represent the Cistian tribe in N. America.

If ever this G. must be again illustrated, let
the monographer copy the original descriptions
of all the Authors, and compare them. Mine
are all original and chiefly out of living speci-
mens.

The L. minor of Smith had sub corymbose
flowers and carinate calix, being probably my
L. heterophyla. That of Pursh and Dunal
can hardly be identified by me : that erroneous
name must be omitted. The Ij. major of
Bigelow is Anfhclis ro5wi«rmf/o//«, in Decan-
dole who makes a Subgenus Leeheoides of all
our Americaan Anthells, see my monographs
of Hndsonia and Anthelis. (lielianthemum.)

Lechea was dedicated to Prof Leche of Abo
by Linneus, it must be pronounced Ijekea and
perhaps spelt so. Menandra of Gronoviiis
might have been adopted instead, although the
meaning moon stamens does not properly
apply.

END OF FIRST PART,

99

INDEX OF GENERA,

SUBGE^VERA AND SVNONYMS OF THE LEXICON.

Synonyms are in Italics— References to
the Pages

Abalon page 33.
Aba ma 34.
Abbottia 36.
Abies 37.
Abrus 39.
Abutilon 39.
Acakia 41.
Acalypba 43.
Acanthus 46.
Acer 47.

Acerotis Acerates 49.
Achania 49.
Achillea 50.
Achlys 51.
Achras 51.
Achyranthes 51.
Acmella 51.
Acmispon 53.
Acnida 53.
Aconitum 55
Acorus 57.
Acroanthes 58.
Acrostichum 59.
Actaea 60.
Actinea, actineUa 60.
Actimeris 60.
Actispermum 61.
Adelia 62.
Adenarium 62,
Adenocaulon 62.
Adenogyna 62.
Adianthum 63.

Adike 63.
Adicea 63.
Adlumia 63.
Adnaria 66.
Adoketon 65,
Adonis 66.
Adorium 66.
Adoxa 67.
Adventina 67.
Anomantha 61.
Anomeris 61.
Arenaria 62.
Amphicarpa 81.
Amosa 41.
Anthericum 36.
Antadenimn 49.
Anthemis 51.
Balduina 61.
Bigelowia 62.
Borya 62.
Caladium 86,
Calla 88.
Cauloma 61.
Clinotrox 47,
Coridalis 63.
Coreopsis 61,
Conradia 34.
Critonia 73.
(jupameni 43.
Darlingtonia 42.
Datisca 53,
Diadesma 41.

iOO

INDEX.

Diciinotrys 33.
Eburnax 4%
Eriocarpum 47.
Eudiexa 90.
Evotrium 47.
Eupatorium 73.
Fiimaria 63.
Geolobus 81, 85.
Glycine 81.
Helepta 52.
Helonias 33.
Holosteum 62.
Horikenya 62.
Julibrisin 41.
Jiincus 36.
Kuhnia 73.
Lavatera 40,
Lechea 89.
Leptilix 34.
Leontice 51.
Ti€Contea 85.
Leucospatha 86.
Lobomon 81.
Lotus 53.
Malaxis 58.
Mahnviscus 49.
MahincJa 39.
MaratJirum 66.
Melanthium 33.
Megactelis 61.
Menandra 90.
Microstylis 58.
Mimosa 42.

Narthecium 35.
Negimdiuni 48.
Nudilus 62.
Oliglossis 61.
Olsynium 72.
Ophrys 59.
Otanema 49.
Paltrima 36.
Pedicularis 46.,
Peltandra 85.
Pinus 37.
Ptilepida 60.
Renselaria 86.
Saccharodendrun 47.
Saxifraga 63.
Schrankia 42.
Seseli 66.
Sida 39.
Sisyrincbium 72.
Sphendamus 48.
Spilanthus 51.
Synotelis 59.
Tetrodea 81.
Tojjelda 34.
Triantha 35.
Triendilix 85.
Tristemon 36.
Triglochin 36.
Trigonella 53.
Urtica 63.
Vacciniutn 65.
Veratrum 33.
Verbeshm. 61.

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rr=== —n T= - ==7!

NEW FLORA

OF

NORTH AMERICA,

BY

PROF. RAFINESaUE.

SECOi^D PART.

Neophyton.

PHILADELPHIA

1836.

■"

]^EOpnyToi\

NEW FLORA

AND BOTANY

OF

NORTH AMERICA.

BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,

To the various Floras and Botanical Works
of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El-
liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton,
Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schweinitz
Gibbs, &c.

Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde-
now, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Laniark, Decan-
dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker,
Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional
or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional
or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures

in AUTIKON BOTANIKON.

BY C. S. RAFINESaUE, A. M.— PH. D.

Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences —
Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna.
Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and
in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, &c.

The Floral wealth in this wide land concealed.
Will be at last by learned cure revealed.

PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.

1836.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

NEW FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

A complete history and biography of our
Botanists and botanical writers, would form a
very interesting preamble to a general Flora,
but might be misplaced in this mantissa, be-
sides occupying too much space. The history
of orders. Genera and Species, or the account
of their names, forms, qualities, cultivation &.c.
might be a work of itself, but shall be partly
attended to in the descriptive parts : the me-
dical and economical uses of 600 medical gene-
ra, have been already detailed in my medical
Flora, to which I shall add at some future
period a Supplement upon 200 additional me-
dical Genera, since ascertained or elucidated.

It was my intention to insert here an alpha-
betical Catalogue of all our Botanists and
their works or labors ; I had collected ample
materials for this ; but as I hope to obtain
additions thereto, I will delay it for another
number of this work : meantime I shall be
happy to receive any such information of all
th« Botanists who may yet be unknown to me.

In the last Century our Botanists were few
and mostly foreign travellers. From 1800 to
1816 they had gradualy increased, but from
1816 to 1836 for 20 years past, I have had the
pleasure to see the lovely Science of Botany
gradualy spreading, and the number of Bota-
nists greatly increased, chiefly in the North ;
while now this Science begins to be taught in
schools, and thus acquires many votaries.

The Floras published last Century were

chiefly Gronovius or Clayton's Flora Virginica,

^nd Walker's Flora Caroliniana, both very

4 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

superficial; but Kalm, Bartram, Castiglione,
Schoepf, Barton, Mason, Muhlenberg, Mi-
chaux, Cutler, Bosc, Kin, Denke, (fee. had
then begun their researches. The first general
Catalogue of the North American plants then
known was published in 1771 by Forster ; the
second by Muhlenberg in 1812 : our first Flora
by Michaux (editor Richard) came out in 1803,
the second by Pursh in 1814; no other has
since been attempted, except Nuttal's on Gene-
ra and the periodical compilations of Eaton,
owing to the vast increase of materials, as Bo-
tanists began to settle themselves over the
States, making the new attempt no easy task.
But several local or Sectional Floras have
been published that have greatly added to our
general knowledge of particularly regions.

Among these must be particularly mentioned
with praise.

Elliot — flora of the Southern States, under
the modest title of sketch of Botany. 18 16 to
1820.

Robin — flora of Lousiana, revised and im-
proved by myself in 1817.

Torrey — flora and Compendium of the North-
ern States, 1826.

Beck — Botany of the Northern and Mid-
dle States, 1333.

Bigelow — Flora Bostoniensis.

W. P. C. Barton — Flora Philadelphica.

Hooker — Flora of the British possessions, or
Canada and Boreal America, including New
Sibiria yet in progress.

Darlington, Florula Cestrica 2 editions.

Torrey — Florula or plants of upper Missouri
collected by James.

Nuttal — ^^Florula of Origon Mts. collected by

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 5

Wyeth, Florida by Ware and his florula Ar-
kanzica — Besides my own florulas Mandanen-
sis, Texensis, Oregonensis, Arkanzica, Oliien-
sis, Missourica, «Slc. But the number of mere
Catalogues has been much more numerous ;
they are of course superficial and full of mis-
taken plants or names yet they have been use-
ful in enlarging our views of the range of plants,
and the localities of the rare ones. They be-
gan last Century by Muhlenberg flora Lan-
castriensis, and Cutler of Massachusets full of
mistakes — The principal in this Century have
been.

Drayton — plants of South Carolina.

Rafinesque — Florulas Delawarica and Co-
lumbica, 1804.

Barton — Florula Philadelphica.

Torrey — Flora of New York.

Green — Catalogue of plants of the State of
New York.

Brereton — Flora of District Columbia.

Mrs Gambold — Florula Cherokensis, first
female Botanical writer.

Riddell — Flora of the Western States, with
some new Sp.

S Florula of Natchitoches.

Rafinesque — Florula Kentukensis, 1824.

Short and Eaton — Catalogue of Kentucky
plants.

Gibbs — Florula of plants near Colombia.

Williams — Plants of Florida.

Schweinitz — Plants of North Pennsylvania.

Bradbury — Florula Missurica.

Hooker — Florula Islandica.

Tully — Plants of New Haven, Connecticut.

Muhlenberg — General Catalogue of North
American Plants. 1812 and 1818.

6 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

Eddy — Flora plandomensis in Long Island.

Croom and Loomis — Plants of Florida.

Monographs of Families or Genera are far
more useful than Catalogues, because they en-
large our knowledge of Species, and make us
acquainted with them. Among these I must
chiefly mention Schweinitz — Fungi and He-
patica — Carex and Viola.

Torrey — On Cyperacea.

Grey — On Rhynchospora.

Leconte — On Utricularia, Ruellia.

Dewey — On Carexides nearly 200Sp. deem-
ed still a Genus.

Rafinesque — On Vitis. Trillium, Gentiana,
Heuchera, Houstonia, Rosa, Lysimachia.

Michaux — On Oaks or Quercus.

Muhlenberg — On Willows or Salix.

Bosc — On Fraxinus. Nuttal, on Sarrazinia.

Muhlenberg, on Grasses.

Halsey, on Lichens.

Sylvas or Dendrologies are also monographs
of our Trees and Shrubs ; tbey have been given
by Marshall, Philadelphica 1784.

Castiglione, in Italian 1790.

Vangenheim. in Germany with figures.

Michaux, in France with figures, and a late
compiled translation has lately appeared in
New England with wood cuts.

My New Sylva or Supplement to our Trees
and Shrubs, will be additional in this work.

Iconographical Works like those of Catesby,
Abbot, Lamark illustrations, the Enghsh Bota-
nical magazines ^c. are too costly to succeed
with us — Dr. W. P. C. Barton, flora of North
America on this plan, could only extend to a
couple of volumes and about 120 Species ! His
Medical Flora and that of Bigelow extended

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 7

only to a few selected medical plants — mine has
100 wood cuts — Brereton botanical Journal, a
Horticult. Journal in Baltimore, another in
Philadelphia by Landreth, have only reached
one or a few numbers. Audubon in his splen-
did work on Birds, has given many inaccurate
figures of Trees and Shrubs, similar to those of
Catesby — The best figures were those of Mi-
chaux and Pursh, but those of Hooker now ex-
ceed them still. I have published few of my
own; many engraved in 1807 for me, were
mostly lost before publication. I have reserved
my labors in that way for my Icones rariorum
yet mpt. and my Autikon Botanikon or plan
of Self figures by specimens : of which Grey's
Grasses is as yet the only imitation with us.
A splended flora of Newfoundland was be-
gan in France, but has not been completed.

The miscellaneous or partial labors on our
Botany are very numerous, including tracts,
essays, descriptions of single plants &c,. scat-
tered in the transactions of our learned societies,
Journals and periodicals &c, to seek for them
is often a task or difficult matter. Several mo-
nographs of New Genera and Species are thus
scattered Jeffersonia, Heterandra^ Tullya,
liophactis, Polanisia, Nemopafithes, Col-
linsia, Clintonia. Many may be found in
Silliman's physical Journal.

Nuttal's Genera of N. America and Eaton's
manual of Botany are two of the most striking
and useful as general miscellanies. Eaton's
has had the luck to go through several editions
as a school book ; but each Edition is different,
enlarged or revised ; yet very defective in
general, and lacking nearly all my new plants.

8 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

Several elements of Botany by Locke, Richy
Comstock, Sumner, Nuttal, Grey, and others
have been published for the use of Schools
chiefly. None have yet made us familiar with
the improvements of Decandole, Richard,
Agardh &c. Lindley has been reprinted. My
improvements in philosophical Botany will be
recapitulated in the Introduction to my Flora
Tellukiana.

My own miscellaneous works are not few,
New Genera and Species, 1808 in Mitchell's
Med. and Phil, repository. Elements of Semi-
ology — Analysis of Nature — Reviews of Pursh,
Nuttal, Eaton, Elliot, Bigelow &c. Decad&
of new plants 1818 — 50 New Genera of plants
1819— Neogenyton or 66 New Genera 1825
Annals of Nature 1820.— medical flora 1828
to 1830— Atlantic Journal 1832 with 150 N.
G. or Sp. — Herbarium Rafinesquianum 1833.

Botanical remarks and novelties in the Brux-
cells Annals of Science 1820 — New plants in
Mirror of Sciences 1814 — Precis des Decouver-
tes 1814 &c,. &c.

In fact I have been accused of having scattered
too much my botanical discoveries and labors ;
but I mean now to concentrate them in this
work. Nuttal's rare plants of Florida and 83
new of various parts, with Asa Grey 4 rare
plants of New York are miscellaneous labors
like mine.

Our Botanists besides writers may be divided
into Collectors, Travellers, Amateurs and Hor-
ticulturalists.

Those who have written but little, or merely
some sketch, are Baldwin, Croom, Thomas,
Aikin, Conrad, Oakes, Peck, Houghton, School-
craft, Waterhouse, Locke, James, Halsey,

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 9

Kmmons, Cooper, Torrey, Leavenworth, Mitch-
ell, Pickering, Boykin, Short, Peters, H. H.
Eaton, Loomis,Cooley,Clinton, Booth, Leitner,
the two brothers Green and Leconte with some
others. Several are yet living and may do
more hereafter.

Those who have never published any thing,
ciltho' they collected Herbals, and were practi-
cal Botanists, are chiefly Collins, Miller, Wray,
Pitcher, Hall, Vanvleck, Lyons, Herbemont,
Habersham, Squib, Enslen, Boykin, Williams,
Hitchcock, Kingston, Ingalls, Simmons, Gri-
swold,Gates,WhitIow,Knevels,Steinhauer,Gais-
senhauer, Durand, Griffith, Fisher, Mac Wil-
liams, with many others mentioned by Elliot,
Hooker and Eaton as having helped their labors.
These collectors are often very useful to the
others by imparting specimens, localities and
facts : their number is increasing, and several
may yet become writers or improvers.

It is from such that I have received much
help by gifts or exchanges of specimens, new
facts and observations. I have reckoned par-
ticularly among my friends and assistants, Col-
lins, Durand, Miller, Short (2 brothers and a
sister) Walton, Hall, Carr, Hingston. Mac Wil-
liams, Vanvleck, Gaissenhauer, Ward, Mease,
Bradbury, Kin, Ridgely, Mrs. Holley born
Austin, Hart, Crocket, Limner, Duval, Law-
rence, Knevel. &c.

But I have received also many specimens
from professed Botanists, Muhlenberg, Torrey,
Beck, Schweinitz, Elliot, Cutler, Eaton, Brad-
bury, Brickell, Halley. Short, Eddy &'c. all
American Botanists, chiefly by exchanges of
my own or purchases; besides some Ameri-
can plants received form foreign Botanists

2

10 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

Decandole, Sheperd, Haworth, Tratenick, Sei-
ber, Moricand, Bory, Swainson, Romer, &.c.

Botanical travelers who merely come to ex-
plore our Plants in order to send them to Eu-
ropean Gardens or Herbals,are also numerous :
the fruits of their exertions are chiefly made
known to us by European Writers. Such were
Kalm, Mason. Michaux, Vanderschot, Casti-
glione, Bosc, Palissot, Turpin, Acosta, Rich-
ardson, Goldie, Drummond, Douglass, Macnab,
Enslen, Lyons, Kin, Bradbury, Rustan, Berich.

Among our native traveling collectors, I must
mention Bartram, Lewis and Clark, James,
Schoolcraft, Baldwin, Peters, Cozen, Ware,
Wyeth, Gates, Houghton, Pitcher, Walton, «Slc.
who have often explored far regions, and dis-
covered many new plants.

The distant regions of Origon have chiefly
been visited by Makenzie. Langsdorf, Scooler,
Douglass, Wyeth, Nuttal, Walton ^'C. While
the Regions of Florida, have been explored by
Bartram, Roberts, Williams, Cozen, Kin, Bald-
win, Ware, Croom, Gates, Leitner, &.c. But
both as well as Texas will afford novelties for
many years to come, and I have myself many
of them to describe in this Work, received from
various quarters.

Amateurs as Horticulturalists, or friends of
Science, or Patrons of explorers, rank also
among the promoters of Botany ; I may men-
tion among those known to me or who have
helped my researches, Clinton, Forrest, Mease,
Adlum, Marshall, Clifford, Shultz, Carr,
Walsh, Betton, Haines, Sitgraves, Mrs. Wal-
lace, Mrs. Betton <^e : many more exist all
over the United States ; Stephen Van Rensa-
laer has been a great patron of Eaton : Ma-
clure and Collins of various Botanists.

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 11

Lastly general Works on Botany are indis-
pensable to all those who wish to know well
the plants of these and other consimilar regions.
The w orks of Linneus, Wildenow,Persoon,Vit-
man, Romer and Shultze, Sprengel, Decandole,
Lamark, Martyn, and Smith in Rees Cyclope-
dia, profess to describe all the known plants of
the earth ; and altho' they all lack many yet,
they give us the gradual knowledge of the iin-
proving Science.

In Loudun Cyclopedia of plants we find only
the plants cultivated in England, in Dumont
Botaniste Cultivateur those in France. In
Alton Hortus Kewensis many American plants
were first described, and others are now yearly
in the Botanical Register of Lindley, Bot. ma-
gaz. of Hooker,

But as many of our plants have been mistaken
elsewhere, or blended with akin foreign plants,
it is even often necessary for the exact Botan-
ist to consult the original works on the plants of
the Antilles, Europe, Sibiria and Japan, The
floras Jamaicensis of Brown, Swartz, Lunan
hortus Jamaicensis, Gmelin flora Sibirica,
Thunberg flora Japonica, and the floras of
England and France, must occasionally be stu-
died to verify our plants. Many new sp. have
been mistaken by them for ours-

In all these writings there is something to
glean or to learn. Thus the correct Botanist
has an ample field even in comparing Books,
ascertaining Synonyms, similarities and diver-
tities He must have a rich Herbarium besides
or else many to study and consult. How few
of our Botanists take this trouble ? they prefer
compiling, copying errors and misnomers. How
few visit the great Herbalsof Muhlenberg, Nut-

12 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

tal, Torrey, Elliot, Schvveinitz, and my own . , ,
now either deposited in public institutions, or
accessible to all. Torrey and myself at any
rate, are ever ready to communicate with Bo-
tanists, answer enquiries, or solve difficulties.
Botanical compilations are most useful when
they include all the previous plants ; but our
American Compilers are always deficient, be-
cause they neglect through various motives to
collect all the published information ; thus the
plants of Bartram, Lewis, Robin, Castiglione,
Brickell, Bosc <^c with my own, have often been
omitted.

The best Herbals or Collections of our floras,
are besides mine,those of Torrey in New York,
Elliot in Charleston, Beck in Albany, Bigelow
in Boston, Short in Lexington .... Those of
Nuttal, Schweinitz, Baldwin, and Muhlenberg
are preserved in Philadelphia, chiefly at the
Academy of Natural Sciences. My friend Du-
rand is now collecting here an extensive Amer-
ican Herbal. That of Collins was very val-^
uable, and is now added to mine. Others less
rich in species are scattered chiefly in Boston,
New Haven, New York, Baltimore, Charleston,
Columbia, Washington, New Orleans, Cincin-
nati &c. But some families of Plants are very
rare in these Herbals, not being easily preserv-
ed, such as Palms, Yucas, Cactides, Fungides.

Few are aware how difficult it is to collect
an extensive American Herbal with many rare
plants ; those made in limited localities or gar-
dens are easy enough to acquire ; and they are
useful to students ; but Herbals of all the States
and Regions for the learned, with notes, re-
marks, compared foreign specimens . . . are ac-
quired only by many years of travels and re-

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 13

searches, exchanges and purchases. I calculate
that mine containing over 10,000 species and
50,000 specimens, has cost me nearly $ 2000
in actual expenses of time, money, travels, pa-
per, boxes,correspondence,transportation, books

of reference &c.

Other Botanists acquire fine Herbals at the
risk of their health and life. Botany having also
its martyrs ; among whom I will mention Lyons,
Pursh, Berrich, Baldwin, Conrad, H. H. Eaton,
Walton, Ward, Hart, Drummond, Douglass <$-€
who have fallen victims to their zeal in arduous
travels, or from diseases contracted by their
labors : although some did perhaps fall victims
to alcohol rather than Botany, like Pursh . . .
and others (Schweinitz and Berrich) were
rather Victims of Tobacco ! both foul poisons
and destroyers of human life. Botanists are
however generaly sober and healthy, the pur-
suit of this Science is calculated to improve
their habits and health. Baldwin,Waterhouse,
and Conrad were victims of Phthisis and ini-
proper food ; Botany probably lengthened their
lives, as it has mine after finding out how to
overcome this disease by my medical knowl-
edge of our plants.

In voyages by Sea or Steamboats, some Bo-
tanists have been wrecked like myself, losing
their collections, and not always so happy as to
escape even with life like myself in 1815. I
have had also some narrow escapes on the
Ohio. Lherminier lost all his collections like
myself in Carolina.

The rewards for all these dangers and ex-
penses are scanty as yet with us. We have
few professorships of Botany, and this useful
science is too much neglected in our Schools.

14 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

Botanical works must even be printed at pri-
vate expense, as have been most of mine (except
my medical flora) and the sales do not pay the
expences. We often meet besides with envy or
detractors, scorn or neglect. We must there-
fore find our own reward in the self-satisfaction
of having done well, and deserved if not obtain-
ed due credit, also in the pleasures inherent in
collecting, studying and describing the gifts of
Flora, besides the grateful kindness of some con-
genial friends or well wishers.

Nothing is more unkind, and yet how com-
mon, than to hear myself assailed with the
questions, why do you not give us your netc
plants ? why are they not found by every
body ? . . . ! This perversity of ideas and feel-
ings, would be best answered by saying in iro-
nical style, why do you not give me your mo-
ney ? and value my rare plants ? or why are
you lazy or blind / . . . . I am tired to repeat
— Go to the mountains and glades, every month
of the year, go where I found them at the same
season and you will find them. Spend $ 500 in
the pursuit, if you will not buy my specimens —
However one half of my new plants are already
in the hands of Botanists, having sent them or
exchanged or sold to 20 of them. Short, Rid-
dell, Hart ^c have found again several of my
Western plants, those of Robin will be found
in Atakapas and Texas, those of Kin in the
peninsula of Florida ^c.

A crowd of rare plants of Michaux, Pursh,
Nuttal &c are unknown to most of our Botan-
ists. Many plants described by European Bo-
tanists Linneus, Aiton, Lamark, Decandole,
Hooker, Lindley, Wildenow «fec, are equaly
rare with mine, and unknown to many of our

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 15

Botanists. They were chiefly found by foreign
travellers, collectors or gardeners and sent to
Europe. Kalm, Kin, Noisette, Kingston, Drum-
mond, Lyons, Bradbury &.c found many such
in their remote explorations, and so have I.
Whoever therefore neglects my discoveries is
either jealous of them, or unable to distinguish
plants. But careless Botanists are often blind to
disparities and overlook those rare species, I
did so myself once and deemed with Muhlen-
berg that 15 species of our Lactucas were all
L. elongata ! thus blending and overlooking
distinct sp. So they do to this day,and then they
say they cant see them !

NORTH AMERICAN NEOPHYTON.

I shall dedicate the second part of this flora
to describe some of my most remarkable New
Herbaceous Plants either new Genera or new
Species, reserving the new Trees and Shrubs
for the New Sylva of the third part. They
shall be enumerated at random rather than by
monographs, as I shall refer to them in my fu-
ture Monographs and natural arrangement. I
possess specimens of the whole, and they are
all figured in my Autikon and Icones rariorum
by those numbers here employed.
^ 201. ODOGLOSSA Raf. meaning toothed
ligule. A new Genus near to Coreopsis and
Vernasolis, but differing by the neutral rays,
and male floscules mixt in the disk.

Perianthe double, both octophylous, the in-
ternal colored. Phoranthe convex, chaffs seta-
ceous and few. Rays 8 neutral, rudiment of
Ovary linear bidentate, tube flat imperforate,

16 NOR HI AMERICAN

ligule or lamina elongate venose, end bifid, sides
unidentate. Disk with many florets, male and
perfect inixt, Ovary obovate hardly bidentate,
florets tubulose Sdentate, stamens free at the
end, style hardly bifid. In male florets ovary
entire, anthers often quite free. Seeds obo-
vate black hardly bidentate. Perennial, habit
of Vernasolis, hitt root fiot creeping.

202. Odoglossa iieterophylla Raf. stem
virgate, naked above, pauciflore sulcate smooth,
branches very long uniflore, naked polygonal ;
leaves rugose beneath, radical petiolate cune-
ate obtuse entire, inferior petiolate pinnatifid,
lobes oblong obtuse 3 to 7, the last larger, me-
dial leaves sessile oblong entire. External pe-
rianthe ovatoblong obtuse nervose, the internal
elliptic — In Alabama, Georgia and West Ten-
nessee, rare, stem pedal or more, root fibrose,
flowers vernal ? rays yellow nearly one inch
long, perianthe yellowish. I have not yet found
any synonym to this curious plant.

203. LAXANON Raf. Name of Dioskori-
des for a Lapsatia, to which Genus it is akin,
in family of Glossanthia or Cichoracea, but
diflfers by naked seeds and simple perianthe.

Perianthe simple 5 to 7 parted, without cal-
icule. Ligules 10 to 15, seeds ovatoblong stri-
ate naked, pappus none, phoranthe naked.
Habit of Krigia. One type.

204. Laxanon parviflorum Raf. smooth,
stem ramose terete, branches incurved, leaves
graminiform linear lanceolate, entire obtuse,up-
per ones nearly opposite ; flowers terminal, pe-
dicels elongate unequal filiform pubescent, 3 to
5 subumbellate, perianthe smooth, sepals ovate
acuminate — Sent me from Alabama, pedal dif-
fuse, flowers yellow very small. This is evi-
dently a very distinct plant.

NEOPHYTO>\ l**^

205. EPATITIS Raf. a name of Diosko-
rides for Eupatorium. A Genus akin to it
and Mikania, but ^vithout calicule and the
florets reduced to the minimum number of 2
or 3.

Perianthe simple 2 or 3 sepals, no calicule,
floscules 2 or 3 longer tubular 5fid, seeds com-
pressed linear, pappus simple pilose, phoranthe
naked. Habit of Mikania and Cacalia.

206. Epatitis obliqua Raf. smooth, stem
angular erect, leaves petiolate obliqual cordate
or subsagittate, (one side rounded, another sa-
gitate) acute dentate, flowers corymbose fasci-
culate, peduncles pubescent, bracts linear, se-
pals of perianthe cuneate oblong obtuse flat —
sent me from Oregon, pedal and higher, flow-
ers white and small. It is akin to the Cacal-
ia alpina of Sibiria, but the leaves are not
properly cordate, nor flowers with 5 florets.

207. ROPALON Raf. name of Teophrastus
for a Nymphea, to which it is akin, but lacks
the petals.

Calix Ophyle, no petals, anthers many sub-
sessile, stigma with 12 or more rays truncate.
Remainder and habit as in Nuphar.

208. RoPALON sAGiTTATUM Raf. Nymphca
sagittifoha Wild. Elliot, N. longifolia Mich,
&,c — leaves oblong obtuse sagittate, fruit ovate.
— In Carolina and Florida in waters, leaves 6
to 8 inches, elongate, flowers estival yellow.

209. Lobelia cladlomesa Raf. smooth, stem
erect angular, with short branches in the mid-
dle, leaves all linear acute adpressed entire :
flowers racemose adpressed, capsules subin-
flate equal to pedicels — sent me from Alaba-
ma, 1 or 2 feet high, flowers blue estival size
of L. inflata, leaves one inch or more, bracts

3

18 NORTH AMERICAN

subulate oft equal to pedicels, segments of ca-
lix lanceolate acute unequal.

210. Lobelia parvifolia, R. smooth, stem
procumbent ramose diffuse flexuose, leaves few
small, lower spatulate obtuse subentire, medial
oblong subserrate, upper linear entire acute,
flowers subracemose lax, pedicels longer than
leaves, segments of calix linear — Apalachian
mts. flowers small bluish. Seen alive in gar-
dens spontaneous. Annual.

211. Lobelia paniculata R. stem striate
naked above, leaves pubescent obovate spatu-
late obtuse repand, mostly radical, only 1 or 2
on stem ; raceme ramose subpaniculate, flow-
ers scattered lax, bracts subulate equal to pe-
dicels — mts. Alleghany, rare, annual, stem bi-
pedal, flowers white small. Probably a devia-
ted sp. from L. claytoniana, disc. 1818.

212. Lobelia incur v a R. glaucous pubes-
cent, stem erect branched, leaves linear cune-
ate obtuse ; flowers axillary racemose, pedicels
incurved subequal to leaves, segments of calix
lanceolate acute— Florida, annual, pedal, flow-
ers small and blue, akin to L. Kalmi and con-
similar blended sp.

213. Lobelia falcata R. glaucous smooth,
stem simple, leaves long linear falcate acute en-
tire, lower subcuneate ; raceme lax leafy, flow-
ers equal to leaves, calix linear acute — found
on Lakes Erie and Ontario, very near to the
true L. Kalmi of Canada, but with longer fal-
cate leaves, flowers larger pale blue, probably
a deviation, collected 1825.

214. Lobelia fistulosa R. stem round
smooth fistulose slender, leaves scattered re-
mote linear acute revolute adpressed; fl. ra-

NEOPHYTON. Id

cemose, bracts subulate glandular longer than
pedicels, segments of calix linear very long .
equal to corolla — sent me from Alabama, pe-
dal, flowers blue middle size, corollas elongate,
capsules turbinate.

I have several other N. sp. and Var. of this
pretty Genus ; see my monograph ; my L. ni"
vea descr. 1820 will also be there again.

215. DiPSAcus cuNEiFOLius Raf. stem an-
gular aculeate, lower leaves petiolate, cuneate
obtuse, crenate, upper leaves sessile cuneate or
lanceolate acute entire : head spherical, invo-
lucre unequal falcate subulate aculeate, chaff
spinose not hooked — In some valleys of the
Alleghany mts. and in some glades of Ken-
tucky, disc. 1818, pedal, annual, very different
from D. syhestris and fidlonutn.

216. TROPITOMA Raf anomalous or pe-
loric Genus, sprung from Desmodiiim leiican-
thum ! calix urceolate bilabiate, upper lip bi-
dentate, lower tridentate, corolla not papiliona-
ceous, petals 5uneq. patent, one superior larger
or vexillum round emarginate, 4 inferior smal-
ler equal oblong obtuse. Stamens 10 mona-
delphous, filaments free above divaricate sub-
equal, anthers small round. Ovary stipitate
oblong compressed, style lateral subulate, stig-
ma simple acute. Pod with 1 or 2 articula-
tions obliqual ovate, one seed oblong compres-
sed in each. Habit of Desmodiiun. One
type, the name means cut keel.

217. Tropitoma PARADOxARaf. erect, leaves
few, folioles 3 on long petiols ovate rounded
acute scarcely pubescent, pale beneath, flowers
terminal 1 to 3 — Discovered 1821 in the hills
of central Kentucky, semipedal, annual, flowers
white. Rare.

20 ??ORTH AMERICAJS:

218. Menyanthes latifoua R. folioles suh-
petiolate ample ovate or obovate entire suba-
cute, scape subequal to leaves with a lanceo-
late sessile leaf, raceme lax, bracts short ovate
obtuse — Found in Origon by Walton with the
next : both akin to 31. verna of my med. flora.
Robust plant, perennial, ultrapedaL

219. Menyanthes tijidentata R. folioles
sessile small obovate tridentate, scape much
longer than leaves and naked, bracts ovate
— Orifgon, pedal, perennial ?

220. Chlonanthes (Chelone) tomentosa
Raf. leaves subsessile broad lanceolate acumi=
nate serrate, base entire, tomentose and grey
beneath ,• fl. axillary and terminal fasciculate
nodding — In the mts. of Virginia, stem bipedal^
leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 1 or 2 broad, fl. white,,
perennial, rare. I have modified into Chlo-
nanthes, the absurd name of Chelone that
meant turtle ! as if a flower was a reptile !

221. Asarum parvifolium R. stemless,leaves.
twin radical on long petiols, pilose broad reni-
form emarginate, peduncle erect, flower large
tubular smooth tridentate — On the top of mts.
in North Carolina, small plant only 2 inches
high, leaves half imcial perennial, flower dark
purple, as large as in others.

222. AsARUM FURCATUM R. caulescent fur-
cate pubescent, leaves twin reniform subacute^
peduncle erect, flower campanulate trifid pu-
bescent — Apalachian mts? leaves four times
as large as the last, yet flowers equal in size
and same color, but deeper divided. Peren-
nial.

223. AsARUM medium R. stemless pubescent,
leaves opposite on long villose petiols, cordate
reuiform acute, peduncle short floxuosc villose.

NEOPHYTON. 21

calix base villose, end smooth, tripartite, seg-
ments lanceolate — From Missouri and upper
Lakes, perennial, semipedal, flowers cinereous
or fuscate ; the A. canadense differs from all
these by smooth reniibrm leaves, calix reflex-
ed &c.

224. AsARUM ROTUNDiroLiuM R. caulescent
erect villose, leaves 4 opposite rounded cor-
date, flower terminal subsessile nodding smooth-
ish campanulate trifid. — Brought by Walton
from Origon mts. near A. eiiropeum, which
differs by 2 broad reniform leaves, fl. pedun-
cled trilobe <J'C, perennial, flower dark purple.

225. Hedyotis geniculata R. smooth, stem
geniculate 4gone, leaves fasciculate lanceolate
acute, margin scabrous, pale beneath ; fl. axill.
solitary, segments of calix linear equal, tube of
corolla filiform twice longer than calix — Was
ioto hills of Kentucky, semipedal, annual,
leaves uncial, flowers purple, their limb cam-
panulate 4fid, apparently a true Hedyotis, al-
though I did not see the ripe fruit ; not a Stel-
motis the calix being equal.

226. Galeopsis Montana R. dwarf glau-
cous, leaves few remote petiolate ovatoblong
acute serrate pilose, flowers terminal only 1 to
3 calix not pungent — Summit of Oquago mts.
near Utsiantha Lake in New York, small an-
nual, only ,3 to 4 inches high, flowers incarnate,
Probably a deviation from G, tetrahit, but as-
pect very unlike.

227. Eustachya vel Leptandra oppositi-
FOLiA Rafj leaves opposite sessile ovate acute
(not acuminate) serrulate smoothish, equal to
internodes, spike simple — mts. Apalaches of
Virginia, perennial, sesquipedal, flowers white
small, very distinct from the narrow leaved,
whorled sp. of this Genus.

22 NORTH AMERICAN

228. M YCTANTHES (mixed flowers) Raf.
anomalous or peloric Genus occasionally form-
ed by some Asters and Solidagos — Difference,
flowers often concrete or coalescent, with ligu-
les and floscules intermixt, perianthe imbri-
cate unequal foliaceous. I have noticed seve-
ral types. Is it a diseased state ? but the
plants were healthy.

225. Myctanthes punicea R. like Aster
puniceus, but stem simple, 2-3flore, leaves lan-
ceolate — observed near Philadelphia, flowers
terminal purplish.

230. Myctanthes latifolia R. stem sim-
ple uniflore, leaves sessile elliptic acuminate
subserrate, flower terminal sessile purplish —
collected in the Alleghany mts. bipedal.

231. Myctanthes axillaris R. similar to
Solidago nemorosa, but flowers axillary and
solitarv, yellow — mts. Alleghany, pedal.

233." ALISETA (Plantain) Raf. Radiate
Genus near to Arnica — Perianthe in double
series, each of ten spreading folioles. Phoran-
the flat alveolate, chaffs carinate long acute.
Floscules tubulose 5fid sterile. Ligules or rays
about 20 fertile tridentate narrow. Seeds It-
near, pappus simple deciduous. Habit of Ar-
nica, scapose, uniflore — But very different
Genus by calix, chaiffs, sterile florets <Slc. It is
nearer to the next Genus Peritris in some re-
spects. Single type.

233. Aliseta plantaginea R. radical leaves
lanceolate or cuneate entire hirsute acute,
scape terete smooth, with a single subulate
scale, uniflore, folioles of perianthe ovate lan-
ceolate smooth — Sent me from Florida, prob-
ably biennial, root short with many fibres, leaves
2 or 3 inches long, scape 6 inches, flower large
2 inches, rays yellow, disk fuscote.

NEOPHYTON. 23

234. PERITRIS (around triple) Raf. A-
nother Genus akin to Arnica distinct by habit
and triple perianthe — Perianthe in triple se-
ries, outer shorter with few lax folioles, the 2
inner equal and adpressed. Phoranthe flat
naked. Rays few tridentate. Seeds oblong
compressed pubescent, pappus simple. Habit
of Jacobea, caulescent corymbose. — Perian-
the nearly like Aliscta with the addition of a
calicule, but chafts lacking and habit unlike.

235. Peritris ovatifolia R. puberulent,
stem erect subangular lower leaves petiolate
ovate serrate acute, petiols winged, upper leaves
sessile ovate lanceol. serrulate or entire ; co-
rymb ramose racemose, peduncles erect, bracts
subulate, folioles of perianthe lanceolate — Flo-
rida and Alabama, pedal, perennial, fl. yellow,
perianthe smooth, calicule or outer pubescent.

236. Arnica brevicaulis Raf. smooth, sea-
pose, leaves obovate and cuneate, obtuse, un-
equally crenate and laciniate, scape shorter
than leaves and with flowers umbellate, bracts
lanceol. wooly in the axiles. peduncles unequal,
some very long, striate uniflore with 1 or 2 su-
bulate bracteoles, perianthe lanceolate, wooly
at the base. — Sent me from Alabama, stem
only 4 inches, leaves 6, flowers large yellow,
few rays, pappus white, seeds oblong angular
smooth. This appears a real Arnica near A.
nndicaulis, the perianthe being simple.

237. Bellis parviflora Raf. stem branched
diffuse, leaves sessile oblong acute entire sca-
brose, peduncles terminal long naked, rays^
linear — In Kentucky on rocks, rare, annual,
semipedal, leaves small, flowers white estival
very small half size of B. integrifolia.

238. Bellis kutajis Raf. stem simple uni-

34 ' NORTH AMERICAN

flore striate, leaves remote sessile cuneate
acute entire pilose ciliate, flower nodding — In
the glades of West Kentucky, annual, flowers
vernal white same size as B. integrifolia,
which grows by millions in those glades, where
I found them all in 1823. These plants really
belong to the G. Bellis and not EcUpta as
deemed by Sprengel, nor Brachyeome of Cas-
sini, genus based on Bellis aculeata and cilia-
ris of Australia, to which Lessing has wrongly
united B. integrifolia. In order to contrast
my species I must add this and also the Texan
species.

239. Bellis integrifolia Mx. and Amer.
Authors. Eclipta do Spr. Brachyeome xan-
thocomoides Lessing — smoothish,stem branch-
ed multiflore erect, branches 1 or 2 flore, low-
er leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse, upper ses-
sile cuneate acute not ciliate, flowers erect
rays oblong — All over the Western States,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky,
Tennessee <f*c in glades, vernal white flowers,
stem 6 to 15 inches high erect, 3 to 12 flowers,
not seen by Pursh, nor Nuttal till he went to
Arkanzas, a proof that a very common plant
may escape notice if you do not visit the loca-
lities in due season. Several varieties 1 pum-
ila 3 inches high, 3 flowers only, 2 elata, ses-
quipedal, multiflore, 3 cartiea flowers of a
blushing color, ^c, all annuals.

240. Bellis ciliata Raf B. integrif. Hook-
er hot. mag. 3455. Pubescent, stem erect mul-
flore, lower leaves petiolate spatulate obtuse
base ciliate, upper sessile oblong acute ciliate,
peduncles naked erect, rays cuneate — annual,
found by Drummond in Texas, and probably
extending to Louisiana and Arkanzas, blended

NEOPHYTON. 25

with the last by Hooker, his description in-
cluding both, his figure appears the texan plant
which has been sent me by Torrey, and I des-
cribe original specimens of Drummond ; it has
also a var. trijlora, with leaves all acutish and
only 3 flowers. The folioles of the perianthc
are lanceolate acuminate in all the sp. not
linear as Hooker says, the seeds are obovate
pubescent.

211. ParTHENIUM ANGUSTIFOLTUM Raf StCUl

virgate angulate smooth, above rough, lower
leaves petiolate narrow cuneate or oblong cre-
nate obtuse rough, upper leaves sessile ovato-
blong ; flowers corymbose globose, fol. of pe-
rianthe ovate rounded acute — In the barrens or
glades of West Kentucky, 2 or 3 feet high,
petiols long, leaves G to 8 inches long, 1 or 2
broad. Very distinct from the 3 next sp. all
are estival and perennial.

242. Partiienium pumilum Raf. stem dwarf,
striate, smooth, lower leaves petiolate obovate
crenate obtuse rough, upper cuneate sessile
nearly entire acute; corymb glomerate, fol. of
perianthe ovate acute rough — In the mts. Wa-
rioto or Cumberland, stem smooth striate semi-
pedal, leaves rough small, flowers white.

243. Partiienium sinuatum Raf. stem sul-
cate elate smooth, leaves nearly glabrous ru-
gose, radical ample petiolate ovate deltoid sin-
uate laciniate, obtuse, stem leaves sessile am-
plexicaule ovate repand sinuolate; corymb
sessile glomerate, fol. of perianthe rounded —
Mts, of Virginia, probably blended with iie
next by Authors, but by no means integrlfoU-
um ! large leaves, lower often 10 inches long
decurrent on the petiols, flowers few globular
whitish. Stem commonly 3 feet high.

4

^ NORTH AMERICAN

244. Parthenium amplectens Raf. P. in-
tegrifolium L. and Authors? Stem angular
rough elate, leaves all rough ovate oblong am-
plexicaule serrate acute, corymb lax, fol. of pe-
rianthe ovate rounded acute carinate. — Glades
of Kentucky, 2 to 4 feet high, leaves 3 to 6
inches long, lower hardly attenuate at base,
flowers whitish. P. integrif. is a name illu-
sive and to be abolished, it was given by Lin.
in contrast with P. hysteropliorus with multi-
fid leaves, that now is a peculiar Genus. The
Linnean sp. figured in Dillen and Plukenet had
leaves ovate crenate hirsute, lower with cari-
nate petiols, upper sessile, flowers snowy white,
tip of perianthe black, and may still be diff*er-
ent from all mine, found in Virginia, might be
called P. dillenianurn ? — The sp. of Elliot is
still somewhat different, it may be called P.
elliotamim? stem 1 or 2 feet striate roughish,
leaves rough toothed ovate lanceolate ; lower
sessile, upper amplexicaule — as near to P. an-
gustifolium as to this. See 280.

245. Urtica verna Raf. nearly smooth,
stem simple slender, leaves remote opposite pe-
tiolafe acuminate laciniate serrate, the lower
cordate, medial ovate, upper lanceolate ; male
spikes inferior shorter than petiols, female fl.
glomerate above, glomerules nodding geminate
peduncled. — Kentucky and other Western
States, in woods, flowers vernal in may, pedal,
leaves small, a true Urtica with male fl. 4 part-
ed 4andre. Var. gracilis very slender virgate,
leaves small none cordate.

246. OxALis rupestris Raf. stem erect an-
gular rufous pilose, leaves glaucous smooth,
folioles obcordate, sinus obtuse, peduncles lon-
ger than leaves 3-5flore, sepals lanceolate, pe-

NEOPHYTON. 27

tals retiise obovate. — On the cliffs of the River
Kentucky, 8 to 12 inches high, flowers large
pale yellow, estival.

247. OxALis CESPiTosA Raf. creeping, ces-
pitose pilose, stems assurgent, petiols filiform,
folioles obcordate ciliate, sinus acute, pedun-
cles filiform longer than ieaves 2-3ilore, pedi-
cels equal to flowers, bracts linear, petals obo-
vate double of calix, capsules pilose — Glades of
West Kentucky and West Tennessee, abund-
ant, vernal, found in May and June 1823: near
to O. lyo7iiy 3 to 5 inches, forming small tufts,
leaves small, flowers large one inch broad pale
or lemon color.

248. Capsella acutifolia Raf. stem simple
smooth, radical leaves short pinnatifid, pinnules
ovatoblong dentate acute, stem leaves sagittate
lanceolate very acute subentire amplexicaule,
raceme naked, silicules short deltoid hardly
emarginate, pedicels long filiform spreading. —
In the Alleghany mts. pedal annual with white
flowers and estival, as all the sp. of this Genus
of Mench, Ventcnat and Decandolc, who ad-
mits of only one sp. C. bursa., with 4 varieties
mitior, integrif. coronopif. apetala ; but I
have 8 or 10 sp. in my herbal, whereof 6 from
N America, and many more exist perhaps in
Africa and Asia.

249. Capsella integrifolia Raf Var. do
Dec ? stem slender simple radical leaves cun-
eate acute, attenuate in petiol at the base, quite
entire, stem leaves oblong acute sessile not sa-
gittate entire, silicules deltoid emarginate —
Hills of Pennsylv. and Kentucky, semipedal,
certainly as distinct a sp. as can be ! leaves
not even toothed as in the next, nor sagittate
above.

28 NORTH AMERICAN

250. Capsella den TATA Raf. dwarfish stem
simple nearly naked radical leaves petiolate
cuneate or obovate toothed, stem leaves 1 or 2
sagittate linear, raceme lax elongate, silicules
deltoid truncate shorter than pedicels. — In mts.
Alleghanies, 3 or 4 inches high only, akin to
last, but leaves toothed and upper sagittate.
Is it the Var. minor of some botanists ?

251. Capsella bifida Raf. several stems,
radical leaves oblong toothed, stem leaves sa-
gittate entire glaucous roughish, racemes elon-
gate, silicules oblong base acute end bifid, pe-
dicels subequal. — In Pennsylvania glades, pe-
dal, annual, very distinct by silicules longer
than broad and almost bifid, no runcinate
leaves &c.

252. Capsella furcata Raf. all leaves spa-
tulate oblong obtuse entire or hardly toothed,
silicules broad furcate, pedicels equal — In Can-
ada and Europe, semipedal, distinct by the pe-
culiar silicules broadly obdeltoid, wider than
long, and uniform leaves, quite obtuse.

253. Capsella amblodes Raf. all leaves pin-
natifid, acute, pinnules often angular, silicules,
shorter than pedicels, oblong cuneate obtuse,
emarginate — sent me from Europe as a varie-
ty of C. bursa, probably also in N. America,
annual dwarfish 3 to 4 inches high only, quite
peculiar silicules, and uniform leaves.

254. Capsella bursa Raf. non Auct.
Tlilaspi bursa pastoris L. and most of our
botanists. Radical leaves pinnatifid runcinate,
pinnules entire,stem leaves oblong sagittate den-
tate, silicules shorter than pedicels deltoid tri-
angular base and corners acute, hardly emar-
ginate — In Europe, introduced in fields and
the roads in N, America, pedal and sesquipe-

NEOPHYTON. 29

dal, nearest to C. aciitifoUa, chief difference
in pinnules entire less acute broader, silicules
quite triangular with acute angles. — It is pro-
bable that these plants are deviations sprung
from each other, but some are really native of
wild localities and not introduced : to deem
them mere varieties would be preposterous,
since they differ as widely in leaves and fruits
as any acknowledged species of Sinapis or
Lejjiduim, which ought on such fclse princi-
ples be made but single species. I have not yet
met in America the C. coronopifolia of Eu-
rope having leaves with narrow remote seg-
ments. The monstruous deviation called ape-
tala by Opiz and Decandole, is evidently an in-
cipient New Genus formed in Europe, not even
of this family, having no petals, 10 stamens, in-
stead of 4 petals and 6 stamens ! I call it Opi-

ZIA BURSOIDES Raf

255. Calystegia riparia Raf. sepium of
Amer. hot. not L. nor Europe. Procumbent,
twining, leaves cordate oblong, lobes rounded
seldom acute, peduncles unitlore terete very
long, calicule longer than calix ovate concave
obtuse — annual, on the margins of rivers,
streams and marshes in New Jersey and New
York, flowers estival white incarnate. Mista-
ken by our botanists for the Convolvulus sepi-
um of Europe, Calystegia sepium of R. Brown
and Pursh ; a smaller plant not climbing, leaves
and flowers smaller.

255. Brunella microphylla Raf. stem pi-
lose geniculate dwarf, leaves very small smooth
subentire obtuse, lower ovate on long petiols,
upper oblong subsessile, heads subsessile glo-
bose or ovate, bracts scariose reniform venose
ciliate acuminate — summits of mts. in Allegha-

30 NORTH AMERICAN

nies and Kiskanom mts. only 2 or 3 inches
high, leaves not half an inch, flowers small pur-
ple vernal. Annual like all the species ?

257. Brunella sessilifolia Raf. stem te-
rete branched rough above, branches brachi-
ate, leaves sessile narrow lanceolate acute en-
tire smooth, margin rough, heads oblong, bracts
cordate acuminate ciliate, calix ciliate colorate
— Florida sesquipedal, leaves 2 or 3 inches
long, heads elongate 3 inches long, calix red,
flowers purple, handsome sp. near Br. inter-
media of Europe, but leaves entire and smooth.

258. Brunella petiolaris Raf. smooth,
stem simple subterete, leaves on long petiols,
lower obovate or cuneate entire obtuse, upper
lanceolate acute subdentate, heads ovatoblong
short, bracts ciliate reticulate cuspidate cor-
date, calix smooth cuspidate — In Kentucky
pedal, radical leaves smaller, upper leaves long
narrow triuncial, flowers estival as in nearly all.

259. Brunella hirsuta Raf. Hirsute rough,
stem simple 4gone, leaves remote petiolate cre-
nate, lower ovate obtuse, upper elliptic oblong
subacute, heads short truncate, bracts hirsute
ciliate acuminate, calix ciliate acute — Illinois
and Missouri, pedal, flowers bluish purple.

260. Brunella cinerea Raf. creeping vil-
lose cinereous, radical leaves petiolate round
and ovate, obtuse crenate, upper leaves oblong
or linear nearly entire margin involute, heads
oblong sessile,bracts reniform acum.cihate, ca-
lix hirsute at the base — Florida, Alabama,
Wasioto mts. and hills of Kentucky, biennial,
vernal very distinct, although akin to last and
next. Stem semipedal, leaves small uncial,
heads 2 inches long, calix as in most sp. upper
lip Sdentate, lower bifid ciliate.

NEOPIIYTON. 31

261. Brunella iieterophyla Raf, smooth
erect, leaves petiolate subcrenate repand, radi-
cal ovate rounded obtuse, on stem ovate or
oblong, heads sessile ovate short — on mts. Alle-
ghany, akin to the last, but annual estival erect
smooth, green not ash color.

262. Brucella cordata Raf. stem erect
simple red, pilose above, petiols ciliate, leaves
smooth ovate acute subentire pale beneath,
lower cordate serrate, heads oblong sessile with
2 oblong leaves, bracts reniform reticulate cili-
ate — Alleghany mts. pedal, fine species, calix
red, corol purplish blue, estival.

263. Brunella reticulata Raf. stem erect
smooth, leaves petiolate elongate ovatoblong
entire, acute at both ends, heads on a hairy pe-
duncle, oval short, bracts reticulate acuminate
ciliate, calix smooth — in Ohio, Kentucky ^c,
fine species, sesquipedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches
long, spike short hardly over one inch, calix
with lips 3dentate and bifid as usual, but quite
smooth. Akin to the last but differs by entire
leaves and short heads not sessile.

264. Brunella rosea Raf. dwarf, stem de-
cumbent hairy above, leaves petiolate smooth
oblong and lanceolate acute subentire, lower
crenate, heads oval subsessile, bracts scariose
reticulate cordate ciliate acuminate — in the
Turkey mts. of Alleghanies, only 2 to 4 inches
high, stem 4gone, angles with a few hairs,
leaves uncial, heads uncial or less, flowers es-
tival of a fine rose color different from all the
others. Very distinct sp. only slightly akin to
Br. microphyla in habit, but nothing else, calix
ciliate. A variety has shorter heads and more
crenate leaves, stem nearly erect. Var, hrevi-
flora.

32 NORTH AMERICAN

265. Brunella obtusifolia Raf. stem erect
hairy above, leaves petiolate ovate obtuse en-
tire or subrepand, heads oblong subsessile bracts
scariose colored ciliate reniform acuminate ;
calix colorate ciliate — in Pennsylvania 4'^?
more similar to Br. vulgaris of Europe than
any other, pedal, estival, perennial, bracts and
flowers red. These 10 sp. of Brunella (mis-
called Prunella by error of the press) are us-
ually blended (when seen by our botanists) with
the Br. pennsylvanica of Muhlenberg : to unite
such diversities is preposterous. The real
pennsylvanica which is the vulgaris of others
differs from this my obtusifolia by creeping
roots, ascending stems, leaves ovatoblong acute
toothed at the base, &c. I have even yet sonie
other American and European blended sp. in
my herbal, or at least striking varieties, some
with white flowers.

266. BucHNERA MissuRicA Raf. rough pu-
bescent, stem adscendent base hirsute, leaves
opposite and alternate crowded imbricate lan-
ceolate subentire, radical ovate, upper ones
small subulate squamulose remote, flowers in
short spike, alternate at base, bracts subulate
short — Glades of Missouri and Illinois, pedal,
perennial, calix urceolate, tube of corolla slen-
der strait.

267. BucHNERA ANGUSTiFOLiA Raf stcm vir-
gate terete nearly smooth, naked above, leaves
remote linear obtuse entire roughened by white
hairs, flowers scattered sessile in the spike — in
Alabama, sesquipedal, capsules globose in ca-
lix ovate Slobed. These two sp. are quite dis-
tinct from B. americana, see 298.

268. CupiiEA ALBiDA Raf. stem simple hum-
ble pauciflore, leaves petiolate ovate lanceolate

NEOPIIYTON. 33

hardly viscose pubescent entire obtuse, flowers
axillary subsessile, calix hispid striate, petals
white cuneate small — in the Alieghanies of
Pennsylvania, only found once in 1833, north
of Garble, annual, semipedal,quite distinct from
C viscosissima having many purple flowers,
stem much branched and clammy, leaves nar-
rower lanceolate <^*c.

269. CoMANDUA OBOVATA Raf. stcm ramose
angular striate, leaves oboval subobtuse, um-
bellules 3-5fiowered, pedicels equal to flowers,
bracts obovate equal to pedicels — mts. Aliegha-
nies pedal. The Thcsium umbellatum of L,
has been well described as a N. G. Comandra
by Nuttal, but he neglected the species thereof,
and so have done all our botanists, there are
now 7 or 8 sp. of this G. and I will distinguish
5 sp. of it, all blended by our careless Authors.
All have white estival flowers.

270. Comandra elliptica Raf. stem angu-
lar hardly branched, leaves broad oblong ellip-
tic acute, umbellules sub Sflowered, pedicels
shorter, bracts lanceolate equal to pedicels —
common, pedal, estival, probably the C. ?«m-
belUilata of Nuttal and most of our Botanists.

271. Comandra obtusi folia Raf. stem an-
gular branched above, loaves imbricate narrow
oblong obtuse, umbellules 3-5fl. pedicels very
short or wanting, bracts subulate — ^Ohio to
Illinois, semipedal,

272. Comandra media Raf. stem terete stri-
ate ramose, leaves broad oblong acute, umbell-
ules l-3flore, pedicels equal, no bracts — in New
Jersey and Virginia, pedal.

273. Comandra cuneifolia Raf. stem slen-
der subangular, leaves lax cuneate nearly acute
umbellules 3-5flore, pedicels very short, bracts

5

34 NORTH AMERICAN

ovate short — West Kentucky, discovered 1823,
pedal. I possess all these sp. which are such
wide deviations as to be sp. rather than va-
rieties.

274. Hydrastis trifolia Raf. stem flexu-
ose three leaved, Iflore, leaves ample, lower pe-
tiolate, 2 upper sessile, reniform 3-51obed, un-
equally serrate ciliolate, lobes ovate acute, glau-
cous beneath, flower sessile at the third leaf —
West Kentucky, over one foot high, lower leaf
inches wide. This Genus was thought mon-
otype, if this is not a N. sp. it is a very singular
deviation of form, as H. canadensis has always
2 leaves not ciliate &:.c. Flower white early
vernal.

275. GEiiANiu?.! LENTicuLUM Raf. Pilose,
stem erect slender sulcate branched, leaves op-
posite and alternate on long petiols 5-7parted
segments linear lanceolate entire acute, pedun-
cles biflore shorter than petiols, calix sepals lan-
ceolate nervose aristate, seeds lenticular pu^
bescent — West Tennessee and Kentucky, pe-
dal, flowers small, petals purple, estival, annual,
in glades.

276. Geranium pedatum Raf. smooth, stem
diffiise filiform striate, leaves alternate on long
petiols small pedate 7-9fide, segments linear,
medial cuneate trifid, peduncles very long, fili-
form l-2flore, calix sepals ovate enerve acumi-
nate, seeds oblong smooth. — Glades and Prai-
ries of West Kentucky and Illinois, semipedal,
annual, flowers small purple vernal.

277. Isanthus pumilus Raf. smooth, stem
dwarf hardly ramose, leaves subpetiolate lan-
ceolate acute hardly trinerve, pedicels uniflore
short, equal to calix, shorter than leaves, calix
ciliate — Glades of West Kentucky and Tenn-

NEOPHYTON. 35

essee, annual estival, only 3 to 4 inches high —
leaves not ciliate, but the calix instead.

278. IsANTHUs PUBESCENS Raf. quite pubes-
cent, stem branched, leaves sessile trinerve lan-
ceolate acute, peduncles biflore curved sub-
equal to leaves longer than calix — Mts. Wasi-
oto or Cumberland of East Kentucky, annual,
pedal. This is nearer to /. ceruleus of Mx.
my Is. ciUatus which has however leaves ovate
lanceolate ciliate, short peduncles and is nearly
viscid.

279. IsANTHUs MULTiFLORUs Raf. smooth,
very branched, leaves sessile linear lanceolate
uninerve, peduncles multiflore, pedicels shorter
than calix — with the last in the Wasioto hills,
semipedal, annual. Thus this monotype Amer-
ican Genus is now increased by me to 4 spe-
cies ; they are all estival and commonly grow
in Limestone soils, I have perhaps another
doubtful from Texas, with obovate leaves.

280. Partiienium hispidum Raf. stem flex-
uose sulcate hispid, hairs white, lower leaves
obovate base acute, the lowest on a long hispid
petiol, upper leaves sessile oblong and ovate,
base truncate, all acute with large unequal
teeth ciliolate, slightly hispid on both sides,
flowers corymbose glomerate sessile tomentose
pale fulvous — another sp. of this American
Genus, from the Glades of Arkanzas and Texas
humble, hardly over a foot high, with stiff white
hairs, only one radical petiolate leaf, few leaves
all different in size and shape, flowers fulvous
white, perianthe with ovate obtuse sepals.

281. Triosteum CONNATU3I Raf. perfoliatum
and majus of some hot — stem sulcate pubes-
cent, leaves connate ovate rhomboidal acumi-
*iate undulate, rouarh above, tomentose ^^eneath

36 NORTH AMERICAN

axils 1 or 2flore, flowers sessile calix unequal
linear pubescent — in the Alleghany mts. bipe-
dal, corol rufous red subequal 51obed, berries:
purple. Of this Genus our botanists admit only
two species perfoliaturn and angustifoliumy
but the first also called majus by some con-
tains many blended species, and it is hard to
say which is meant by each, as few give origi-
nal descriptions : this is the sp. of Elliot. I
shall increase this Genus to 8 sp. quite distinct,
they are all perennial estival plants, with stem
simple and axillary flowers, commonly found
in limestone or sandy soils. The roots of all
are medical and febrifuge, see my medical
flora.

282. Triosteum molle Raf. entirely villose
sofl;, leaves subconnate broadly oblong acumi-
nate undulate repand, villose above, tomentose
beneath, axils triflore, flowers subpedunculate
— Received from Missouri, bipedal.

283. Triosteum villosum Raf. stem striated
villose, leaves sessile ovate acute base attenu-
ate, smooth above, villose beneath, axils multi-
flore upper sterile, flowers sessile, calix lanceo-^
late — in the sandy soils from Maryland to New
Jersey, bipedal, or tripedal corol short dark
purple, berries purple.

284. Triosteum pumilum Raf. stem dwar-
fish sulcate villose, leaves sessile oblong elliptic
acute, villose beneath, axils uniflore, flowers
sessile calix villose long linear — on the Apala-
chian mts. of Virginia, only one foot high or
even less, quite distinct from Tr. angustifolium,
probably the minus of some botanists.

285. Triosteum angustifolium L. Elliot
&c, stem hairy, leaves subconnate lanceolate
spatulate acuminate slightly scabrous, axils

NEOPHYTON. 37

nniflore, flowers pcd uncled — in Kentucky, Ten-
nessee and Apalachian mts. of Carolina, 2 or 3
feet high, corol yellow, berries red. I collect-
ed this in the glades of West Kentucky,

286. Tkiosteum iiispidum Raf, stem flexu-
ose striate hispid, leaves sessile ovate spatulate
acuminate smooth ciliolate, axils uniflore, flow-
ers sessile, ovary hispid, calix smooth linear
lanceolate — in the glades of West Kentucky
with the last, but quite distinct by broader
smooth leaves quite sessile, corol orange color.

287. Triosteum levigatum Raf. entirely
smooth, stem fistular, leaves sessile ovate rhom-
boidal acute at both ends, axils 2-3flore, flowers
sessile, berries safron color — on the Apalachian
mts. of Georgia and Alabama, seen alive in
gardens, quite distinct by perfect smoothness
of stem and leaves, flowers small orange color,
berries also or nearly safron color.

288. Triosteum obovatum Raf, stem fistu-
lar tomentose, leaves sessile obovate broad am-
ple acuminate tomentose beneath, axils 2-3flore
fl. sessile, berries red — from New York to Illi-
nois, the most common sp. in the Western
States, often mistaken for the Tr. majus, quite
difterent from my connatum by sessile obovate
leaves, larger than in any other, stem 3 to 4
feet high.

289. Phryma media Raf. subpubescent,
leaves petiolate equally serrate, lower cordate,
upper ovate acute, last pair sessile, bracts su-
bulate shorter than calix — in Kentucky, annual
and estival like all the species. Our botanists
admit of only one, but it offers so many devia-
tions that I have collected 3 incipient sp.
which I add with the real type of Phr, lepto-
stachya.

38 NORTH AMERICAN

290. PiiiiYMA PUBESCENs Raf. pubescent,
leaves subsessile ovate or elliptic, subcordate
acuminate ciliate unequally crenatc, last pair
entire, bracts subulate equal to calix — Allegha-
ny mts. pedal, flowers purplish.

291. Phryma parvieolia Raf. smooth,
leaves all petiolate ovate oblong equally serrate
bracts shorter than caHx — Alleghany mts. pe-
dal, leaves small uncial, flowers white.

292. Phryma leptostachya L. 4*c. smooth,
leaves ditlbrme lower petiolate ovate base acute
deeply serrate, upper sessile ovate often en-
tire, bracts equal to calix — the most common
kind, from New York to Carolina, 1 or 2 feet
high. If all the above are mere varieties of
this, they aflbrd a fine illustration of incipient
species forming under our eyes in our woods.

293. THECANISIA Raf. a N. G. of Spi-
rea tribe, near to Filipendula — cal, 5fid. per-
sistent reflexed, petals 5, stamens few 12 to 15,
pistils 3-5 stipitate with a style, stigma capitate.
Fruit 1 to 5 thecas unequal stipitate oblong 1-
3seeded. Herbaceous jierennial idants icith
lobed or palmate leaves siibj)imiate, stipulate,
flowers paniculate. — The essential character
besides habit is found in the stipitate unequal
pistils and fruits, the types are Spirea lobata
and discolor, but others probably belong here,
and I add two. The name means unequal
thecas.

294. Thecanisia lobata Raf. Spir. do Au-
thors leaves subpinnate smooth, folioles Slobed,
the last 71obed, lobes lanceolate doubly serrate,
panicle cymose compound — from Carolina to
Alabama in hills, large plant 3 to 4 feet high,
flowers rose colored.

295. Thecanisia ponpurea Raf. stem stri-

NEOrilYTON. 31)

ate, leaves smooth, pinnate palmate triparted,
medial lobe large petiolate 3-51obed, lobes
oblong acute, laciniate dentate, stipules oblong
serrate, panicle lax naked — in Tennessee and
West Kentucky, 2 or 3 Icet high, flowers pur-
ple, probably blended with the last, chiefly dis-
tinct by lobes and panicle.

296. TiiEc. ANGusTiioLiA Raf. stem striate
flexuose, leaves palmate rugose, reticulate be-
neath, 5 to 7lobes lanceolate acuminate une-
qually serrate, stipules foliose laciniate, panicle
lax. — Mts. of North Carolina and Georgia,
very distinct by narrow lobes, flowers purplish.

297. Thec. discolor Raf. Spirea do P. &c,
stem angular sulcate, leaves subtrifoliate, lobes
ovate acuminate unequally serrate, white to-
mentose beneath, middle foliole cordate trifid,
some small pinnules interjected ovate sessile,
stipules small, panicle interrupted coarctate —
Apalachian mts. a beautiful sp. 1 or 2 feet high,
flowers white.

298. BuciiNERA LEVicATJLis Raf. stem vir-
gate fistular quite smooth, above naked angular,
leaves remote narrow lanceolate entire acute
rough, spike short flowers alternate — Florida,
a very distinct sp. stem 2 feet high very slender
and smooth, leaves small uncial opposite sessile,
spike uncial, flowers few small sessile alternate,
bracts ovate acute half length of corolla. This
with 26G and 267, increase to 4 our N. Amer.
sp. they have probably all been blended in B.
americana which is quite distinct by roughness
and opposite flowers &c. They are all estival,
growing in glades out of woods, and dry black
in herbarium.

299. ECLIPTA of L. a good Monograph
of this Genus is much wanted, I shall attempt

40 NORTH AMERICAN

it for our N. Am. sp increased to 6, wliile our
botanists know only 2 or 3, and blend half a
dozen with E. erecta of South America, quite
different from ours. These plants are estival
or autumnal, all annual, with a similar habit of
opposite sessile leaves, flowers often axillary
and geminate. All have the perianthe biserial,
many narrow rays and the seeds naked ; with
a bristly phoranthe, whereby they differ from
JSellis, and the habit is totally unlike ; but some
sp. are stated to have besides a small bristly
pappus, such are E. proctimbeiis of Elliot and
my E. ciliata fl. Lud. which therefore approx-
imate to Verhesina and Galmsoga, and are
perhaps two peculiar Genera Paleista and Ca-
cotatiis. As to E. hrachypoda Mx. which
was Amellus carolinianus Walter, with pen-
tandrous florets, no one else has seen it since, not
even Elliot, and it will perhaps be found also a
peculiar Genus or a Paleista.

300. EcLiPTA LONGiFOLTA Raf. stcHi crcct
slender weak trichotome nearly smooth, leaves
sessile long lanceolate, acute at both ends, uni-
nerve remotely serrate, nearly smooth, flowers
erect axillary and terminal 2 or 3 together, pe-
duncles unequal hispid, sepals of perianthe un-
equal oval or lanceolate acute ciliolate — a very
distinct sp. from E. erecta mistaken for it by
nearly all the botanists, growing from Florida
to New Jersey near streams, lately found by
me near Philadelphia at the mouth of the
Schuylkill, Stem 2 or 3 feet high, leaves re-
mote 4 to 8 inches long, hardly one broad,
flowers whitish autumnal, seeds brown 4gone,
obovate. I add for contrast the others E.
erecta !

301. EcLiPTA DUBiA Raf. E. erecta Pursh,

NEOPIIYTON.^ 41

Elliot &.C erect dichotoiiie strigose, leaves sess-
ile lanceolate base attenuate, remote serrate,
triplinerve, flowers geminate, peduncles long,
sepals of perianthe ovate acuminate — Virginia
to Florida in gravelly soils, flowers estival :
thus very different from last, but I have not
seen it, it may have been badly described, there-
fore is dubious.

302. EcLiPTA FLEXuosA Raf. E. erecta L.
^c. Stem erect nearly simple hirsute subflex-
uose, leaves sessile lanceolate undulate une-
qually serrate triplinerve, flowers 2 or 3, pedun-
cles wooly, sepals of perianthe ovate — in Guy-
ana and South America, biennial 2 or 3 feet
high, thus totally unlike the two above.

303. EcLiPTA TiNCTOKiA Raf E. erecta
Wild. Pers. cj'C. stem erect strigose, leaves ses-
sile oblong lanceolate remote serrate — in Asia
and Egypt, used to die black, certainly differ-
ent again from all the American sp. but requir-
ing a better description.

304. EcLiPTA SI31PLEX Raf stem erect sim-
ple strigose above, lower leaves ovatoblong ob-
tuse petiolate, upper oblong or lanceolate ses-
sile acute uninerve, subentire, hardly strigose
nearly smooth, flowers solitary axillary or ter-
minal, sepals of perianthe ovatoblong acute —
sent me from Alabama and Tennessee as JE.
procumbens although quite erect. A small sp.
semipedal, with few leaves and flowers, leaves
1 or 2 inches long.

305. EcLiPTA SULCATA Raf stem erect tri-
chotome sulcate nearly smooth, leaves narrow
lanceolate sessile acute, subserrate in the mid-
dle, nearly smooth, peduncles geminate une-
qual hispid, sepals of perianthe ovate lanceo-
late acute — Louisiana, sent me by Riddell as

G

42 NORTH AMERICAN

the E. procumhens ? nearer my longifoUa^ but
leaves only *2 or 3 inches long, stem sulcate,
sepals broader but not acuminate as in E.
dubia.

306. EcLiPTA DiciioTOMA Raf. E. erecta
Nuttal in Collins herb, stem erect dichotome
smooth, leaves small sessile lanceolate and
oblong acute entire or subserrulatesubstrigose,
flowers 2 or 3 axillary and terminal, peduncles
short subhispid, sepals ovate acute. Arkanzas,
found by Nuttal, mistaken also for E. erecta^
quite distinct, stem slender 3 or 4 feet high,
leaves remote uncial, sometimes small leaves on
the lower peduncles, imitating short branches,
flowers small smooth, seeds brown oblong sub
4gone.

307. EcLiPTA PUMiLA Raf. dwarf hispid
rough, stem simple erect l-3flore, leaves sessile
lanceolate acute or obtuse subentire, flowers
axillary solitary, peduncle short, sepals oblong
— Mts. Cumberland of East Kentucky, 1 or 2
inches high only, perhaps a deviation of E.
simplex.

308. EcLiPTA NUTANS Raf. stem decumbent
or assurgent flexuose trichotome rough above,
leaves sessile strigose, oblong lanceolate or cun-
eate hardly serrate acute uninerve, on the
branches linear lanceol. entire, flowers axiflary
and terminal geminate nodding, peduncles very
short, sepals ovate lanceolate acute — in Ken-
tucky also the banks of the Ohio and Potow-
mak, pedal or less, leaves small uncial, flowers
very small- This has probably been the E.
procumhens of Mx and many botanists, but
not of Elliot and others. It has some varieties
1 pauciflora, assurgent nearly simple few flow-
ers, 2 diffusa leaves often cuneate below, most-

NEOPHYTON. 43

ly oblong. This is the only prostrate sp. I have
seen, and it is often assurgent.

309. PALEISTA Raf. Perianthe uniserial
8-lOsepals unequal serrate fimbriate, rays nu-
merous 24-30 short linear 2dentate, fioscules
4fid 4androus, phoranthe with fringed bristles,
seeds 4gone tuberculate, crown with a thick
margin and a pencil of short bristles. Pro-
cumbent, radicant branched, leaves opposite,
jloicers commonly geminate^ — Thus this G.
differs from Eclipta in perianthe, chaff and
seeds.

310. Paleista procumbens Raf. Eclipta do
Elliot not others. Procumbent strigose tricho-
tome, leaves sessile triplinerve long lanceolate
remotely serrate, peduncles elongate, 1 or 2,
sepals of perianthe lanceolate acute serrate
fimbriate — in Carolina and Florida in damp
soils, flowers small white estival and autumnal :
certainly quite distinct from my Eclipta nu-
tans, nearer to E, longifolia in some things.
I add to this the doubtful E. brachypoda not
seen by me, but to contrast them.

311. Paleista? brachypoda Raf. Eel. do.
Mx &.C Amellus Carolin. Walt, prostrate di-
varicate, leaves lanceolate nearly entire, pe-
duncles 1-2 very short, sepals oval lanceol.
fioscules Sandre — in Carolina Slc perhaps a
peculiar G. or subgenus to be called Brachy-
poda prostrata !

312. CACOTANIS Raf. Perianthe conical
imbricate, with many rows of sepals, many
rays, chaff bristly, seeds compressed notched
crowned by a few small bristles. Leaves al-
ternate, flowers terminal. — I united this plant
to Eclipta in 1817 by a mistake, the habit is
totally unlike our Ecliptas. It differs from all

44 NORTH AMERICAN

the genera blended in Verhesina by many rays
and bristly seeds, from GaUnsoga by the pap-
pus not paleaceous &c. The generic name
means bad herb.

313. Cacotanis ciliata Raf. Eclipta do fl.
lud 214. Stem erect terete smooth, leaves al-
terne sessile remote linear smooth ciliate thick
—in West Louisiana, 2 or 3 feet high, flowers
few terminal one inch broad, rays white, disk
yellow. Autumnal. Smell like Ciciita, taste
acrid, deleterious.

314. CLIPTERIA Raf. Perianthe nearly
uniserial 8-10 unequal sepals, phoranthe con-
vex bristly, rays none, florets crowded, seeds
naked. Dichotome, leaves alternate, floicers
terminal geminate — very distinct Genus known
at first sight from Eclipta by alterne leaves,
and flosculose flowers. The name means defi-
cient around.

315. Clipteria DicHOTOMA Raf. stem erect
smooth dichotome, branches biflore, leaves sess-
ile oval oblong acute nearly entire uninerve
smooth, peduncles geminate elongate, sepals of
perianthe ovate long acuminate — Sent me
anonymously from West Tennessee and the
Chacta Country, stem bipedal, leaves and pe-
duncles uncial, flowers green and small. I had
first called it Eclipta levigata, but it appears a
peculiar genus by habit, even if there should be
short rays, my specimens have none, but the
dry Ecliptas seldom show them. Could this be
the GaUnsoga parviflora of Mg. Catal. men-
tioned by no one else/ it is certainly not the pe-
ruvian plant.

31G. DIPLOSTELMA Raf, Radiate, pe-
rianthe oblong turbinate imbricate sepals une-
qual, margin scariose external short. Rays

NEOPHYTON. 45

few oboval, floscules few tubular, phoranthe
naked, seeds oblong smooth crowned by a dou-
ble pappus, external short paleaceous scariose,
internal bristly longer. Annual ramose, leaves
alternate, flowers ternnnal — a [)rctty little
Genus near Bellis in habit, quite distinct by
few rays and seeds. I find it under the name
of Actiearnopiis (in Collins herb) Genus un-
known to me and the name cant apply, the
seeds and not the fruit being stellate. My
name means a doubfe croivn. I have 3 sp. of
it.

317. DiPLosTELMA PI .iiiLA Raf. dwarf erect
ramose strigose, branches angular uniflore,
leaves sessile entire, lower cuneate or spatulate
obtuse, lower linear cuneate acute, sepals of
perianthe lanceolate acute rays about 5. —
Texas and Arkanzas a small annual plant 2 to
4 inches high, with many slender branches and
leaves, flowers estival, rays apparently white
obtuse subentire, floscules 5 to 8 only, seeds and
pappus fulvous. Found by Nuttal in Arkanzas.

318. DiPLOSTELMA RADIANS Raf. strigosc
erect, branches flliform pauciflore, lower leaves
petiolate spatulate obtuse entire, upper few li-
near acute, sepals lanceolate cuspidate rays
obt. 8 — collected by Drummond in Texas, G to
8 inches high, flowers smooth, white, rays cun-
eate 8 to 10, floscules fewer 4 to 7.

319. DiPLOsTELMA FiLiFORMis Raf. crcct,
branches filiform rough, much divided, branch-
lets naked uniflore, leaves entire sessile, lower
cuneate obtuse, upper subulate linear short, se-
pals lanceolate fringed at the end, rays about 4
— collected in Texas by Drummond, sent me by
Torrey without name, to 8 inches high, leaves
small, reduced to scales above, sepals more

4G NORTH AMERICAN

scariose fewer, rays 3 to 5, floscules 4 to 5.

320. Lax ANON dlversifolium Raf. quite
smooth, stem and branches fiexuose, radical
and lower leaves narrow pinnatifid segments
oblong miequal remote falcate, upper leaves
graminiform obtuse entire, umbels 2-3flore, pe-
duncles unequal smooth, filiform, sepals of pe-
rianthe ovatoblong obtuse — in Arkanzas, col-
lected by Nutta!, found in Collins herb, among
the Krigias as a N. G. not named : it is a se-
cond sp. of my Gr. Laxaiion see 204. Habit of
a Krigia, lower leaves similar 4 or 5 inches
long, stem pedal, leaves narrow 2 or 3 inches
long, the 2 last subopposite forming a kind of
involucre to the small umbellule, seeds ovate
oblong striate.

321. BAPTISIA Vent. &.c. This fine Ge-
nus of N. Amer. plants had been blended with
the African Sophoras and Podalyrias till lately.
Even now it includes 3 or 4 distinct Genera !
Our compilers had only 8 sp. Nuttal had added
3 hardly congeneric, I shall add some others,
and thus we shall have 15 sp. but now distribt-
ed in 4 Genera of which I will give short mo-
nographs. They are Baptlsla, Mlpasia, La-

sinia and Perlcmdon which differ more

in habit and characters, than from the akin
Genera Podahjria, Thermopsis, Rqfnia, Tern-
pletonla, Pitcheria &lc.

Baptisia Raf calix urceolate unequally 4fid
one tooth often emarginate, petals subequal pa-
pilionaceous, vexillum emarginate revolute
wings cailose or toothed inside, keel subequal
obtuse, stamens 10 free unequal, style curved
simple, stigma obtuse. Pod stipitate ovate or
globose ventricose smooth polysperm. — Peren-
nial planjls, leaves trifoliate subsessile^ not

NEOPIIYTON. 47

reticulate, stipules obsolete, fiowers yelloic
racemose or solitary terminal, bracts obso-
lete.

322. Baptisia tinctoria of Authors. Raf.
med. H. tab. 11. Smooth, much ramose, terete
foHoles sessile obovate rhomboidal subobtuse,
racemes nodding pauciflore pod turgid ovate —
common plant from Canada to Louisana in
woods, but it has several varieties or deviations,
some of which are assuming the rank of sp. Var.
1. procumbens, 2. thamnoldes, 3. parmfolla
&c, estival,

323. Baptisia retusa Raf. smooth folioles
obovate emarginate or retuse ample, branches
uniflore — this appears entitled to be deemed a
sp. the leaves are 4 times as large, the flowers
twice as large, stem less ramose erect 4 feet
high. Found in West Virginia and East Ken-
tucky.

324. Baptisia spiierocarpa Nut, pL rar. 52.
smooth, branches angular canaliculate, folioles
sessile obovate oblong obtuse retuse, racemes
erect multiflore, pods subglobose — in Arkanzas
near streams, folioles uncial, flowers large deep
yellow on short pedicels. In my specimens the
raceme is not terminal as stated by Nuttal who
first described this plant in 1834 Journ. Ac.
N. Sc.

325. Baptisia albiflora Raf. Alba Authors.
Smooth, branches terete, leaves on short peti-
ols, folioles elliptic base acute end obtuse, ra-
ceme erect elongate multiflore, flowers white
pods obovate — from Carolina to Alabama and
Louisiana, vernal. Some Var. 1. latifoUa, 2.
glatica, 3. mucronata, 4. retusa ^-c, perhaps
incipient sp. but all easily known by the fine
white flowers. Perhaps a peculiar subgenus
?^7/'»/^/V/ Jinf h^r r^nriii npfiolaite IcavGs &c.

48 NORTH AMERICAN

32G. PaPASIA Raf. diff. Baptisia calix
canipanulate base acute, petals unequal on
long claws, ve.xilliuii shorter reflexed, wings
longer, keel equal to vexillum, stamens sube-
qual, stigma acute, pod oblong terete acumi-
nate. Leaces ivlth stipules^ floivers blue ra-
cemose. — This Genus or subgenus is known at
first sight by the flowers, calix, longer wings
and pod, stipules &c. The name implies its
constant locality near streams.

327. RiPAsi.\ CERULEA Raf. Bapt. Podalyria
Sophora australis or cerulea of Authors.
Smooth, branches terete, stipules lanceolate,
leaves on short petiols, folioles sessile cuncate
subacute, raceme erect elongate multiflore. —
On the margin of rivers from the Potomak and
Ohio to Louisiana and Florida, estival. Some
Var. 1. obtiisifolta, 2. rlwinbtfolia, 3. ma-
crostachya &c.

328. LASINIA Raf diff. Baptisia, calix
often hairy vexillum obcordato short, base auri-
culate, wings not callose, pistil quite hairy, style
also at the base, pod subsessile, hairy oblong
acuminate : Perennial jylants more or less
hairy ^ leaves reticulate with stipules and flow-
ers with bracts or else axilkwy, yellowish or
greyish — This group will be easily known by
the hairy habit most intense in the pistil and
pod, bracts, deeply cleft vexillum &.c Michaux
had 3 such hairy kinds, Elliot suspected there
were more, and I shall increase them to 7
species.

329. Lasinia reticulata R. Bapt. lanceo-
lata and uniflora of Authors. Stem smooth di-
chotome angular sidcate, stipules minute, leaves
subsessile, folioles petiolate oblong obtuse base
cuneate, minutely nervose reticulate on both

NEOrHYTON. 49

sides, flowers axillary and subraceniose bracts
lanceolate — in Carolina, Florida and Alabama,
leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers vernal dark
yellow.

330. Lasinia fulva Raf. branches terete
and pubescent, stipules obsolete, leaves and fo-
lioles sessile, smooth oblong elliptic base acute,
end obtuse retuse, minutely nervose reticulate
on both sides, flowers chiefly axillary, some
racemose, bracts oblong hairy calix pubescent
pistil and pod fulvous very hairy. — Tennessee
and Arkanzas, leaves uncial, flowers small of a
dull fulvous yellow. A very distinct sp. proba-
bly blended among B. villosa which includes
several sp. according to Elliott.

331. Lasinia bicolor Raf. (or grandifolia)
stem dichotome pubescent, leaves petiolate, sti-
pules linear, folioles sessile obovate or elliptical
base acute, end obtuse or emarginate, margin
ciliate, pubescent beneath, reticulate above, ra-
cemes short ovate pauciflore — in Arkanzas
and Texas, beautiful striking sp. leaves larger
than in any other about 3 inches long, stipules
petiols and calix pubescent, racemes with 8 or
10 flowers crowded large of a dull yellow with
a large purplish spot at the base of the vexillum
nearest to B. mollis of Mx. but very different
from the next.

332. Lasinia pallens Raf stem sulcate
nearly smooth, pubescent above, stipules lan-
ceolate, leaves sessile, folioles sessile oblong
cuneate obtuse emarginate pubescent beneath,
racemes oblong pauciflore, calix acute — Alaba-
ma and Apalachian mts. leaves biuncial, ra-
ceme triuncial of 10 or 12 larse flowers of a
dull yellow. Still nearer L. mollis, teeth of ca-
lix acute as in it, but very little hairy and not

1

50 NORTH AMERICAN

at all soft. The above 4 sp. are quite distinct,
and may be the B. villosa or mollis of some
Authors, which 1 add here tor contrast and
comparison, although 1 have not seen them.

333. Lasinia cinerea Raf B. villosa of Au-
thors, stem and leaves beneath pubescent, sti-
pules linear, leaves subsessile, folioles elliptic
obtuse — in Carolina, Michaux says the flowers
are pale, Elliot calls them grey.

334. Lasinia mollis R. Bapt. do Mx. ^c.
Quite pubescent soft decumbent, stipules lan-
ceolate folioles, leaves petiolate, folioles rhom-
boidal lanceolate, calix acute — in North Caro-
lina, flowers dark yellow, omitted by Elliot, dis-
covered by Mx. found by Nuttal on the Cataw-
ba ridge, leaves 2 inches long one wide, pod
small oblong acuminate.

335. Lasinia bracteata Raf. Bapt. do Mg.
Elliot, Slg leucophea Nuttal &c — quite pubes-
cent hispid, branches angular divaricate, leaves
and folioles sessile, stipules large ovate acute,
folioles cuneate obtuse, racemes multiflore se-
cund, bracts large lanceolate — from Carolina
to Louisiana and Missouri, fine striking sp. fo-
lioles 3 inches long narrow, young leaves yel-
low beneath, flowers large on long peduncles,
called ochroleucous by Nuttal, grey by Elliot,
they are become brown in my Specimen.
Vernal.

Decandole appears to have misunderstood
some of these sp. he divides the bracteata and
leucophea, while he deems the first the mollis
of Mx. but has another mollis of Nuttal ....

336. PERICAULON Raf. calix campanu-
late unequaly 4fid, upper bidentate, petals e-
qual papil. not spreading, vexillum carinate e-
marginate amplectens not rellexed, stamens 10

NEOPHYTON. 51

free equal, pistil stipitate, style curved, stigma
acute, pod stipitate smooth subglobose acumi-
nate swelled, seeds renit'orm. Leaves simple
amplexicaule reticulate, Jloicers axillary soli-
tar i/ pednnclcd yelloiD — (lienus quite distinct by
habit, petals, stamens, pod &c which has been
shuffled by turns into Crotalaria, Sopliora.,
Podalyria, Kafnia, Baptisia ! 5 Genera . . !
my name means around stem. Perennial and
vernal.

337. Pericaulon perfoliatum Raf. (5 Gen-
era do of Authors !) stem terete, subramose,
leaves perfoliate rounded elliptic both ends ob-
tuse reticulate smooth glaucous — Carolina to
Florida, sandy hills, aspect of Buplevrum per-
foliatuin, flowers pale yellow. My specimens
are from Kin, in Collins herb. Dillen and
L. describe it with cordate ovate leaves, do
they mean another sp / P. cordatum Raf . . .

338. Pericaulon microphylum Raf. Bapti-
sia do Nut. rar. 53. stem ramose, leaves sessile
obovate rounded, upper amplexicaule coales-
cent with rounded stipules — West Florida and
Alabama, lately described by Nuttal, flowers
and pod as in the last.

339. EAPLOSIA Raf (to be smiple) difl'.
Pericaulon, cal. camp. 4fid subequal, petals un-
equal on long claws, keel large much longer ob-
tuse, wings oblong, vexillum obovate revolute,
ovary conical desinent into a strait subulate style,
stigma acute smooth. Pod substipitate conical
smooth. Leaves simple sessile smooth reticu-
late, stipules none, flowers racemose bracte-
ate yellow. — A fine distinct Genus by habit, pe-
tals, pod &c : Nuttal did not see the flowers,
the leaves become fuscate in drying, lucid
above, dull beneath.

52 ^ORTH AMERICAN

340. Eaplosia ovata Raf. Baptisia simpli-
cifolia Croom and Torrey, and Nuttal '( pi. rar.
51. stem flexuose striate, leaves broad ovate
quite sessile, base rounded, end obtuse or re-
tuse, raceme spiked, bracts ovate acute longer
than the short pedicels — in West Florida, dis-
covered by Croom, specimen sent me by Tor-
rey, sesquipedal, subramose above, leaves large

3 inches long 2 wide, raceme subterminal 3 or

4 inches long, flowers forming a spike by short
peduncles, calix canescent inside, teeth large
ovate, petals dull yellow. Nuttal states his
specimen to have had oval rhomboidal leaves,
thus nearer the next and perhaps a variety,
rhomhoidea.

341. Eaplosia longifolia Raf. stem flex-
uose sulcate, leaves oblong, elliptic subrhom-
boidal, base attenuate semiamplexicaule, end
obtuse rounded — sent me from Alabama with-
out flowers, but evidently akin to the last, leaves
of same color and texture, minutely nervose re-
ticulate above lucid blackish, beneath dull fus-
cate ; but shape quite different larger 5 or 6
inches long, only 2 wide in the middle where
swelled, both ends attenuated, and base a little
decurrent.

342. DREPILIA Raf. calix campanulate
subequal 5fid. petals pupilionaceous subequal,
vexillum revolute, stamens 10 free, style filiform
stigma minute smooth, pod substipitate falcate
compressed acuminate moniliform polysperm.
Perennial, leaves petiolate trifoliate stipulate,
jloicers racemose siibverticillate yellow — this

Genus has been improperly united to Ther-
mopsis of R. Bruon which has calix bilabiate,
pod linear strait &:c, a Siberian Gr. based on So-
phora fabacea. Drepilia derives from little
scythe. It is very akin to Sjisinia.

NEOPIIYTON. 53

343. Drepilia khombifolia Raf. Cytisus do
Pursh. Therinia Nut. Tlienoopsis rhombif.
Hooker fl. bor. t. 47. Th. oregonensis Dec —
leaves petiolate rhomboidal silky beneath, sti-
pules rounded foliaceous, raceme subsessile in-
terrupted — Missouri and Origon, my specimens
are from Brad burr y, roots creeping, stems pe-
dal angular.

This will conclude our Leguminose plants of
Sophora tribe, the VirgUla is a tree and my
N, G. Cladrastis, the Soph, sericea is subdia-
delphous forming my N. O. Vexibia. I shall
now give another interesting monograph of our
Crotalarias.

244. CROTALARIA. Linneus had only 23
sp. we have now about 150 ! but many hetero-
genous sp. are blended even by Decandole, see
my flora telluriana for N. G. meantime most of
our N. American sp. form a very natural group;
our Authors have only 5 mostly deemed var. of
C. sagittalis by Mx. some ascertained by Pursh
and Elliott, but misnamed, since sagittalis, le-
vigata and pai'viJJora are exotic plants. I
shall revise them and increase to 10 sp. having
all simple leaves and long peduncles opposite to
leaves, bracteate commonly multiflore, stem
often winged^ by decurrent stipules, like a re-
versed arrow, mostly annuals, flowers bibrac-
teate yellow estiva!. They must form a sub-
genus locauJon (arrow stem) with the similar
kinds of South America &c.

345. Subg. locAULON Raf. calix campanul.
deeply 5fid subequal subbilabiate, equal to pe-
tals papil. Vexillum obcordate reflexed, keel
acuminate longer than wings, stamens 10 mo-
nadelphous at base, split behind, filaments al-
ternate longer bearing 5 round anthers com-

54 NORTH AMERICAN

monly sterile, 5 shorter with oblong anthers bi-
locular. Pistil subsessile, style lateral longer
than stamens, stigma obtuse hairy, pod subses-
sile oblong turgid obtuse mucronate on one side
black and smooth polysperm, seeds small reni-
form shining rattling. Habit as above stated.

346. CiiOT. or loc, linearis Raf. C. sagit.
var. linearis Mx. smooth virgate erect, leaves
linear elongate sessile ucute stipules linear
erect hardly decurrent ; peduncles elongate tri-
flore, bracts and calyx linear lanceolate cilio-
late, pods subterete — from Carolina to Louisi-
ana, received from Alabama, annual, estival,
stem erect slender pedal, leaves long narrow^,
2 or 3 inches long, stipules well marked, pe-
duncles very long 4 or 5 inches, with 1 or 2
bracts in the middle, flowers small near togeth-
er. Pods longer and narrower than in the
others, nearly terete oblong quite black.

347. Crot. or loc. longipes Raf sagittalis ?
Dec. smooth assurgent, stem well winged, leaves
sessile narrow lanceolate acute, stipules lanceo-
late erect foliose decurrent, peduncles very
long incurved biflore, bracts and calix linear
lanceolate hispid — sent me from Alabama,
large bipedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches long, half
inch broad, stipules large uncial, peduncles 6
to 8 inches long, with a bract in the middle,
flowers small, pods not seen.

348. Crot. or loc. pilosa Raf parviflora
Roth Dec. P. El. &.C. excl. syn. Mx. non par-
vifl. Thunberg- W. Sm — erect ramose, pilose
hirsute, leaves subsessile oblong lanceol, ciliate
mucronate. stipules short irregular subdecur-
rent, peduncles short subracemose 3-5flore,
bracts and calix ciliate linear lanceol. pods tur-
gid oblong — from Pensylv. and New Jersey to

NEOPHYTON. 55

Carolina and Missouri, small semipedal, leaves
short uncial, peduncles biuncial flowers small,
petals shorter than calix, pods brown. The
Cr. parviflora Thunherg, miscalled pnrvifolia
by Persoon is Ah'ican and has ovate tomentose
leaves. Annual estival, some Var. 1 Simplex
leaves mostly oblong, in Pine Woods, 2 Jlexu-
osa lower leaves oblong obtuse, upper narrow
lanceolate, Missouri. Formerly thiswas called
C. sagttalis, and Beck, Torrey, Eaton . . .
make 2 sp. of it, without any disdnction !

349. Crot. or loc. cuneifolia Raf. Purshi
Dec. levigata ? Pursh. sagittalis Elliot. Smooth
erect, leaves cuneate oblong mucrenate glau-
cous beneath, upper leaves ciliolate, stipules
lanceolate divaricate decurrent, peduncles short
2-3fl. pubescent, bracts and calix lanceolate —
Carolina to Florida, sent me as Cr. sagittalis,
probably blended with the next by Elliot, leaves
biuncial quite cuneate at base, stipules broad,
flowers small.

350. Crot. or loc. lunulata Raf. sagittalis
var. oblonga Mx. stem assurgent pilose ramose,
leaves subpetiolate nearly smooth elliptic or
ovatoblong obtuse cuspidate glaucous beneath
ciliolate, stipules lunulate lanceol. decurrent
ciliate, peduncles short l-2flore, bracts and ca-
Hx lanceolato pilose, pod uncinate. — Carolina
to Florida, my specimen from W. Florida,
large plant sesquipedal, branches erect, leaves
uncial, flowers small, peduncles biuncial, pods
brown uncial oblong, with a hooked acumen.
Stipules quite crescent shaped, very distinct sp.
probably perennial like the next.

351. Crot. or loc. ovalis. P. El. Slc stem
pilose prostrate, branches angular erect not
winged, leaves ovate or obovate or elliptic

56 AOKTII A3IERICAN

smooth ciliate subpetiolate obtuse or retuse
glaucous beneath, stipules minute not decur-
rent, peduncles elongate racemose 3-6flore,
bracts linear calix hirsute lanceolate, pod obo-
vate — from Carolina to Florida and Alabama,
stem sesquipedal, leaves miciai or less, pedun-
cles 4 to 8 inches long, petals exceeding a lit-
tle the calix, pods uncial. Perennial, some
Var. 1 Ohovata many leaves obovate, 2 jjar-
vifolia &LC.

352. Crot. or loc. pumila Raf. Dwarf pros-
trate branches flexuose hispid diffuse angular,
leaves elliptic rounded subsessile obtuse or re-
tuse rugose, stipnles obsolete, peduncles very
short uniflore, bracts linear, calix lanceolate
hirsute — Florida and Georgia, perennial, only
2 or 3 inches hvAi or long, leaves and flowers
very small. Habit of Polygonum aviculare.
Probably a deviation of the last.

353. CiioT. or loc. sagittalis L. &lc stem
erect hirsute winged above, leaves lanceolate
petiolate hairy beneath, stipules bifid decurrent
peduncles racemose — in Guyana and Brazil,
quite different from all ours. Decandole ap-
pears to omit it, and applies the name to ours,
perhaps to 347.

354. Crot. (loc ?) flexuosa (Eaton.) Suf-
fruticose, branches flexuose, leaves obovate den-
tate hairy, flowers corymbose downy — Caro-
lina, quite distinct since shrubby with toothed
leaves: not seen, I find it only in Eaton, who
forgets to quote the Author.

355. Crot. (loc ?) scariosa Raf. suffruticose
branches erect simple slender terete silky,
leaves adpressed sessile lanceolate acute entire,
silky white beneath, peduncles subradical with
scariose scales, flowers subcapitate, involucre

NEOPHYTON. i7

scariose, bracts and calix broadly lanceol. sil*
ky — Texas and Arkanzas, submuliicaule 5 or
6 tnches high, only woody at the base, no sti-
pules, floriterous stems or peduncles 3 or 4
inches long, scales fulvous vaginate, flowers 5 or
6, yellow, vexillum large round longer than
calix.

35G. Crot. (Ioc?) asarifolia Raf. Pros-
trate puberulent, stem simple slender angular
not winged, leaves on long petiols broadly cor-
date obtuse entire, stipules obsolete, peduncles
axillary short l-2flore, bracts and calix lanceo-
late — Texas, collected by Druinmond, a very
distinct sp. by petiolate leaves, probably not a
locaulon, yet flowers similar small, petals equal
to calix, annual ? leaves remote petiols uncial,
leaves one inch broad but shorter, pods not
seen.

357. Crot. (Ioc ?) alatipes Raf. smooth,
stem angular flexuose, leaves on winged cune-
ate petiols, oblong acnte base subcordate, reti-
culate above, stipules lanceol. scariose striate,
flowers racemose terminal, bracts similar to sti-
pules equal to pedicels — South Florida, herb,
of Collins, not named, evidently of this group,
but not a locaulon ! probably a peculiar subge-
nus {Alatipes Raf.) calix short with a subulate
calicule beneath, petals subequal, keel quite
curved acute, vexillum reflexed, pod not seen.
It must be compared with the tropical sp.
Quite smooth all over, perennial, leaves rigid
2 or 3 inches long, petiols uncial, some lower
leaves smaller oboval retuse, spikes slender cur-
ved 3 uncial, flowers small saffron yellow.

Decandole has another from N. Amer. Crot.
platycarpa of Link, which hardly differs from
Cr. pilosa, and is probably var. simplex^ by its

8

gg NORTH AMERICAN

oblong leaves ; the name of platycarpa is an
absurdity in a Genus having always turgid
pods : if really with flat pods it is not of this

Genus !

358. GERARDIA and akin genera— Sir
James Smith has stated in Rees Cycl. that
this Genus of Plumier was based on the G. tu-
ber osa only, and that Linneus in adopting it had
united thereto many plants that ought to be
separated if with ditferent characters : this is
the fact with all our North American sp. which
must even form 3 or 4 peculiar Genera. Nuttal
deemed them confused, forming 2 sections with
purple and yellow flowers as near Digitalis as
Gerardia ! I have reformed this G. in flora
Tellur. I now mean to revise all our species,
which I mostly possess and amount to over 20.
Some of these were once united to Rhinanthus
Chelone and Erinus ! but Seymeria, Pagesia,
Dasistema,and others, have been already distin-
guished. I shall add many others.

Character of real Gerardia. CalixSfid, co-
rolla tubulose bilabiate, upper lip emarg. erect,
lower 31obe, reflexed, middle lobe bifid, lateral
lobes emarginate. Stamens 4 didynamous
smooth, anthers smooth, a style, stigma obtuse.
Capsule bilocular oligosperm, partitions con-
trary to valves, dehiscent below. Roots tube-
rose, leaves opposite entire, flowers axillary
yellow. Several tropical sp. blended in G. tu-
berosa.

359. Lopiiantiiera Raf. differs by coroHa
campan. 51obed, the anthers crested, leaves
divided &c. Type G. delphinifolia of Asia
^•c. The African sp. form the G. melasma of

Berg.

360. AUREOLARIA Raf. calix campanuK

XEOPHYTON.

59

semi 5fid subeqiial segments simple, corolla
campanul. ventricose, limb 51obed obliqual,lobes
siibequal entire. Stamens 4 didyn, filaments
hairy as base, anthers hairy not crested, base
bifid biaristate. Capsule dehiscent above.
Roots perennial, leaves opposite, flowers
terminal bracteate yellow — This will include
nearly all our golden sp. except G. pedicularis
&/C. The name implies the golden flowers.

361. AuREOLARiA viLLOsA Raf. Gcr. do
Muhl. Ger. flava L. &c. Easily known by its
pubescence often all over, leaves oblong, the
lower sinuate. Several var. 1. mrgata, 2
sinuata, 3 montana all leaves entire, 4 heter-
ophyla Mg. leaves very different and sinuate.

362. AuREOLARiA LEviGATA Raf. Gcrardia
do Raf. annals Nat. 99, G. lanceolata Muhl.
Cat ? Q,uite smooth, leaves subsessile lanceo-
late acute entire, pale beneath, bracts ovate
lanceolate, flowers subsessile, teeth of calix
ovate obtuse — in the Mts. Alleghanies and
Cumberland from Pennsylv. to Kentucky, disc,
by me 1818 descr. 1820 in my annals, stem 1
or 2 feet high mostly simple faintly 4gone pur-
plish, bracts small, flowers large yellow estival.
Var. 1. ramosa, 2 alter nifolia some leaves and
most of the flowers alternate.

363. AuREOLARiA RETICULATA Raf. Stem as-
surgent terete smooth simple, leaves sessile o-
blong and cuneate entire acute, rough above
and on margins, beneath smooth reticulate,
flowers racemose peduncled, bracts linear cun-
eate, teeth of calix ovate acute — Florida and
Alabama, pedal, stem dark purple, leaves bi-
uncial.

364. AuEUEOLARiA cuNEiFOLiARaf. smooth,
stem simple terete, leaves sessile cuneate acute

§& NORTH AMERICAN

sinuate dentate, flowers racemose, bracts linear
entire, peduncles equal to calix. segments lan-
ceolate — Mts. Alleghany rare, stem pedal dark
purple, leaves 2 to 4 inches, upper narrow, ca-
lix broadly camp, subbilabiate, corollas large.
Very different from Gerardia cuneifolia of
Pursh, nearer to A. glauca.

365. AuREOLARiA RUPESTRis Raf. Gcr. do.
R. Atl. Journ. p. 154. quite smooth, stem fistu-
lose purplish, leaves petiolate bipinnatifid seg-
ments deep lanceolate acute remote, sinusses
rounded, upper leaves oblong pectinate lacirii-
niate. racemes often ramose, bracts lanceol. en-
tire, flowers secund peduncled, segments of ca-
lix lanceol. acute— in the Alleghany Mts. on
rocks, Tuscorora chain &c, probably blended
with the next by Authors, 2 or 3 feet high, often
ramose, leaves large below and twice cut, nar-
rower above, flowers smaller than in the other
kinds.

366. AuREOLARTA GLAUCA Raf. Gcr. do. Ed-
dy, Eaton, Tor. Beck, G. quercifolia Pursh,
Elliot. G. flava Walter, Rhinanthus Virgini-
cus L. — Quite distinct from the last by larger
size, stem solid glaucous, leaves subsessile the
lower sinuate pinnatifid, attenuate at both ends,
a little rough, upper entire, raceme paniculate,
bracts linear, segments of calix linear elongate
— from I^ong Island to Carolina and West in
the prairies of Kentucky, where it attains 6
feet var. 1. Glgnntea, 2 purpurea stem pur-
plish.

367. PANCTENIS Raf. (quite combed)
diff". Aureolaria, calix urceolate 5fid segments
unequal foliaceous pectinate or crenate. Co-
rolla hairy outside, stamens quite hairy, cap-
sule polysperm. Flowers axillary, this may

NEOPHYTON. 61

be deemed a subgenus of the last if liked, but
is very distinct and may as well be a Genus.

368. Panctenis peok ularis Ilaf. (or Au-
reolaria) Gerardia do L. <fcc. Well known
common species very branched and clammy
villose, segments of calix crenate serrate or la-
ciniate. Var. 1 ramoslsshna, 2 pumila, 3
simplex ^c, but 2 other varieties appears to
be wide deviations and incipient sp. sprung
from this.

369. Panctenis pectinata Raf. Ger. pedic.
var pectinata Nut. leaves ovate pectinatly sub-
bipinnatifid softly villose, peduncles short, seg-
ments of calix pectinate — found by Nuttal in
pine woods of Carolina, by myself in pine woods
of Alleghanies, sesquipedal.

370. Panctenis pumila Raf. dwarf, leaves
lanceolate, crenate or pectinate hardly pinnati-
fid, petiols elongate, segments of calix only cre-
nate — Alleghany Mts. found in bloom later than
any other in Autumn, roots large thick branch-
ed, stem only 3 inches high, leaves small not
bipinnate, flowers as large as usual, whole plant
quite hairy but not clammy. Could it be a late
Autumnal shoot thus deviating to form a pecu-
liar species ?

371. AGALINIS Raf. (remarkable flax.)
Calix campanul. 5 dentate, often truncate, teeth
subequal not obliqual. Corolla widely cam-
panulate 5 lobes rounded equal obliqual often
ciliate. Stamens didyn. villose, anthers bicus-
pidate at base, dehiscent lateraly. A style,
stigma obtuse compressed. Capsule globose
bilocular, bivalve quite split, polysperm. Chie-
Jly annuals^ slender stems and leaves, floic-

ers axillarii and terminal purplish — a very
distinct natural Genus having the habit of flax,

52 NORTH AMERICAN

with toothed calix and purple flowers es^ival
and Autumnal, leaves and flowers chiefly oppo-
site, leaves always sessile.

372. Agalinis PALusnas Raf. Ger. purpu-
rea L. <Slc. that name applied to all. It will
be known by its locality near marshes, stem
branched rough 4gone, leaves broad linear
rough, flowers subsessile and large, teeth of ca-
lix elongate and broad. From New England
to Carolina, ses(juipedal. Var. Corymbosa
branches crowded corymbose, 2. dimiricata
slender divergent, 3 ramosissima, 4 virgata
&c, but the next appears to be distinct.

373. Agalinis longifolia Raf. stem simple
4gone smooth, leaves long linear smooth thin
margin rough, flowers subsessile, teeth of calix
long subulate, — Near streams New Jersey to
Virginia, stem 6 to 12 inches only, while leaves
2 or 3 inches long, often alternate above, flow-
ers rather large.

374. Agalims MAiiiTiMA Raf Gev. do Raf.
med. rep. 1808. Nuttal 1818. G. purpurea
var. crassifolia Pursh. Quite smooth, stem
branched, leaves linear thick convex beneath
enerve, flowers on peduncles shorter than leaves,
calix crenate, teeth short obtuse — on the Sea
shores from New England to Chesapeak bay.
Stem 2 to 8 inches high, flowers smaller. A
very distinct sp. one of the few of my early dis-
coveries in 1802/ adopted by our botanists.
Var. 1. pumila, 2 or 3 inches high, 2 gracilis
less branched slender leaves remote.'

375. Agalinis virgata Raf. quite smooth,
stem simple virgate angular, leaves adpressed
narrow linear, flowers racemose opposite on
short peduncles, teeth of calix short acute —
glades of Pine woods in South New Jersey near

NEOPIIYTON. 63

Miillica Hill tf'C, annual, estival,6 to 15 inches
high, leaves short seminncial equal to interno-
des, shorter or remote above, flowers size of A
maritima, peduncles eqnal to calix. This is
most likeiy the erecta of Walter.

376. Agalinis corymbosa Raf stem smooth
angular filiform branches terminal corymbose
virgatr, leaves adpressed setaceous linear sca-
brous with a thick nerve, flowers alternate sub-
sessile, teeth ot calix broad acute — Carolina
and Florida, stem 1 or 2 feet very slender,
leaves small semiuncial, flowers rather large.
It appear to ditier from the G. plukeneti of El-
liot by the leaves, rough and broader, less
branches, shorter peduncles and alternate
flowers.

377. Agai^inis plukeneti Raf. Ger. do El-
liot. Pluk. phyt. t. 12. f. 4. not seen by me, ap-
pears to ditfer from last by stem much branch-
ed, setaceous smooth leaves, peduncles longer.
Carolina.

378. Agalinis perennis Raf. Ger. linifolia
Nut. El. &c Perennial creeping roots, stem te-
rete virgate smooth,few virgate branches, leaves
smooth long linear thick, flowers terminal race-
mose smooth, peduncles subequal to the upper
leaves, teeth of calix remote short acute — Ca^
rolina to Florida, a very distinct sp. from my
A. virgata, nearer A. maritlma ; distinct from
all by the roots that are annual in others. My
specimen is from Florida, and has leaves near-
ly 2 inches long, rather divergent, flowers few
remote, corolla smooth not pubescent and ci-
liate as in most species, peduncles nearly
uncial.

379. Agalinis fasciculata Raf. Ger. do
Elliot. I have not seen this sp. but it appears

64 NORTH AMERICAN

to diiTer from all mine by the tall rough rigid
stem 3 to 5 feet high, leaves opposite and ter-
nate with axillary fascicles, rough linear, flow-
ers subsessile and teeth of calix linear longer
than in any — Sea Islands of Carolina.

380. Agalinis tenuiiolia Vahl. and all hot.
hut Elliot suspects some sp. are blended since
Nuttal calls the leaves rough, but his own spe-
cimens in Collins herb, are smooth. Easily
known by complete smoothness stem 4gone,
leaves linear, corolla short small smooth, pe-
duncles as long as leaves, teeth of calix small
acute — from Canada to Florida and Missouri,
autumnal, woods and glades var. 1 paniculata
2 ramosissima 2 feet high Elliot. 3 humilis
semipedal few branches, 4 saxatilis leaves lon-
ger, branches divaricate.

381. Agalinis setacea Raf. Ger. do Pursh.
smooth, stem subramose terete filiform, leaves
setaceous, peduncles filiform longer than leaves
corolla short, teeth of calix minute acute —
New Jeri^ey to Alabama and Kentucky, Illi-
nois in glades,flowers as in the last. Var. humi-
lis 6 to 10 inches, 2. major 1 or 2 feet more
branched.

382. Agalinis obtusifolia Raf. quite smooth
and glaucous, stem subramose angular filiform,
leaves setaceous sulcate, end obtuse callose,
flowers racemose, peduncles much longer than
leaves, corolla short, teeth of calix minute re-
mote callose — West Tennessee, Alabama and
Florida, distinct from last by angular stem and
leaves with a deep furrow, obtuse at the end,
all other kinds have acute leaves. Stem with
few slender branches, leaves and flowers often
alternate ; corolla smooth shallow or broadly
campanulate.

N EOPHITOA'. 65

383. Agalinis yiLiFooA Raf. Ger. do Nut.
Ell. I have not seen this sp. of Florida, it ap-
pears to difter hv terete stem, leaves filiform,
carnose, corolla large similar to A. palustris,
calix likewise.

384. Agalinis micropiiylla Raf. smooth,
stem virgate terete costate sulcate, leaves re-
mote adpressed scattered minute linear obtuse,
flowers spicate snhsessile, peduncles shorter
than calix, teeth short acute, corolla smooth
ciliate shallow — in Florida, collected by Le-
conte (Collins herb) very slender, few alternate
branches, few leaves 2 or 3 lines long, stem
deeply grooved and ribbed not angular. Flow-
ers small similar to those of A. glauca. Quite
distinct from next by stem, leaves and pedun-
cles.

385. Agalinis aphylla Raf. Ger. do Nut.
El. smooth, stem virgate nearly simple 4gone
leaves opposite like scales ovate acute deci-
duous, flowers racemose opposed, peduncles
elongate triple of calix, teeth minute acute —
Carolina to Florida. My specimen is only pe-
dal, and in fruit, quite aphyllous, capsules ovate,
there are 2 other doubtful sp. of this Genus,
Ger, leucanthera fl. lud. 155, which is probably
a var. of Ag. temijfolia G. 2. Ger. Jiammea
of Bartram travels omitted by all later botanists,
is perhaps a Russelia ! for G. auriculata see
next Genus.

386. TOMANTHERA Raf. calix Sparted
unequal, corolla smooth venose, rotate campan-
iilate Slobed, lobes rounded 2 superior larger,
stamens 4 didynamic very unequal, 2 of double
length, filaments smooth flexuose, anthers smooth
bipartite, the 2 cells unequal,dehiscent lateraiy,
Btvle flexuose, stigma obtuse. Capside ovate

9

66 NORTH AMERICAN

acute bivalve as in Agalinis. Same habit an-
nuals, leaves opposite sessile, floicers axillary
purplish — A very distinct G. by calix, stamens
and anthers, corolla as in Seymeria, but purple.
The name applies to the split anthers.

387. ToMANTHERA LANCEOLATA Raf. Erinus !
africanus Muhl. stem simple hirsute, leaves lan-
ceolate acute entire pubescent, flowers subsess-
ile, segments of calix ovate lanceolate pubes-
cent — A very rare plant deemed doubtfiU be-
cause never described. In Pensylv. and Ca-
rolina, my specimen of Collins herb, was collec-
ted by Dr. Cleaver in New Jersey, it is annual
only 4 inches high, with a thick stem of a dark
purple, leaves few small 4 to 8 lines long, flow-
ers large, size of Agalinis tenuifolia, calix sub-
foliose, corolla smooth. Never met by me in
25 years of researches!

388. TOMANTHERA? AURICULATA Raf, Gcr-

ardia do Mx. and all our copists, who have
never seen it nor described it ! by Michaux
short account it difters by stem nearly simple
very rough, leaves ovate lanceolate auriculate,
flowers quite sessile — in Illinois and also Loui-
siana : I have not seen it and it must be better
described.

389. DASISTEMA Raf. J. Sc. phys. 1819.
Calix urceolate 5fid, segments unequal foliace-
ous dentate. Corolla with a short thick tube
wooly inside, limb rotate Slobed, lobes subequal
concave wooly at the bottom. Stamens 4 didyn
short wooly, anthers mutic smooth, a 5th sterile
stamen, style short, stigma clavate. Capsule
as in Aureolaria, seeds winged. Perennials,
leaves dwided opposite, floicers spicate brae-
teate yellow, — This N, G. of mine disc. 1818
published 1819 with my 50 N. G. is quite pe-

NEOPHYTON. 67

culiar having the calix of Panctenis, but sta-
mens unlike all.

360, Dasistema auriculata Raf. quite vil-
lose, stein 4gone ramose, leaves petiolate broad-
ly lanceolate, the lower auriculate at base, me-
dial truncate at base, upper acute at base, all
crenate serrate subobtuse, bracts sessile ova-
toblong, flowers subsessile, calix crenate — on
the banks of R. Ohio in West Kentucky and
Illinois, estiva], fine plant 3 or 4 feet high,
leaves 2 to 4 inches long, flowers large golden
yellow.

391. Dasistema 3IACR0PHYLLA Raf. Seyme-
ria do Niittal tj'c Erinus pinnatif ? Mg. stem
ramose, leaves nearly smooth subsessile, lower
elongate pinnatifid or sinuate, upper lanceolate
entire, flowers subsessile, segments of calix en-
tire ovate — found by Nuttal in Ohio, I have his
specimen in Collins herb, whereby I have as-
certained what I already surmised, that it is
really a sp. of this Genus and not Seymeria,
Nuttal says the stamens are smooth, but involv-
ed in the wool of the base, he meant the an-
thers, the filaments being also wooly. Tall
plant, leaves 3 to 6 inches lons^, flowers yellow.

392. SEYMERIA Pursh. ArzELiAGm. not
Smith. Calix camp, deeply 5fid. subequal. co-
rolla rotate campanulate deeply 51obed, lobes
subeqnal, stamens 4 very short subequal quite
smooth, except at insertion subsessile deflexed,
anthers oblong smooth emarginate, incumbent,
two equal cells opening by ovate terminal pores.
Style filiform declined, stigma obtuse. Capsule
bivalve ovate 21oc. polysperm, seeds minute.
Annuals^ leaves opp. and alt. small divided^

flowers axillary yelloic — a very distinct Genus
mistaken by Nuttal who gave the character out

68 NORTH AMERICA?^

of his S. macrophylla., the stamens and pores
are quite different. Elliot has better under-
stood the characters and the 3 sp. which I all
possess.

393. Seymeria tenuifolia Pursh. N. E. &c.
Afzeha cassioides Gm. Gerardia afzeha Mx.
branches terete rough, leaves smooth setaceous
lower pectinate pinnatifid, upper subcntire, flow-
ers racemose, peduncles subequal to leaves, seg-
ments of calix linear — Carolina to Alabama,
stem 3 or 4 feet (Elliot) much branched, small
slender leaves, calix quite cupular at base with
rounded sinusses and linear segments, corolla
with purple dots inside, segments oblong obtuse,
capsule smooth.

394. Seymeria pectinata Pursh 4'C, Vis-
cose pubescent leaves pectinate pinnatifid, seg-
ments of calix cuneate — Carolina to Florida,
although Nuttal calls this common, Elliot did
not see it, and I have fewer specimens than of
the last. Branched, leaves short, calix with
deeper and broader segments, sinusses obtuse,
corolla and capsule pubescent.

395. Seymeria iieterophyla Raf. S. jack-
soni E. viscose pubescent, branches virgate,
leaves oblong lanceolate, lower pinnatifid seg-
ments oblong the last larger, upper leaves en-
tire or auriculate, peduncles equal thereto, seg-
ments of calix oblong deeply parted — a very
distinct sp. which Elliot deemed doubtful. Ala-
bama and Georgia, my specimen from Leconte
C. H, 2 to 4 feet high, branches incurved sub-
terete, leaves minute very short, calix almost
Sparted, corolla small segments ovate obtuse,
style short.

396. DASANTHERA Raf. 1817. Calix 5
parted unequal, corolla campanul. 51obed une-

NEOPIIYTON. (>9

tjual, stamens 4 unequal, anthers villose. Leaves
opposite serrate, jloicers purple — to complete
the compared account ot^ ail the Gerardias I
add this Genus, with some others not seen by
me, and very little known, which must be des-
cribed better hereafter. This appears medial
between Atireolaria and Das i sterna, but the
calix and purple corollas ditfer from both.

397. Dasantiiera iruticos\ R. Gerardiado
Pursh &c shrubby, leaves lanccol. serrate sub-
petiolate, flowers racemose bracteate. — Origon
Mts. only seen dry by Pursh and Torrey.

398. Dasantheka? cuneifolia Raf. Ger, do
Pursh «^»c perennial, branches erect, leaves
cuneate unequaiy serrate, upper alternate, pe-
duncles axillary longer than leaves or bracts —
Florida, disc, by Bartram but not his ffammea,
of doubtful Genus not even seen by Elliot. Ca-
lix Sparted and purple flowers.

390. PAGESIA Raf. fl. hid. calix Sparted
unequal, upper segment larger, corolla tube
ventricose limb rotate bilabiate, upper lip re-
flexed flat emarginate, lower trilobe. Stam 4
didyn. style and stigma simple, capsule as in
Aureolaria. Leaves oppos. sessile, flowers ra-
cemose white — This G. of mine 1817 is akin to
all the above, but distinct by the calix bilabiate,
white corolla 4^c.

400. Pagesia leucantiia Raf fl. lud. 149.
Stem weak decumbent 4gone ramose, leaves
sessile ovatoblong serrulate smooth, axils biau-
riculate, flowers racemose on long peduncles,
segments of calix striate — in West Louisiana
and Texas probably, disc, by Robin, many
weak stems pedal, white smooth flowers, cap-
sule oval polysperm. This may be the white
flowered Ger. aurieulata of I^ouisiana hinted
at by some botanists.

70 NORTH AMERICAN

401. OVOSTIMA Raf. Cal. campanul. 5
fid, segments unequal leafy entire. Corolla
tubular ventricose smooth limb large spread-
ing with 5 lobes subequal rounded. Stamens
4 didjn. included, filaments subequal smooth ;
anthers obtuse base sagittate bifid bicuspidate
21ocul. opening lateraly,sutures pubescent. Style
elongate strait, stigma capitate ovatoblong
acute nodding. Capsule small inclosed. Pe-
renjiial 'f leaves opposite petiolate, Jloicers
axillary white — a singular Genus partaking of
the characters of many akin, but distinct by
calix, stigma and white flowers as in Pagesia.
The name means ovate stigma.

402. OvosTiMA PETioLATA Raf. quito smooth
stem simple terete purplish, leaves opp. petio-
late oblong lanceolate both ends acute, lower
repand or with remote unequal obtuse teeth, up-
per subentire, flowers subsessile, segments of ca-
lix ovatoblong — Florida or Alabama, received
without name with many other rare plants. I
first called it Aureolaria pallida, but have been
able to ascertain it since as a N. G. near Pa-
gesia ; I have not the ripe fruit however. Stem
sesquipedal, leaves thin pale beneath 2 or 3
inches long, flowers large nearly 2 inches long,
segments of calix longer than camp, base, co-
rolla thin apparently white or very pale ochro-
leucous.

403. RUSSELIA Jaq. Jus. W. not of Lin.
junior which is Vahlia. Calix Sparted, corolla
tubulose limb spreading bilabiate, upper lip
emarginate, lower longer trilobe stamens 4
didyn. inclosed. Capsule acum. subuniloc?
valves inflexed. Leaves oppos. peduncles ax-
illarij jlovners red or scarlet — this fine tropi-
cal Genus must be added to our Flora. Gal-

NfiOfHlTOX. 71

vezia of Dombey in Jussieu united thereto by
W. P. differs by calix 5fid, tube ventricose be-
low and capsule globose.

404. IliissELiA JUNCEA. Zuc. in bot. reg.
1773. Branches 4gone erect virgate, leaves
minute petiolate ovate subentire, peduncles lili-
forni subbitlore — Texas and Mexico, llowers
scarlet.

405. RussELiA FLAMMEA Raf. Gorardia do
Bartr. trav p. 412. stem ramose pyramidal,
leaves lanceolate t flowers in a pyramidal foli-
ose panicle — Alabama, indicated GO years ago
by Bartram, and still not in any work nor gar-
den as yet : although a splendid plant 4 feet
high, crowded with large scarlet flowers, tubu-
lar and bilabiate ; therefore referable to this
Genus, unless it is a new one to be called Fla-

MARIA COCCINEA Raf.

406. MACRANTHERA Torrey 1835. Con-
radia Nuttal 1834 but not of Martins. Calix
deeply 5fid, corolla tubular border 5fid sube-
qual. Stamens 4 subequal exserted, filaments
hairy, anthers linear sagittate. Style long fili-
form, stigma simple or bifid. Capsule ovate
acum. polysperm, as in Aureolaria. Peren-
nials, leaves opposite cJimded, flowers axilla-
ry racemose yellow on long reflexed incurved
peduncles. — I adopt the name of Torrey in-
stead of Conradia already twice employed, by
myself in 1825 for my Leptilix Neog. 25 for the
American Tofieldas, see Abama 1st part, and
also by Martius, Macranthera is not however
a very good name as the anthers are not very
long, the name of ToxoPBS (Raf.) meaning in-
curved peduncles would have been better, but
the 2 sp. known (and there may be more) ap-

7*2 IVORTH AMERICAiV

pear types of two subgenera differing as Panc-
tenis and Aureolaria.

407. Mac R ANTHER A LEcoNTi Torrej (or
Toxopus gymnanthes Raf.) leaves smooth pe-
tiolate ovate lanceol. sinuate pinnatifid, bracts
and segments of calix linear lanceolate entire
in Florida and on the R. Alatamaka, 2 or 3
feet high, flowers autumnal deep yellow. Tor-
rey states the stigma to l)e simple and yet his
figure shows it quite bifid and bilamellar.

408. Macrantiiera fusciiioidrs T. Benth
(or Toxopus calycinus or Tomilix bracteata
Raf) Conradia Nut. rar. 41. fig. Smooth
leaves petiolate lanceolate sublyrate pinnatifid,
bracts ovate sinuate, segments of calix lanceo-
late unequal foliose serrate — in" Alabama, fine
large plant with golden flowers, the calix is
nearly as in Panctenis, and the stigma certain-
ly simple, these two characters indicate a sub-
genus if not a Genus ! my TomiHx meaning cut
calyx.

409. APENTOSTERA Raf. (no fifth ste-
rile) Calix 5parted subequal, corolla ventricose
campanul. bilabiate, upper lip erect bilobe, low-
er trilobe. Stamens 4 didyn. anthers villose,
no fifth sterile filament. Capsule ovate acute,
seeds angular not winged. Leaves opjjosite,
flowers axillarij, racemose purplish — this N.
Gr. of Origon is probably fecond in sp. It links
the Gerardia group with the Pentostemon.
Totaly unlike our real Chlonanthus (chelone)
having the corolla convex short and winged
seeds. Pentostemon which now includes a
crowd of sp. that must be divided into 5 Gen-
era, differ by the fifth filament and various co-
rollas. Also near to Pagesia.

410. Apentostera secundiflora Raf. Pen-

NEOPHYTON. 73

tost, scouleri Lind. hot. reg. 1277. Suffruti-
cose, leaves cuneate serrate, upper linear ob-
tuse entire, flowers subracemose secund — Ori-
gon, large purple flowers. Akin to Dasanthe-
ra fruticosa 397.

411. Apentostera trifi.ora Raf. Chelone!
nemorosa Lind. bot. reg. 1211. Herbaceous,
leaves ovate acum. serrate, upper aniplex. cor-
date, peduncles axiHary triflore — Oiigon, quite
similar to the last in the structure of flowe. s,
yet put into a different Genus by Lindley !

412. LEPTEIRIS Raf. (minute sterile)
calix 5parted, corolla tubulose incurved beard-
ed inside, limb 51obed subequal. A minute ru-
diment of a fifth sterile stamen. Leanrs oppos.
narrotc, floivers glomerate verticiUate whitish
— another and nearer link to Pentostemon, dis-
tinct from it by corolla and habit quite pecu-
liar ; akin to Russelia and Pagesia.

413. Lepteiris parvifloka Raf. Pentoste-
mon micranthum Nut. cat. 83. Smooth, leaves
linear lanceol. acute entire subamplex. flowers
spicate paniculate glomerate in whorls, seg-
ments of calix lanceolate — Ongon, stem slen-
der pedal, seen dry, collected by Wyeth.

I must end here this long survey of the Gen-
era akin to Gerardia, without attempting yet
all those akin to Pentostemon. They are fur-
ther removed from Digitalis to which Nuttal
compared them. Thus we have already 12 Gen-
era and 40 sp. of plants akin to Gerardia or once
added thereto, many of which are quite rare
plants seldom seen by our botanists ; some are
beautiful and yet hardly known in Gardens.
There must be others in the Pdissouri and Ori-
gon regions. It is a fact that in this tribe the
colors of flowers indicate Genera \ I have not

10

74 NEOPHYTON

yet seen the labor of Hooker on the Gerarclia.

414. SCHWALBEA AMERICANA L, &C. I

have several specimens of this fine and rare
plant, collected from New Jersey to Carolina ;
yet I never could meet it myself in 25 years of
botanical herborizations ! I mention this to show
again how easy it is for careless botanists to
overlook my new and rare plants or blend them
with others, if such plants escape my keen re-
searches. Well described by Elliot. The al-
ternate leaves and capsule with partition form-
ed by the valves, remove thisG. from the group
of Gerardias.

monocotyi.es.

' Although 1 wish to be concise I have been
compelled to dwell upon some Genera impro-
perly known, and thus give again monographs
instead of mere insulated new species ; this
plan will be preferred by those who like to
compare the whole at once. Having till now
described Dicotyles only, I now mean to give
some new or rare Monocotyles in the remain-
der of this second part of my Fora ; the third
part whereof will be chiefly upon trees and
shrubs.

415. UNISEMA Raf. 180S. Med. fl, 1830.
Fl. tell. 6. Beautiful distinct Genus of mine bas-
ed on the various species blended in Pontede-
ria cordata ! with a fruit quite peculiar simi-
lar to Grasses ! which our botanists have hesi-
tated to adopt, altho' they knew it was good,
having verified the fruit ! — Perigone coroUi-
form bilabiate 6fid, stamens 6 unequal filiform

MONOCOTYLES. 75

incurved. Style filiform, stigma simple. Fruit
a single oblong seed covered by the marcescent
6 ribbed pcrigone, perisperm farinaceous, em-
bryo flesliy central terete. Aquatic plants,
roots jlcshii creeping, leaves radical petiolate,
stem unifoliate articulate, spadix terminal
spicate icith a vaginal spatha below the base,
Jtoicers blue. — Thus quite a natural Genus,
widely ditierent from Pontederia and the akin
Genera Kadakia, Carigola, Gomphima, Piaro-
pus, Lunania or Endolimna see my flora tell.
This forms the type of a peculiar family Unis-
E3IIDES 1815 near to Aroides and Typhacea,
the spike is a real spadix. I have given a long
history of this G. in my Medical flora.

416. Unisema deltifolia Raf. m. fl. fig. 93.
Radical leaves oblong deltoid obtuse, base acute
or truncate, stem leaf subsessile similar undu-
late base subreniform ; spike terete, peduncle
subequal to spatha, segments of flowers oval
obtuse — in West Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala-
bama and Florida. Stem 3 feet, leaves 5 to 8
inches long, spke 3 inches.

417. Unisema peduncularis Raf purshiana?
Raf m. fl. (angustifolia ? Pursh) This differs
from last by leaves truncate or subcordate the
stem leaf on a long petiol, the peduncle of the
spike twice or thrice as long as the spatha, seg-
ments of flower linear lanceolate — Carolina to
Florida. Spike shorter hardly 2 inches. Var.
parrifolia, leaves 3 or 4 inches long only, spike
only one inch, peduncle and petiols not quite so
long. My specimens of both have all obtuse
leaves, none are acute.

418. Unisema media Raf. m. 11. 3. Leaves
oblong cordate obtuse consimilar, spike terete
peduncle longer than spatha, segments oblong

76 NEOPHYTON

obtuse — New York to Carolina, called P. an-
gustif. by many, not at all deltoid, lobes deep
rounded, breadth of leaves about one third of
length, spikes 2 or 3 inches long. Var. angus-
tifolia leaves still narrower, Var. alhijlora with
white flowers.

419. Unisema acutifolia Raf. 6 P. cordata
Lamark. Leaves cordate acute, spike terete,
segments oval oblong — Carolina found by Bosc,
I have not seen it yet, is it a Var. of U. lati-
folia?

420. Unisema iieterophylla Raf. 8. Leaves
oblong lanceolate obtuse, base subcordate or
truncate, stem leaf cordate on long petiol, spike
oblong, peduncle equal to spatha, segments li-
near oblong — New York to Louisiana, found at
Trenton falls of Delaware and on the R. Ohio,
a small plant, 12 to 18 inches high, leaves 1 to
3 inches long very narrow, therefore the P. an-
gustif. of some botanists. Var. lanceolata^ 2
stenocardia.

421. Unis. lancifolia Raf. fl. tex. 27. Pont,
lanceolata Mg. Elliot. Leaves linear lanceol.
base rounded or acute, end acute — Florida to
Texas. Leaves 3 or 4 inches long broader
than in last, sometimes ovatoblong, but really
acute.

422. Unis. obliquata Raf m. fl. 4. Leaves
more or less obliqual with unequal sides, obtuse
oblong cordate or subhastate, spikes ovatoblong
peduncles equal to spatha, segments linear ob-
tuse — from New Jersey to Virginia, about 2
feet high, leaves 4 to 6 inches long, spikes one
inch.

423. Unis. latifolia Raf 5. Pont, cordata
of most botanists. Leaves ovate broadly and
deeply cordate very obtuse, spike oblong terete

MONOCOTYLES. 77

peduncle equal to spatha, segments oval — the
most common kind from New Jersey to Flori-
da, in marshes and streams, 3 to 5 feet high,
leaves nearly as broad as long. Var. i.Elatior,
2 undulata, 3 pallida, 4 albijlora »J»c.

424. Unis. mucronata Raf. 1808 m. fl. 7.
Leaves narrow oblong, base broader cordate ;
end with a long obtuse point, spike terete, seg-
ments oblong — found by Mr. Kingston in Vir-
ginia 1800, seen in his herbal.

425. Unis. rotundifolia Raf. m. fl. 9. Leaves
rounded obtuse hardly cordate at base, spike
oblong, segments oval — Kentucky and Illinois.
Stem weak, one foot high, leaves small about 2
inches. Not the Ponted, rotundif. of Linneus
and South America,which appears the real type
of Pontederia having a trilocular capsule. —
Thus I have increased this fine Genus to 10 sp.
and they may be more : to deem them mere
varieties would be preposterous ; but they may
be specific deviations of a single original type.
These plants were called IVampi by the Indi-
ans and the seeds eaten by them. They are
now called Pickerelweed in the Northern
States. The articulated stem at the leaf ai.d
spatha is similar to that of those Amaryllis
lately divided on that score.

426. CLINTONIA Raf. 1817,18 19. Anals 1820
Med. fl, 1830,atl, j. 1832,adopted by Beck 1833;
not the Clintonia of Lindley 1829 v, hich is my
Gynampsis 1833 — Beautiful distinct G. of mine
indicated since 1817 in my reviews, described
in 1819 in Silliman's Journal and 50 iM. G. of
plants : it is formed by the plants blended in
Dracena boreal is and since united to Conval-
laria and Smilacina ! that have quite a pecu-
liar habit and a bilocular berry, striking char-
acter common with Styrandra, but this has only

78 neopht:ton

4 stamens. See my med. flora article Sigillaria,
and my flora lellur. for the Genera blended in
Convallaria and Dracena. The characters of
Clintonia are perigone corolliform 6parted
campan. deciduous, 6 stamens inserted at the
base, filiform, anthers oblong, style compressed,
stigma bilobe compressed. Berry bilocular,
cells polysperm. Roots creeping perennial,
stem scapose leafy at the base only, flowers
terminal geminate or umbellate whitish, ber-
ries blue — they are rare plants of the Canada
region and the highest Mountains, flowers ver-
nal, called Cuscum by the Linapian tribes.
Dedicated to my friend the worthy D. Clinton
a worthy Philosopher, NaturaUst and Botanist
as eminent as Jefferson. Beck reduces the sp.
to C. borealis and multiflora which are each
the type of a subgenus, but include several sp.
and varieties, that I have carefuly studied.

427. Subgenus Cuscumia Raf. (or Podani-
siA if too barbarous) flowers 2 to 5 no bracts,
sepals oblong or lanceolate opening like a bell,
style equal or longer than stamens, stigma bi-
lobed. Only 2 or 3 leaves, flowers ocliroleu-
coiis, peduncles unequal.

428. Subgenus Onyxula Raf. flowers um-
bellate 7 to 15 with one or more minute bracts,
sepals unguiculate or base attenuated, claws
erect, limb oboval spreadihg or rotate, style
shorter than stamens, stigma notched. Several
leaves 4 to 7 subradical, flowers white, pe-
duncles eqaal.

429. Clintonia (Cusc) biflora Raf. Three
similar leaves elliptic cuneate acuminate cili-
ate, scape smooth elongate biflore, peduncles
erect unequal, sepals lanceolate obtuse berries
rounded — Apalachian Mts. or Southern Alle-

MONOCOTYLES.

79

ghanies, flowers medial whitish, style longer
than stamens, stigma quite bilobe, leaves 5 or
6 inches long, scape 7 to 8.

430. CI. biflora Vcir. InimiUs differs by
smaller leaves more cuneate, 3 to 4 inches long,
scape 4 to 5.

431. Cl, (disc) TuiFLORA Raf. Leaves 3
dissimilar unequal, 2 elliptical, 1 lanceol. smal-
ler, all ciliate acute, scape pubescent elongate
triflore, peduncles unequal pubescent erect, se-
pals oblong obtuse berries globular — Mts. Alle-
ghanies on rocks in summits of ridges, humble,
leaves 4 to 5 inches long, scape 5 to 6, flowers
pale, commonly 2 peduncles opposite shorter in-
curved with nodding flowers, one erect longer.
Var. tridens, the peduncles subequal like a tri-
dent.

432. Cl. (Cusc) angustifolia Raf. subcau-
lescent, leaves 3 similar alternate elongate nar-
row cuneate lanceol. acumin. ciliate, scape
smooth subequal to leaves,commonly 5flore,
peduncles unequal flexuose, sepals oblong ob-
tuse, berries globular— summits of Central and
Northern Alleghanies, larger plant nearly pe-
dal, with narrow leaves 8 to 10 inches long and
only one wide, flowers smaller than in the two
last, but berries larger.

433. Cl. (Cusc) falcata Raf. Leaves 3 dis-
similar, 2 broad lanceol. acum. one narrow lan-
ceol acute falcate, all smooth like scape elon-
gate 3-4flore, peduncles subequal erect, berries
oblong — found only once in fruit on the summit
of the Oquago Mts. leaves equal in length about
6 inches, scape 9 inches, peduncles elongate
uncial fastigiate.

434. Cl. falcata Var. tridens. Raf. 2 leaves
radical elliptical lanceol, one on the stem quite

80 NEOPHYTOJf

narrow falcate, scape triflore, peduncles pubeS'
cent shaped like a trident. Also on the Oqua-
go mts.

435. Cl. (Cusc) podanisia Raf. annals 118.
Leaves 3 similar elliptical acute ciliate, scape
pubescent double of leaves, umbel 4-5flore pu-
bescent, peduncles very unequal mostly incurv-
ed, flowers ereet, sepals lanceolate acute, ber-
ries globular. — summit of Backbone mts. of Al-
leghanies, leaves 4 inches long, scape 8 inches,
flowers large whitish.

436. Cl. (Cusc) nutans Raf. 1819. borealis
Beck 1833. Convallaria and Smilacina bore-
alis of some botanists P. N. E. not in Mx. nor
Torrey. Subcaulescent, leaves 3 to 4 similar
obovate or broadly elliptical acuminate ciliate,
scape longer 5-6flore smooth, peduncles une-
qual nodding, sepals oblong obtuse, style shor-
ter, berries oblong — Kiskanom and Oquago
mts. Alleghanies of Pennsylv. and the most
common kind, yet not seen or overlooked by
some botanists, quite distinct from the last by
larger flowers not white but yellowish; and o-
blong berries as in Cl. falcata, 8 to 10 inches
high. A fine specimen has 3 leaves and 6
flowers.

437. CL nutans Var. hifolia Raf differs by
2 leaves, umbel 4flore, peduncles erect sube-
qual. Mt. Pocono of Alleghanies.

438. Cl. nutans var. ftexipes Raf differ
leaves twin long elliptic acute, scape flexuolate
elongate 3flore, peduncles pubescent unequal
flexuose, berries ovate oblong. Mts. Tuscoro-
ra and Mahantango of Alleghanies, scape pe-
dal, flowers pale. Perhaps rather a var. of Cl.
triflora.

439. Cl. (Cusc) ophioglossoides Raf cau-

MOJVOCOTYLES. 8l

lescent, only one radical leaf obovute acute ci-
liate, a stem leaf smaller oblong lanceol. acute,
scape pubescent 4flore, peduncles pubescent un-
equal, 2 shorter incurved, 2 longer erect, ber-
ries globular — Sent me from Michigan, semi-
pedal, leaves 3 or 4 inches. Is it a var. or de-
viation of CI. podanisia ?

440. Cl. (Cusc) latifolia Raf Leaves 4
similar short broad subovate abruptly acum. ci-
liate, scape elongate 4flore, smooth, peduncles
erect subequal, sepals oblong, obtuse, style e-
longate, berries oblong — Mts. Taconick and
hills of New England, probably in Canada also,
scape pedal, leaves 4 to 6 inchc^!, flowers ochro-
leucous larger even than in Cl. nutans, with
style longer than flower, a large bilobe stigma,
leaves really broadly oval.

441. Cl. (Cusc) biumbella Raf. Leaves 3-4
similar elliptical ciliate, scape with 2 umbels
the lateral 2-3flore, the terminal 4flore, pedun-
cles smooth unequal, petals lanceolate obtuse,
berries globular and oboval — Mts. Alleghany,
pedal, fruits singular unequal in size and shape.

442. Cl. biumbella Var. aitoni Raf. Cl. ai-
toni Raf atl. J. p. 120. Dracena borealis Ait.
Andr. repos. t. 206. Leaves undulate not cili-
ate ? scape flexuose, 2 umbels 3-4flore nodding
berries globular — from Canada «Lnd Hudson
Bay, cultivated in England. Is it a peculiar
sp. to be called Cl. imdulata or Aitoni ? the
figure in Andrews represents the stigma as o-
blique truncate dilatate emarginatei

443. Clintonia (Onyxula) pakviflora Raf
annals 117. Leaves 5-6 elliptical or lanceo-
late acuminate, margin and nerves ciliate, scape
equal to leaves pubescent, umbel 5-6flore bract
obsolete, peduncles erect equal, sepals ungui-

11

83 NEOPHYTON

culate spatulate obtuse, berries globular. — Sum-
mit of the Central Alleghanies of Maryland,
only found once in 1818 on a single rock, small
plant 4 or 5 inches high, flowers snowy white
not spotted very small, limb of sepals rotate
obovate. Certainly distinct from all the next.

444. Clintonia (Onyx.) oDORATARaf. Dra-
cena borealis Big. Conval. umbel. Mx. Eat.
Smilacina do. P. N. E. T. Leaves oblong
elliptical with an obtuse point, ciliate, but nerves
smooth, scape elongate pubescent above, umbel
multiflore 9-l5flore, a short oblong bract, pedun-
cles subequal, sepals unguiculate spatulate un-
dulate ovatoblong obtuse, berries globular —
Mountain bogs from Canada to Carolina says
Beck, never met by me, my specimen is from
Collins H. and has only 9 flowers, they are
white and small but larger than the last, Mi-
chaux says they are odorous and have some red
dots ; no other kind is odorous. This is the
only sp. known or acknowledged by Torrey and
others, who have never travelled in the Mts. in
the vernal season.

445. CL odorata var. decantha R. my CI.
decantha of atl. J. only differ by 10 flowers pe-
tals lanceolate (acute ?) 4 leaves oblong acute.
— In the Mts. of Virginia, seen dry.

446. CI. odorata var. multiflora Raf. my
CI. multifl. of atl. J, only differs by leaves large
elliptical acute, scape pedal smooth, umbel of
12 to 15 flowers, white sepals obovate acute ?
— Seen in the herb, of Torrey as Conval. um-
bellata, from Canada, is it odorous ? is it rath-
er a var. of the next sp ?

447. Clintonia (Onyx) fulva Raf Leaves
ample cuneate elliptical acumin. glaucous cili-
ate, nerves smooth, soape subequal sulcate cos-

MONOCOTYLES. 83

tate, pubescent above, umbel multiflore (16)
peduncles unequal some forked fulvous villose,
bracts obsolete sepals unguiculate ovatoblong
acute, berries globular — found in Collins herb.
as Conv. umbel, certainly not the same as the
last, distinct by leaves, scape sulcate, larger
flowers nearly as large as in CI. podanisia, ap-
parently fulvous or nankin color, leaves 8 inches
long.

448. Clintonia (Onyx) glomerata Raf.
Leaves 3-4 similar obovate elliptical obtuse ci-
liate, scape equal villose above, umbel multi-
flore, bract lanceolate elongate, flowers subses-
sile glomerate pubescent — Apalachian and
Wasioto Mts. my specimens have the flowers
not quite unfolded with a longer bract. Only
3 to 4 inches high, quite distinct by obtuse
leaves and sessile hairy flowers. — Thus I hate
noticed about 20 sp. or striking var. of this
pretty G. I had only 7 in my remarks of 1832.
None of our Botanists know them, because rare
vernal and alpine ; or when seen mistaken for
a single kind ! yet I venture to say they all ori-
ginate from 4 or 5 original types.

449. ETHEOSANTHES Raf. Neog. 42.
fl. tell. 27. Near Tradescantia, difference Ca-
lix and Corolla unequal, one petal larger con-
cave,stamens 6 unequal curved villose, 3 longer.
Stem ramose, flowers racem^ose without spa-
tlias — a fine Genus described by me as early
as 1825, seen alive since 1820 in the gardens
of Kentucky where received from Louisiana.
I collected 50 specimens and have sent it to all
my correspondents. I sometimes spelt the
name Eothinajithcs, both mean evanescent
flowers.

450. Etheosanthes cimata Raf. stem erect

84 NEOTPHYTON

dichotome, leaves ovate acute undulate ciliate,
flowers racemose secund. — Texas and Louisi-
ana, fine plant 3 feet higli, leaves 2 or 3 inches
long, flowers large blue, the 3 petals are quite
evanescent, lasting only one hour expanded to-
wards noon, but the calix is persistent as in
Tradescantia. See in fl. tellur. my reform of
the Genera blended in Tradescantia ; without
attempting to give a complete Monograph of
our real Tradescantias (which now amount to
about 15 species:) I shall here chiefly enu-
merate my new species and varieties.

451. Tradescantia Virginica L. this well
known linnean sp. may be known by the lan-
ceolate smooth leaves, long foliose involuci:e
of multiflore umbels and villose calix; but so
many sp. and var. are blended with it in gar-
dens and herbals that it is needful to attend to
many other cifferences, as wilt be seen below
in my Nevv^ sp.

452. Trad. Virginica Var, alba. Hooker
b. m. 3501. this white flower variety is not my
Tr, ohiensis.

453. Trad, ohiensis Raf. precis 146. Leaves
flat linear acute smooth, umbel multiflore, in-
volucre longer than flowers, calix smooth. — In
Ohio, flowers white, described in 1814 from a
specimen of Dencke given me by Vanvleck, but
I have not met it in Ohio, and it may be a var.
of my Tr. levigata.

454. Trad, mrginica Var. purpurea Raf.
differ by leaves narrow lanceolate, 6 to 10 in-
ches long, umbel pauciflore 5-6fl. petals purple
— seen only in gardens, not met spontaneous,
yet probably a peculiar sp. Tr. purpurea.

455. Trod, virgin var. harhata Raf. differ
by umbel, pauciflore 5-6fl. calix smooth except

MONOCOTYLES. 85

a tuft of hairs at the tip — very different from
my Tr. barbata, only seen in gardens, leaves
broad, involucres large long not bearded.

456. Trad, virgin, var. ramosa Raf. 3 to 4
feet high much branched, with large leaves and
flowers. Another garden variety.

457. Trad, virgin, var. angustifolioi Raf.
Probably the real type of Virginica, since the
most frequently found wild by me on the R.
Schuylkill, the hills of Maryland and Virginia.
Stem simple pedal, leaves linear lanceolate very
long, longer than stem, 6 to 9 inches, flat and
margin ciliate at the base. Umbel multiflore
6-12flovvers nodding, 2 foliose involucre flat
subequal 3 to 4 inches long, peduncles and ca-
lix pilpse, flowers rather small, vernal in May.
Roots perennial fasciculate. If a peculiar sp.
it may be called Tr. ciliata.

458. Trad, levigata Raf. Quite smooth ra-
mose, leaves narrow lanceolate elongate flat
glaucescent, base dilatate undulate and vagi-
nate, umbels terminal and axillary multiflore
glomerate, involucres foliose lanceol. unequal,
calix smooth glaucous or incarnate — in the A-
palachian Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, intro-
duced in our gardens, 2 feet high, very pretty,
flowers blue. A var. incarnata has flesh co-
lored flowers.

459. Trad, barbata R^f. Smooth simple,
leaves linear lanceol. canaliculate pale elongate
erect ; umbel pauciflore involucre subunifoliate
very short, peduncles unequal erect; calix
bearded at the tip as well as the involucres —
Illinois and West Kentucky, pedal, flowers blue
4 to 5. Several varieties.

460. Trad, barbata var. pumila Raf. diff*.
semipedal, invol. bifoliate base swelled. Ken-
tucky.

86 NEOPHYTOX.

461. Trad, barbata var. trachiloma Raf.
Diff. Leaves and invol. rough or subciliolate on
the margins, two invol. very unequal. Ken-
tucky.

462. Trad, canaliculata Raf. atl. J. p.
150. Ctuite smooth simple slender, leaves
slender linear narrow canaliculate, falcate um-
bel pauciflore, invol. short flat very unequal,
flowers smooth nodding. — In Kentucky and
Missouri; estival blue flowers, stem pedal, dif-
ferent from Tr. levigata by narrow hollow fal-
cate leaves few flowers &/C, described since
1832 in Atlantic Journal.

463. Trad, rupestris Raf. atl. J. 150.
Simple smooth, leaves elongate narrow canali-
culate, umbel multiflore, invol. foliose divari-
cate very long, peduncles pilose — Cliffs of Ohio
and Wabash R. it has the leaves like the last
and flowers like 457. Estival pedal.

464. Trad, brevicaulis Raf. atl. J. 150.
Stem simple very short flexuose, leaves much
longer narrow nearly flat carinate, sheaths tu-
bular cihate, umbel pauciflore, invol. similar to
leaves, peduncles and calix very pilose — Illi-
nois and Kentucky, stem 5 to 6 inches high,
flowers blue and small vernal.

465. Trad, pumila Raf. Nearly stemless
quite pilose, scape l-2inches strait, leaves few
lanceolate ciliate, umbel multifl. 8-12fl. involu-
cres foliose subequal larger and broader than
leaves, pilose, peduncles filiform unequal pilose,
calix pilose — a very fine singular sp. found near
the Kentucky R. in abundance in a single spot
in 1821. Q,uite dwarf and with long soft hairs,
sometimes quite scapose, leaves longer than
stem radical commonly 2 with membran.
sheaths. Flowers quite large blue vernal.

MONOCOTYLEiS. 87

466. Trad, pilosa Lehman 1827. Hook. b.
m. 3291. Stem flexiiose nodose villose above,
leaves broadly lanceol. undulate pilose, umbels
terminal multiflore, involucres foliose, pedun-
cles and calix villose. — Louisiana and Florida.

467. Trad. AXILLARIS Raf. subaspera? Lo-
diges cab. flexuosa Raf. atl. J. 150. Stem ra-
mose sulcate often flexuose, leaves broad lan-
ceolate flat pubescent pale beneath, margin
rough, umbels axillary subsessile, involucres
lanceol. short peduncles and calix villose. — In
Central and West Kentucky, estival, flowers
dark blue handsome, stem 2 or 3 feet high,
leaves one inch broad 4 to 6 long, rather rigid.
Var. flexuosa^ stem dichotome zigzag. 2 sub-
aspera leaves roughly pubescent,

468. Trad, discolor Raf. virginica var, pi-
losa Lindl. hot. reg. 1055 ? Stem strait pilose
simple, leaves lanceolate divaricate ciliate,glau-
cous and pilose beneath, umbel terminal mul-
tiflore lax, involucres foliose divergent, pedun-
cles short nodding pilose like the calix — In
Florida and Alabama, stem pedal and bipedal
leaves like the last, but thin, smooth above, not
rigid nor rough. Var. ramosa^ branched,
leaves narrow lanceolate.

469. Trad, reflexa Raf. Quite smooth,
stem subramose slender purplish, leaves remote
narrow lanceol. falcate flat, sheaths swelled,
umbels multiflore glomerate, the rameal with
unifoliate involucre, the terminal with 2 foliose
falcate reflexed invol. peduncles often reflexed,
calix ciliate at the end— Alabama, sent me as
Tr. virginica ! near to levigata and barbata,
distinct l)y few leaves far apart 6 to 8 inches long
only half inch broad, pale beneath, stem I or 2

88 NEOPHYTOPr

feet high, flowers small, umbels crowded 12 to
24 flowers. •

470. Trad, reftexa var. drepisia Raf. diff".
umbels pauciflore 6-8fl. 2 invol. quite equal fal
cate. Alabama.

471. Trad, rosea Mx. Carolina to Louisi-
ana, very distinct sp. by many short involucres,
smooth graminiform leaves and rosate flowers.

472. Trad, rosea var. paucijlora Raf. Tr.
graminifolia Raf. atl. J. 148. differs by few un-
equal flowers in the umbel. Florida and Ala-
bama.

473. Trad, divaricata Raf. atl. J. 148.
Leaves remote divaricate oblong lanceolate,
umbels multiflore, invol. 2 subequal lanceol. di-
varicate, calix smooth. — In Florida, near the
next, but quite smooth and umbels different.
Seen in the herbal collected by Gates.

474. Trad, riparia Raf stem simple, leaves
oblong lanceolate flat abreviate smooth, base
and sheaths ciliate, single terminal umbel 3-5
flore, involucre 2-3foliose subequal, peduncles
short erect calix bearded — a very distinct and
rare sp. only found once in 1818, in the bed of
Green R. in Kentucky tiear the mouth of it,
and since received from Alabama ; it has the
habit of a Commelina, the stem only 6 to 10 in-
ches high, leaves shorter than in any other kind
1 to 3 inches long, thin and smooth, invol. sim-
ilar, flowers pale blue as in Commelina, estival,
blossoming in August.

475. DioscoREA MEGAPTERA Raf. scandcnt,
leaves alternate smooth cordate acuminate 7 to
9 nerved, petiols elongate spikes axillary ra-
mose lax, fruit large uncial fulvous rounded
with 3 wide wings — in Kentucky, estival, near
to D. villosa but smooth and fruit uncommonly

MONOCOTYLES. 89

large, emarginate at base, leaves pale beneath.
This tropical Genus extending to N. America
has there many more sp. only two were known,
I shall add 6, they have all perennial thick roots
called yams.

470. DioscoREA HEXAPiiYLLA Raf. crcct,
leaves whorled by 6 on very long petiols, sub-
cordate shortly acuminate smooth glaucous be-
neath with 11 fulvous nerves, spikes whorled
ramose filiform, flowers often geminate — Apal-
achian Mts. of Virginia, stem rigid brown tri-
pedal. Near to D. quaternata, first leaves op-
posite,

477. DioscoREA REPANDA Raf stem flexuose
scandent, leaves whorled by 4 below, alternate
above, petiols equal to leaves filiform sulcate
hairy above, leaves smooth ovate acuminate
base reniform, margin repand, beneath glau-
cous 11 nerved, spikes short, capsules small fus-
cate — Virginia and Alabama in hills, leaves
large truly repand hardly cordate, apex falcate
acuminate.

478. DioscoREA liONGi FOLIA Raf. scandent,
leaves ovatoblong base deeply cordate, lobes
elongate proximate, apex acuminate, smooth
concolor 5nerved, lateral forked — sent me from
Alabama without flowers, leaves 6 inches long
3 broad.

479. DioscoREA sativa L. cult, in Florida,
and perhaps wild also.

480. DioscoREA bulbifera L. The sp. was
found at Mobile by Bartram (trav. p. 439) cul-
tivated GO years ago. It is remark^le by the
large kidney bulbs 1 to 3 together axillary of
leaves, tasting like the Yam root. My speci-
mens have large cordate leaves 8 to 10 inches
long, quite smooth acum. with 7 nerves lateral
forked. 12

90 NEOPHYTON

481. PROVENZALIA Adansonl763.Raf.
fl. tel. 679. Calla L. and Authors which is root
of Cala-dium. Cala-mus ^^c ..... Of this bo-
real G. only one sp. is admitted said to be com-
mon to both continents, but I shall now describe
4. C. ethiopica is a peculiar Genus, which I
call Otosma ; C. ociilta of Loureiro another
that I call Spirospatiia, see fl. tel. Calla ought
to have been written Callaion ! see Smith.

482. Proveazalia (or Callaion) palustris
Raf. Leaves similar cordate subacuminate,
scape equal to petiols, spatha ovate cuspidate
— in boreal Europe and America, Canada, ^c.
Var. 1. parmfolia leaves uncial.

483. Provenzalia (or Callaion) heterophy-
la Raf. Leaves dissimilar reniform or cordate
acute, or rounded cordate obtuse, scape equal to
petiols, spatha elliptic cuspidate — Hudson bay
and Sibiria. probably also Origon, rhizome or
radicant stem articulated with fibres, leaves on
long petiols unequal in size and shapes from
1 to 3 inches long or broad.

484. Provenz. (or Callaion) brevis Raf.
Leaves ovate base subcordate subobliqual, apex
acuminate, petiols very long, scape very short,
spatha elliptic retuse cuspidate — Lakes and
Swamps of the Alleghanies, Mt. Pocono and
others. Roots fibrose matted very long, petiols
thick 6 to 8 inches long, leaves 3 to 4 inches
long, scape about 3 inches high.

485. Proveaz. (or Callaion) bispatha Raf.
Leaves ovate base cordate end obtuse or hard-
ly acute, scape equal to petiols, spatha double
large ovate acuminate not cuspidate, divari-
cate — from Origon collected by Walton, pe-
tiols and scapes thick : flowers very peculiar by
the double divergent spathas (anomaly in the
family of Aroides) foliaceous 2 or 3 inches long

MONOCOTYLES. 91

base amplexic. subalternate, spadix large ellip-
tic, leaves 4 inches long, 3 broad. This shall
form my subg. Callaion.

486. Typiia crassa Raf. atl. J. p. 148. lati-
folia of Amer. bot. not L. stem humble foliose,
leaves equal to stem, flat above, convex be-
neatli at the base and not vaginate, end obtuse,
spikes united and thick subequal, a bract be-
tween them ovate lanceol. membranaceous —
Canada to Maryland and Missouri. Stem only
3 to 4 feet high, spikes 4 to 6 inches long, one
inch thick, lower brown very dense, leaves half
inch broad. In marshes as all the sp.

487. Typha elatior Raf atl. J. p. 148. la-
tifolia Elliot and Southern botanists not L. stem
gigantic, leaves shorter broad flat base vagi-
nate, end acute, spikes confluent terete without
spatha — Carolina to Kentucky, 8 to 10 feet
high, stem round solid and smooth, leaves one
inch broad. These 2 sp. are certainly differ-
ent from the latifolia of Europe.

488. Typha spiralis Raf. atl. J. p. 148, la-
tifolia Sw. Lunan ^c. Leaves spiraly contor-
ted, ensiform and vaginate at the base, end flat
thick obtuse, spikes annexed each with a spa-
tha — Florida, Cuba and Jamaica, mistaken
also there for the latifolia, different from T. do-
mingensis.

489. Typha gracilis Raf angustifolia of
Amer. bot. not L. stem slender, leaves equal
narrow flat glaucous acute, beneath hardly con-
vex and striated, spikes subequal slender wide-
ly divided without spathas — New Jersey to Vir-
ginia in marshes and near streams, 4 to in-
ches long, divided by a bare space of 2 or 3
inches.

490. Typha angustifolia L. 4'^. My spe-
cimens of this European sp. differ from the last

93 NEOPHYTON

by very long leaves 3 or 4 feet long, thus longer
than stem less glaucous, same breadth but
concave or canaliculate above, beneath quite
convex and subangular, spikes unequal, lower
or female 8 or 9 inches long, upper or male
only 4 or 5 inches separated only by a space of
one inch.

There is another undescribed sp. in Origon,
and several in Asia, Australia, &.c, besides the
T. domingensis, media and minor, ail different
from ours.

491. Iris floridana Raf. nearly stemless
glaucous, leaves graminiform carinate trinerve
not gladiate, scape uniflore shorter than leaves,
petals spatulate obtuse smooth, 3 patent larger
and 3 reflexed — Florida and Alabama, small 6
inches high, scape 4 inches, stigmas yellow
pandurate obtuse. A striking species with
small white flowers, ovary filiform striate, bract
subulate.

492. Iris bifloiia (or virgata) Raf. stem
slender virgate bisulcate biflore, leaves gladiate
narrow graminiform nervose, striate, 2 spathas
membran. larxeol. striate peduncles filiform,
petals narrow beardless unguiculate below, tube
very short. — Cheroki Mts. of Unaka, found by
Mrs Gambold, Collins Herb, stem bipedal quite
virgate few leaves, upper very short, spatha
convolute acute subequal, ovary oblong, tricos-
tate pinched above at the union with the co-
rolla that is hardly tubular at base, flowers mid-
dle size, petals pale blue cuneate obtuse, the 3
inner petals not much shorter, stigmas or rather
styles deeply divided to the base similar to 'pe-
tals but bifid at end. By this and corolla al-
most a subgenus to be called Stenilis. If bi-
flora is preocupied it will be my I. virgata.

493. Ijiiis convoluta Raf. stem slender te-

, MONOCOTYLES. 93

rete uniflore, leaves slender convolute striate
mucronate, spatha bivalve striate, petals beard-
less subeqiial oblong end ftabellate, stigmas lan-
ceolate acute — Arkanzas and Texas, another
very peculiar sp. of this fine genus, one or 2
feet high, leaves long but shorter than stem,
spatha convolute elongate inclosing the long
ovary, flower large versicolor, petals fulvous
edged with white, large end rounded tinged
with blue like the stigmas.

494. Iris bhevicaulis Raf. fi. lud. 55. stem
angular pauciflore very short flexuose, leaves
gladiate very long, terminal flowers geminate,
spathas bivalve lanceol. equal to flowers, petals
and stigmas beardless narrow subequal — Louis-
iana to West Kentucky, seen alive 1823, disc.
by Robin long before, neglected as usual by
our botanists. Stem only 6 to 10 inches 3-5
flore, leaves 12 to 18 inches, mostly radical,
flowers very l^rge vernal, white with blue tin-
ges and base yellow, capsules hexagon e.

495. Iris glumacea Raf. stem raigular fis-
tular flexuose pauciflore, leaves shorter gladi-
ate striate, flowers solitary and geminate, spa-
thas 3-5valve glumaceous ovate, petals beard-
less spatulate spreading yellowish white —
Glacies of Alleghany Mts. akin to last, yet very
distinct by broad glumaceous spathas, 3 petals
much smaller, tube of corolla slender elongate.

496. Iris glumacea var. angustifoiia Raf.
difl" by stem not flexuose, leaves narrow gladi-
ate, 2 or 3 flowers, spathas fulvous, petals pale
yellow^ — in the glades of IlHnois, if a peculiar
sp. it may be called 1, pallens,

497. Iris aurea Raf. atl. J. p. 80. Stem
strait biflore, leaves longer broadly gladiate,
end acum. falcate, flowers geminate beardless,
3 petals obovate entire, 3 lanceolate undulate.

94 NEOPHYTOTC.

Stigmas dilatate notched — in the ponds of high
AUeghanies, discovered by Mr. Carr on the
Pocono Mt. and brought by him to Bartrams
garden, where seen ahve and compared with /,
pseudacorus very akin, but with bifid toothed
stigmas. 3 or 4 feet high, flowers small golden
yellow, the 3 inner petals shorter than stigmas,
equal to anthers,capsules oblong deeply sulcate.

498. Iris fulva Mg. cuprea P. N. E. ru-
bescens Raf fl. lud, 56. This sp. of Louisiana
is easily known by its flowers of a coppery or
brick red color. I have seen it alive in gar-
<iens since 18 17- and ascertained that my I. ru-
bescens was only a var. of it with leaves rather
longer, and flowers darker brick red. Vernal.

499. Iris lacustris Nut. Dwarfish creeping
stemless uniflore, leaves longer glaucous narrow
gladiate,spatha convolute lanceol. acum. shorter
than tube, petals beardless obovate subequal
3 patent spotted, 3 erect, stigmas shorter bifid
dentate — On Lake Erie &c, disc, by Nuttal,
found by me again 1825 and seen also in gar-
dens, vernal in May. Scape only one inch
high, flower 3 to 4 inches long, tube rather lon-
ger than sepals, flower with a faint iris smefl,
of a violaceous color with a large saffron spot
on 3 petals and dark dots on the claws and base
of sepals. Leaves strait erect 6 to 10 inches
long, often marginated with white. My des-
cription is original and made on the Hving plants.

500. Iris tripetala Walt. El. Hooker b.
mag. 2886. tridentata Pursh. A fine rare sp.
from Carolina and Florida, easily known by the
narrow leaves and 3 inner sepals very short
tridentate. Well described by Elliot and Hook-
er, my specimen is from Elliot ; the flower ap-
pears blueish, the 3 large sepals unguiculate,
end flabellate, the 3 smaller reflexed.

MONOCOTYLES.

m

Thus I have given here 10 sp. of Iris, either new or quite
rare ; this account doubles our knowledge of this Genus, of
which we have now about 20 sp. I possess nearly all the
others Iris cristata, verna, virginica (these 3 often blended
like the 3 next) versicolor, prismatica, gracilis, hexagona,.
missurica, sibirica, tenax figured by Hooker 3343 and Lind-
ley 1218. These two last are from Origon. I shall perhaps-
resume a monograph of this pretty genus.

APPENDIX.

My Genus DiPLosTELMA 316 which Nuttal had wrongly
reduced to Mctinocarpus in Colhns herb, (there is no such
genus, he meant probably Actinospermum o'l EAVioX) lias been
described by him under the name Chetanthera in his new
plants 78, without any reference to former name! whence it
escaped my notice ; but he has onl)^ one sp. Ch. asteroides (a
bad name) which is my Dip!, piimila, the rays are violet and
the blossoms are veraal. I have added 2 other sp. and my
name is the best, although Nuttal's dates of 1834, Chetanthe-
ra means bristly anthers, while this is not the case, he ought
to have named it Chetopappu^, but as the pappus is double and
different mine is the best and must be retained.

INDEX OF GENERA.

SUBGENERA and SYNONYMS of this NEOPHYTON.

Synonyms are in Italics — References to the
numbers.

Afzelia 392.
Agalinis 371 to 385.
Alatipes 357.
Aliseta 233.
Apentostera 409 to 411
Arnica 236.
Asarum 221 to 224.
Aureolaria 360 to 366,
Baptisia 321 to 341.
Bellis 237 to 240.
Brunella 256 to 265.
Biichnera 266,267,298.
Cacotanis 312.
Calla 481.
Calystegia 255.

Capsella 248 to 254,
Chetanthera, Apx.
Chlonanthes ) 220.
Chelone ^

Clintonia 426.
Clipteria 314.
Comandra 269 to 273.
Conradia 406.
Crotalaria 344 to 357.
Cuphea 268.
Cuscumia 427.
Cytisus 343.
Dasanthera 396-8.
Dasistema 389 to 391.
Desmodiuni 216.

96

INDEX.

Dioscorea 475 to 480.
Diplostelma 316 to 319,

Apx.
Drepilia 342.
Dracena 426.
Eaplosia 339 to 341.
Eciipta 299 to 315.
Epatitis 205.
Erinus 387.391.
Etheosanthes 449.
Eustachya 227.
Galeopsis 226.
Galinsoga 314.
Geranium 275-6.
Gerardia 358 to 388.
Hedyotis 225.
Hydrastis 274.
locaulon 345 to 357.
Iris 491 to 500.
Isanthus 277-9.
Lasinia 328 to 335.
Laxanon 203 to 320.
Leptandra 227.
Lepteiris 412.
Lobelia 209 to 214.
Loplianthera 359.
Macranthera 406.
Menyanthes 218-19.
Myctanthes 228-30.
Nymphea 208.
Odoglossa 201.
Onyxiila 427.
Otosma 481.
Ovostinia 401.
Oxalis 246-7.
Pagesia 399, 400.

Paleista 309-11.
Panctenis 367 to 370.
Partheniiim 241 to 244,

280.
Pentostemon 409 to

412.
Pericaulon 336 to 338.
Peritris 234.
Phryma 289 to 292.
Podalyria 321 to 341.
Pontederia 415 to 425,
Provenzalia 481 to 485,
Rafnia 336.
Ripasia 326.
Ropalon 207.
Russelia 403 to 405.
Schwalbea 414.
Seymeria 391 to 395.
Smilacina 426 &c.
Sophora 321 to 343.
Spirea 293-7.
Spirospatha 481.
Stenilis 492.
Thecanisia 293-7.
Therniopsis 343.
Thlaspi 248 ^-c,
Tomanthera 386-8.
Tomilix 408.
Toxopiis 406.
Tradescantia 451 to

474.

Triosteiim 281 to 288.
Tropitoma 2l6.
Typha 486 to 490.
Unisema 415 to 425.
Urtica 245.

END OF SECOND PART.

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«

NEW FLORA

OF

€

NORTH AMERICA.

PROF. RAFINESaUE.

€

New Sylva.

P HILADELP HlJl

1836.

— — — — a— — — — wa — ^^— ^^— ^"^— ^'— — ^*"^

NEW FLORA

OF

HOBTH AMSHIOA.

BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,

To the various Floras and Botanical Works
of Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Nuttal, El-
liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton,
Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schweinitz
Gibbs, &c.

Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde-
now, Vahl, Vitm^ji, Persoon, Lamark, Decan-
dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker,
Lindley, &c. Containing nearly 500 additional
or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional
or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures

inAuTIKON BOTANIKON.

BY C. S. RAFINESaUE, A. M.— PH. D.

Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences —
Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna.
Bonn, Bruxelles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and
in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, &c.

The Floral weallh in this wide land concealed.
Will be at last by learned care revealed.

PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.

NEW SYLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Or the New and revised Trees, Shrubs
and Vmes observed, collected, and ascertain-
ed or corrected between 1802 and 1836, by
C. S. Rafinesquc ^*c : all figured in my Au-
TiKON and IcoNEs unless otherwise stated.

The Trees and Shrubs of North America
have received very early attention, because
they could usually be cultivated in Europe in
the open grounds ; several were introduced
there long ago : Duhamel wrote chiefly upon
them about one hundred years ago. Michaux
and his son were sent to collect them for the
public nurseries of France. Partram and Mar-
shall collected them here for English nurseries,
and Marshall published in Philadelphia about
50 years ago, a general account of those known
to him. He was followed and improved upon
by Castiglione in Italy and Vangenheim in
Germany, who both wrote on North American
Trees and Shrubs, publishing figures of many.
In England Miller, Trew, Catesby <fec, publish-
ed also many figures of them in their works ;
but they were all exceeded by Michaux junior
who after publishing the splendid Monograph
of American Oaks of his father, printed both in
French and English a very good special work
on our Trees.

Watson, Jacquin and others have since pub-
lished iconographical dendrologies, and several
monographs have appeared ; among which de-
serve peculiar notice, those of our Willows by
Muhlenberg, Wildenow, Smith 4'C, Pines and
Firs by Lambert, our Ash trees by Bosc in-
creased by him to 27 species, and my N. Am.
Roses 1820 increased to 25 species, with my

4 NEW SYLVA

N. A. Grape Vines 1830, increased to 40 spe-
cies, just as good and proper as the 40 willows
and 3G oaks of our Authors.

All our botanical writers have of course at-
tended more or less to our trees ; but the only
late special work upon them is an American
Sylva with wood cuts published in 1832 by D.
Browne in Boston, which however only contains
150 trees and shrubs, being a kind of abridg-
ment of the larger work of Michaux junior,
with all its faults and omissions, having forgot-
ten like him, the Genera Sorbus, Aronia, and
others, with many Cherry and Plumb trees,
Ash trees. Willows and Poplars, ^-c. Besides
all the large Shrubs and Vines, Palms and
other monocotyle woody plants.

A true Sylva ought to include besides Trees,
all the Shrubs that form the undergrowth of
forests or fringe the banks of Rivers, In fact
there is no actual difference between them in
size ; since all young trees are shrubs, and
many shrubs become trees when old or in
warmer climates. It is commonly stated that
Trees have only one stem, while shrubs have
several shoots ; but many of our tress have
several stems, while many shrubs assume the
appearance of small trees by having only one.
The distinction is therefore merely nominal, as
between Rivers and Creeks, Lakes and Ponds,
Mountains and Hills ....

Bushes or under shrubs unite likewise the
shrubs to plants, the difference being the per-
manent perennial stem.

Twining or trailing shrubs are called Vines
and creepers and belong also to the sylvan
Flora ; but there are Vines that are not woody,
therefore perennial or annual Vines.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 5

Tne woody structure and permanence over
ground during Winter under a state of hyber-
nation, with evergreen leaves or sleeping buds,
might most properly distinguish this series of
Vegetation, and Xylogy might be a better term
to apply collectively to their knowledge than
Dendrology and Thamnology.

Every one of the Botanical Regions of North
America is distinguished by peculiar Trees,
Shrubs and Vines ; in fact they form the most
prominent feature of each by their size and per-
manence. See my botanical regions.

Although so much attention appeared to be
paid to these ornamental and useful produc-
tions, it was only lately that the multitude of
our Pines, Oaks, Willows, Poplars, Ash trees,
Hicories, Vines, Roses &c have been ascer-
tained: and it is a fact that many Genera are
as yet little attended to or in utter confusion ;
many species and varieties being overlooked or
blended as were formerly those of Oaks, Ash
trees before Bosc &c: my own sp. of Rosa and
Vitis, well distinguished by me, are neverthe-
less invisible to some blind Botanists around
me. I have been engaged for years in study-
ing the fine Genus Primus^ now divided into
Prunits, Cerasus, Padtis, Orospodias &.c,
and instead of 20 I know 30 or 40 species of it.
I have discovered and possess a crowd of N.
sp. belonging to the Genera Vrinos, Ilex, Spi-
rea, Ceanothus, Rhamnus, Celtis, Pavia^
Hydrangea, Viburnum, CaprlfoUum, Evo-
nymus. Clematis &c. I have even some new
Genera of shrubs to describe in this Sylva.

The Genera Vacclnlum and Andromeda,
must be divided into many, and quite reformed,
revised, corrected as to sections and species.

Ci NEW SYLV A

Calyccmthus, Hamamelts, Crategzis, Vibur-
num &c demand also a new revision. Abies
and Aker have been partly corrected in the
Lexicon of first part. Salix and Populus cer-
tainly require to have subgenera or better sec-
tions.

Much therefore remains to be done to de-
tect, describe and name properly all our woody
plants. I hope to do something towards it in
this New Sylva. My reward will probably be
as usual a denial of justice and neglect of my
species, until they shall be introduced at great
cost into the European Nurseries. It is said
that a gardener that introduces a new Tree or
Shrub in England, often makes a great deal of
money by it ; but the learned Botanist who by
20 years of travels and exertions detects the lo-
cality, sends specimens or seeds, is unreward-
ed : nay it is expected that he should give
aicay his specimens and seeds ! If like myself
he has discovered 100 or 200 new trees and
shrubs, he is expected to give them all away
for nothing ! and not believed unless he does !

In the name of justice, pray why is a Botan-
ist to be denied the privilege of Nurserymen
and Sellers of plants ? Michaux was paid for
his collections and informations, Bosc has been
rewarded. Vanderschot was sent from Ger-
many on purpose to collect seeds of trees by
the Prince of Lichtenstein who has planted for-
ests of American trees there.

If I had been attended to and rewarded I
could have introduced into our gardens, nurse-
ries, and those of Europe, all my new Grape
Vines and Roses, with 100 other fine trees and
shrubs discovered by myself between 1802 and
1836. If they are yet unknown there or are very

OF NORTH AMERICA. «

rare, it is because after paying myself all my
expenses of travelling, collecting, preserving &g
I cannot afford to double them for others with-
out reward.

Some of our trees have a wide geographical
range, being found from Canada to Louisiana,
such are Cornus florida, Cercis canadensis,
many Oaks, Maples &c ; but others are con-
fined to narrower hmits, or even few localities.
The Magnolia macrophyla, Virgilia or rather
Cladrastis, Hamiltonia, Bigelowia, Frank-
liniay Planera Slc have each been met with
only in 3 or 4 places as yet by botanists, altho'
probably growing in others ; but when found
they are commonly abundant in the station.
There are however solitary trees and shrubs
that are never or but seldom found in groves or
social groups ; such are some Favias, Caly-
canthus, Crategus, &c, with many that I shall
enumerate in this Sylva.

The foliation, floration and semination of our
woody plants, deserve to be better studied as
to periods and duration, in order to seek them
at the proper times and places.

Their station is not always in Groves and
Forests ; many are only found on the Sea
Shores, these are called maritime — others in
sands, or among rocks, in high Mountains, or
along the banks of streams, or in marshes and
swamps : they must be called arenarian, rupes-
tral, montaneous, riparian and palustral.

As to foliation they must be divided into
evergreens and deciduous. These last vary
much in the time they put on and drop off their
leaves. I have made 4 series of them in my
dissertation on the foliation of our Trees, 1.
Early leaves of long duration as Willows, Ma-

8

NEW SYLVA

pies, Larch &c, 2. Early leaves of short dura-
tion as in Pavias, Prunus &c. 3. Late leaves
of long duration, as in Ash trees. Oaks, Ches-
nuts ^c, 4. Late leaves of short duration, as in
Catalpa, Liriodendron &c ; but the exact times
vary by 2 months from Canada to Florida, and
in Florida many deciduous trees become nearly
evergreens

The floration is either early or late vernal as
in most species, before the leaves or with them
Early or Late estival ; but few are serotine or
autumnal as Hamamelis. The few hyemal
trees may be deemed very early vernal. The
duration of these flow ers is seldom larger than
half a lunation, some only last a week or a
few days; whence they must be watched. Se-
mination is more lasting, as seeds succeed the
flowers, and are often a long while ripening ;
in some they even last on the trees and shrubs
over the Winter.

The majority of our Northern trees and
shrubs belong to the Amentaceous tribe, the
Conifers, Rosacea and Senticose, Pomacea,
Bicornes, Viburnides, Hederacea &.c. As we
advance South ; we meet a great variety of
Rhamnides,Fraxinides, Magnolides, Ribosides,
Akerides, Vitides, Ulmides, Cistides, Araliacea,
Terebinthides, Lonicerides &c, while when we
reach Florida and Texas, several other natural
families appear, the Rubiacea, Cactides, Lau-
rinia, Eleagnides. with the palms and yucas of
the Endogenous series. There also gradually
appear the fruticose Malvacea, Leguminose,
Saxifragides, Labiate, Hypericina ^c which
are either unknown or rare towards the north
or even the middle regions of North America.

Few kinds of trees and shrubs are found in

OF NORTH AMERICA. V

the Missourian regions, with its vast central
plains ; there they chiefly fringe the banks of
streams, seldom forming groves and forests.
This scanty dispersion prevails also more or
less into the Origon Mts. and Shores, extending
South to New Mexico, California, Texas and
even Mexico ; where the thick extensive For-
ests of the Alleghanian and Canadian regions
are unknown. This straggling growth of Trees
prevails also to a certain extent from Louisi-
ana to Florida where groves are intermixt with
meadows, glades, sand flats, cane brakes,
swamps &/C, and even in the Western States,
on both sides of the River Oiiio, the trees are
not so thick set, being far apart and with fewer
shrubs for undergrowth.

Of the extensive tribes of Composites, Cru-
ciferous, Euphorbides, Alsinides, Dianthides,
Geranides, &c hardly any are shrubby in North
America, while so many are such elsewhere.
Our shrubby Vines belong chiefly to Sarmen-
tacea, Rhamnides, Bignonides, Woodbines,
Smilacea ^c.

All the tribes of European and Siberian trees
or shrubs are found also in North America,and
nearly all their Genera likewise, except the
Heaths, Daphnes, and a few others. But the
American Sylva can boast of a greater num-
ber of species in all the Genera, with several
peculiar tribes and many American Genera ;
such as Liriodendron, Magnolia, Asimina.Ara-
lia, Catalpia, Hamamelis, Fothergilla, Gordo-
nia, Dirca, Diervilla, Comptonia, Hicoria, A-
morpha, Gleditsia, Robinia, Cladrastis, Chi-
onanthus, Cephalanthus &.c.

It is very remarkable that nearly all the A-
merican trees, and shrubs except some boreal
2

10 SEW SVLVA

Willows, Brambles, Currants, Vacciniums ^c
are specifically distinct from their congeneric
kinds in Europe. The same fact appears in N.
W. America and Origon, where most are dis-
tinct irom the Asiatic Species. In that region
the prevailing Genera are Salix, Populus, Abies,
Pinus, Ribes, Riibus, Yaccinium, Crategus,
Cactus, Prunus, i^uercus, Aker, Juniperus,
Fraxinus &c with but few peculiar Genera ;
but we lack as yet a proper account of all the
sylvan productions of that region, and even
many trees have not been described, much less
the shrubs and vines, which are very abund-
ant.

Trees and shrubs may be known by their fo-
liage as well as flowers ; in fact they are thus
distinguished by Gardeners and the ignorant :
their blooming is generally very short, but the
seeds or fruits last longer, and are good indica-
tions of Genera. Even their bark and wood is
of use to discriminate them. It is always im-
portant to notice if the leaves are opposite or
alternate, distichal or spiral, simple or com-
pound, entire or jagged &.c, since these pecu-
liarities of frondose habit almost always indi-
cate generic distinctions.

The North American Mountains cradles of
our trees had been disguised by nicknames and
mistaken heights, generally estimated too low.
I shall restore and use throughout this work the
original names. Thus I call the highest by the
oldest name of Okigon (which means hollow
noisy ground or Bits. OUgonunk in Linapi)
those misnamed rocky Mts. shining Mts. and
Chipewyan Mts. the snowy peaks of which rise
20 to 25 thousand feet. — The Apalachian Mts.
are the Southern Alleghanies, the highest be-

Ol NORTH AMEHICA. 11

ing the Unala or Iron Mts. of North Carolina,
their Western ridges are the Waswto Mts.
vulgarly Cumberland Mts : the lofty Kiskanom
and Oqnago Mts are the N. E. end of the Al-
ieghanies nicknamed Catskill : the Mattawan
Mts. are those highlands broken through by the
Hudson, and East becoming the Taconic Mts.
The Saranac Mts. are those at the head of
the Hudson R. misnamed Peru Ptlts. The
Wapanunk are the White 3Its. highest of New
England with naked or unwooded summits, a
rarity in this continent.

NEW SYLVA.

501. XEROMALON Raf. calix adherent
globular, disk hairy, crown Sparted, sepals une-
qual foliaceous persistent serrate. Petals 5
oboval concave subequal. Stamens 15 perigyne
subequal erect, subulate, base nearly monadel-
phous, anthers bilocuiar elliptical. Ovary ad-
herent, styles 5 filiform distinct, stigmas capi-
tate truncate. Fruit umbilicate crowned
a dry hard pomum, inside 51ocular 5seeded,
seeds cartilaginous oblong compressed nearly
winged around. Shrub with alternate leaves
ami terminal floiters — This Genus has affini-
ties with Fyrus, Aronia, Mesjnlus, Crategus
&.C, being of same family : it differs from all by
the unequal calix, 15 stamens, and dry fruit ;
the seeds are nearest Aro?iia, yet I apprehend
it has been blended with Crategus, if already
described elsewhere ; but I could not find any
sp. to agree. Discovered 1818, the name
means dry apple. Only one species; but all
*u^ en. of Crategus and Mespilus with serrate

12 NEW SYLVA

or laciniate calyx must be compared, and per-
haps are akin ,or form another Cenus near this:
Cr. pornifolia is nearest, but is thorny with va-
riable leaves, solitary fleshy fruits, with 5 or 6
laciniate sepals, reflexed oblong neither ner-
vose nor acuminate. Cr. tomentosa of the
South is a different sp. Cr. pyrifolia has co-
rymbs and 3 styles only. I shall return on
these in my monograph of the Pomaceous
tribe.

502. X. OBOVATUM Raf. Autikon. Branches
round inerme pnbescent above, leaves subses-
sile obovate unequally serrate, base entire, end
acute, lucid above, puberulent beneath ; pedun-
cles terminal pubescent commonly geminate,
bracts sessile lanceolate dentate, sepals spread-
ing ovate lanceolate acuminate nervose serrate
puberulent, fruit globose semirugose — a small
shrub hardly 2 feet high, flowers white blossom-
ing in June, fruit redish rather large. Found
on the summit of the Alleghany Mts. in Mary-
land only twice in June and October 1818.
Seen no where else, probably grooving also fur-
ther South in the Apalachian Mts. of Virginia.

503. NESTRONIA Raf. Dioical. male fl.
calix campanulate quadrifid, segments ovate
obtuse spreading. Petals none. Stamens 4,
inserted at the summit of the tube, opposite to
segments but shorter, filaments linear flat, an-
thers oval bilocular dehiscence pubescent. Ovary
totaly lacking. Fern. fl. . . Fruit monosperm
Drupe? Shrub with opposite leaves, and
multiflore peduncles — singular new Genus, the
name is derived from Knestron greek name of
Daphne, since although the female plant is
lacking, I have little doubt by the free calix
that it belongs to the Daphnidia family and has

OF NORTH AMERICA. 13

a free one seeded berry. It will be with Dir-
ca and Lagetta tlie third American Genus of
it; but by the 4 stamens and opposite leaves,
it is nearest to Striithiohi, that diflers however
by calix filiform, Sglands and is not dioical.
Two types if both are congeneric.

504. N. UMBELLULA Raf. Autikon. Anony-
mos Boyken in Collins herb. — Branches hardly
4gone, leaves on short pctiols, ovate rhomboi-
dal acute at both ends, very entire and very
smooth, thin membranaceous ; peduncles ax-
illary longer that petiols 3-5fiowered umbellate,
partial equal to calix — discovered by Dr, Boy-
ken in Georgia, but not named, probably found
also in Florida : a small shrub, branches brown
leaves unequal very thin, one or two inches
long, flowers small, probably somewhat yellow-
ish, brownish when dry.

505. Nestrojvia? undulata Raf. Physic nut
or Indian olive, Bartr. trav.p. 41. leaves broad
lanceolate on short petiols : entire undulate
smooth, drupes solitary pedunculate yellow olive
like — I refer to this new Genus, a small shrub
2 or 3 feet high found 60 years ago by Bartram
in the hills of Georgia, and omitted by all our
Betanists. Bartram only saw the fruit, and if
I am right in my conjectures we have thus the
fruit of Nestronia. Before obtaining N. um-
hellula I had considered that it was a new Olea
or Aclelia of Michaux ; but it agrees with none
while it agrees much better with my Nestro-
nia, although still a peculiar species by nar-
rower undulate leaves. The fruits are yellow
like an olive on long slender erect peduncles,
Bartram says it was used by the Indians as a
charm to entice game. These two shrubs may
be easily distinguished at first sight from Nyssa

14 NEW SYLtA

and Hamiltonia by the opposite leaves. I sus-
pect that the Rhamnus / cuneatus of Hooker
flora and Origon may be a third sp. having op-
posite leaves it can be no Rhamnus ! Hooker
did not even see the unfolded flowers. It might
be called TV. cuneata Raf leaves petiolate cun-
eate entire, smooth above, pubescent beneath,
branches rusty pubescent, fl. capitate axillary
peduncled bracteate.

208. Celastrus acuminattts Raf. Autikon,
an C. myrtifolius ? L. ad Virg. not Jamaica!
erect ? branches subangular, leaves petiolate
ovate or oblong, serrulate, base acute obliquate,
end long acuminate falcate ; flowers terminal
racemose paniculate peduncles ramose— disco-
vered in 1825 in the Apalachian Mts, of Vir-
ginia, where also Linneus indicates the locality
o^ the C. mi/rt if ollus ; but this Jamaica plant
of Sloane differs by ovate acute leaves not acu-
minate nor oblique. Both C. mtfrtifoUus and
hullatus are omitted or denyed by our compi-
lers, but the last is now cultivated in Europe,
and has entire oval leaves. Because Nuttal
and Elliot have not yet found them, they are
doubted ; let them be sought where they grow,
in the Unaka Mts. This is a tall weak shrub
with thin smooth leaves larger than in C.
scandens 3 to 5 inches long, the lower oval,
the upper nearly lanceolate, flowers white size
and form of C. scandens, raceme not simple
but compound.

507. AiioRPHA PUNCTATA Raf Autikon.
Smooth, folioles elliptical obtuse, but cuspidate,
punctate beneath, base petiolate with a subu-
late stipule ; spikes terminal curved cylindri-
cal — a fine shrub with purple flowers, folioles
small, spikes 3 or 4 inches long. Discovered
by Bradbury in the upper Missouri.

OF NORTH AMERICA. , 15

508. SoRBus RiPARiA Raf. Autikon. Branch-
es rugose, folioles 9 to 15 oblong sessile, base
oblique entire, end acute equaly niucronate
serrate, odd leaf petiolate broader acununate ;
corymb paniculate, berries pisiform globular.
—A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, growing on
the margins of Rivers, the Missouri, upper
Mississipp, lower Ohio, Wabash, Illinois ; but
rare. The fruit is very small commonly of a
saffron color with 3 seeds oval compressed in-
closed in a tough shell, and thus nearly a drupe
sometimes only one seed by abortion. Near
S. microcarpa, which however has folioles
acum. unequally serrate, not obliquate, berries
scarlet and larger. Here the folioles are 2 or
3 inches long, pale beneath, quite smooth, pe-
tiols compressed at the base. The g«ius Sor-
Bus must be preserved, although some writers
wrongly unite it to Pykus : it is known at
first sight by the pinnate leaves, and the calix
not persistent nor crowning the fruit. It would^
be better to unite to it all the tristyle sp. ot
Cratesfus than to abolish it.

509. TPvILOPUS Mitchell, or HAMAME-
LIS Linneus, name posterior? This G. has
puzzled the Botani.^ts, Jussieu wrongly united
it to Berberides. It has now be made the sin-
gle type of the Hamamelides ; but it is so near
to my ScLERANTiiiDES, that it must probably be
united thereto as a subfamily. Only 3 species
were known; besides the doubtful varieties of
Walter ; but I have observed 6 species, and
therefore shall now give their Monograph. They
may be called hyemal shrubs, since they blos-
som late in the autumn, after the leaves have
begun to fall.

510. Tr. or H. virginica Raf. med, fl. tab.

16^ NEW SYLVA.

45. Leaves ovate and obovate obtuse repand,
base obliquely cordate, smooth ; flowers sessile
clustered by 3 to 5, calix and fruit pubescent —
the names of Tr. or H. riparia or hyemalis,
would have been better, since it only grows on
the margins of streams from New JEngland to
Carolina. It is in bloom in December and
January, even when the snow is on the ground,
and the fruit is ripe in the spring. Branches
punctate.

511. Tr. or H. nigra Raf. Autikon. Leaves
ovate and obovate, acute, repand subsinuate,
base oblique obtuse not cordate, smooth and
coriaceous, brown or blackish above, rusty and
lucid beneath, flowers and fruits solitary. — On
the Mountains Alleghany of Pensylv. and Vir-
ginia, in«dry hills, shrub 6 to 10 feet high, found
in bloom in Obtober 1818. Var. Catesbiana
figured by Catesby, leaves ovatoblong, quite
acute, serrate repand, is it a sp ?

512. Tr. or H. estivalis Raf, Autikon.
Leaves obovate acute, repand erose, base obli-
qual obtuse not cordate, smooth thin and green
on both sides, flowers geminate mostly axillary
— small shrub 3 to 5 feet high growing in West
Kentucky and probably further west also, near
streams, but blossoming in July when in full
leaf: these leaves are thin and not leathery as
in 510. Discovered in 1818 and 1823.

513. Tr. or H. rotundifolia Raf. Autikon
H. macrophyla P. E, Leaves orbicular or
broadly ovate, base obliqual subcordate, repand
sinuate obtuse, beneath reticulate roughly
punctate, flowers subpedicellate 3-4 — A large
shrub, leaves only 3 to 4 inches long, not larger
than in 510, 511, thus macrophyla was a bad
name. First found in Alabama by Lyon,deem-

OF NORTH AMERICA. 17

ed doubtful by Elliot, but 1 have received spe-
cimens from Alabama and Georgia and des-
cribe it anew^. The branches are round and
smooth, not punctate nor geniculate as in 509,
the fruit is rounded and pubescent, not sessile
as in 509.

514. Tr. or H. dentata Raf. Autikon.
Leaves oboval acute with unequal acute teeth,
base obliqual cordate, flowers sessile clustered
— In Canada and New England, flowers poly-
gamous and odorous as in most species, nearest
to 509, but leaves smaller while shrub larger
often 10 to 12 feet high. Mistaken for H. Vir-
ginica by many or for a variety.

515. Tr. or H. parvifolia Nut. R. aut.
Leaves oblong obovate obtuse, undulate cre-
nate, pubescent beneath, flowers agregate, ca-
lix oblong colored. — Mts. Alleghany of Penn-
sylvania yet very different from 210, a small
shrub 3 to 5 feet high with smaller leaves : yet
deemed only a var. of 509 by Eaton, Beck, T.
4*c. They will probably deem all these 6 sp.
as mere varieties also : yet they have good pe-
culiar characters. As to those of Walter they
must yet be described, since all the species are
more or less polygamous and some even dioi-
caly so. See Fothergilla for other natural
affinities.

LONICERA or CAPRIFOLIUM.

I shall begin now. the account of my new or
rare Loniceras or Honeysuckles by those of
fhis Genus, their main type. They are all ver-
nal, and blossom so early that the flowers are
not easily seen in their native localities.

216. L. or C. RUPESTRis Raf. Autikon.
3

18 NEW SYLVA

Smooth erect, leaves sessile obovate or round-
ed, glaucous cartilaginous retuse, floral connate
cycloidal ; flowers in whorls of 4 peduncles op-
posite biflore, berries oblong black — on the
lime rocks of Kentucky and Illinois, rare, seen
only in 3 localities, one at a Cave on the Elk-
born creek, 3 or 4 feet high, branches of a pale
color. It blossoms in April, so early that I al-
ways missed to see the full bloom : near to C,
fiamim but different.

517. L. ELLiPTicA Raf. Autikon. Climbing
smooth, leaves all connate elliptic obtuse glau-
cous beneath subundulate not reticulate, floral
connate in a single ellipse ; flowers subsessile
small purple, base gibbose — in the Apalachian
Mts. of Virginia and Carolina, seen alive in
gardens There are two varieties, 1 Macro-
phyla with long leaves 6 inches by 3, the sec-
ond Minor small leaves 2 inches by one. Does
the doubtful undescribed C. ruhriitn of fi.
Louis. 248 belong here ?

518. L. ovATA Raf. Autikon. Climbing
smooth, leaves all sessile ovate acute ; flowers
in axillary pedicelate corymbs, corols incarnate
tube slender — on the same Mts. Apalaches rare,
only met once, leaves small, flowers middle
size.

219. L. RETICULATA Raf. Autikon. Erect
smooth, branches angular, leaves all connate
cycloidal neither acute nor retuse, beneath
white and reticulate ; flowers axiflary and ter-
minal berries red — shady hills of Ohio and Mts.
Wasioto of East Kentucky, very small shrub
only 2 or 3 feet high, leaves ample, the lower
nearly elliptical, flowers not seen, near C. gra-
tiiin, but branches and leaves different.

520. L. ERiENsis Raf. Autikon. Erect,

OF NORTH AMERICA. 19

branches brown, villose above, leaves all ses-
sile smooth ovate mucronate, fuscate above,
pale and reticulate beueath ; bracts ovate vil-
lose, flowers villose outside — on the shores of
Lake Erie, flowers large white and red : near
to L. hirsuia but this is quite hairy with obo-
vate acum. leaves, the floral connate.

521. L. AcuTiioLiA Raf. Autikon. Climb-
ing flexuose smooth, leaves all connate subo-
vate acute, terminal cycloidal biacute, glau-
cous beneath ; flowers axillary and terminal pe-
dicelate corymbose, corol small gibbose incar-
nate — in the Mts. Alleghany, leaves ample 3
to 4 inches long. Near to L. parvijlora,
and L. eUiptica 516, distinct from both by
acute leaves and corymbose flowers,

522. L. DENTATA Raf. Autikon. Erect
smooth, leaves all connate oblong acute, re-
motely toothed, glaucous beneath, terminal
united like a bell biacute ; berries sessile ter-
nate red at the bottom of the bell — near the
last by acute leaves, yet different from all by
toothed leaves. Flowers not seen. In the up-
per Alleghanies and Kiskatom Mts.

523. L. ANGusTiFOLiA Raf. or Kantemon do
Raf. Autikon. Erect evergreen, branches
round, leaves elliptic or cuneate all sessile, base
acute, end obtuse, lucid above, glaucous and
reticulate beneath : flowers naked verticillate,
4-6sessile, berries oval with a marginal crown —
in Florida, sent to me dr}^ in fruit. Leaves 2
inches long, some very narrow, none connate,
the entire marginal calix appears to persist on
the berries. Near to L. or K. cUiosum, but
leaves neither ciliated nor ovate nor any con-
nate.

This pretty Genus will thus be more than

20 NEW SYLVA. *

doubled by me ; we had 7 sp, L. hirsuta^
flava, parviflora, ciliosa, grata, douglasi ;
besides sempormrens, which is hardly of
this Genus, and I have added 8 sp. There are
also peculiar sp. in Origon of which I will add
one, thus 9 sp.

224. C. HispiDULUM Lindl. hot. reg. 1761.
Hispid all over, stem weak prostrate, leaves
petiolate cordate ovate obtuse glaucous be-
neath, upper sessile ; umbel pedunc. stamens
exerted— found by Douglass in N. W. Amer-
ica, fl. red small scentless, umbels trifid, glo-
merules with 2 bracts.

525. DISTEGIA Raf Lonicera and Xylos-
teon of Authors. Flowers geminate inclosed
within 2 large bracts calix entire. Corolla ur-
eeolate, base saccate swelled,' limb unequaly 5
fid. stam. 5 subequal style filiform declinate^
stigma 2-3iobe, berry 2-31ocular, at maturity
subunilocular 1 or 2seeded. Habit of Xylos-
ieiim which differs by naked twin berries, corol
not swelled, stigma entire &c. This must at
any rate be a subgenus of it. Notwithstanding
the restoration of Caprifolium, Xylosteum,
Diervilla &c, these must again be revised. I
think that Lonicera must have at last 4 sub-
genera, and besides 3 N. G. out of Xylosteon.

1. Caprifolium. Calix entire corolla bilabi-
ate 1-4, tube terete.

2. Cypheola Raf.. diff. tube gibbose or swel-
led below, as in C. parviflorum, ellipticum, acu-
tifohum, hispid ulum 4'C.

3. Kantemon Raf cal. 5dentate, cor. sub-
equal 5fid tube fusiform or clavate. C. sem-
pervirens, ciliosum, angustifolium &c, which
deserve to be a Genus ! the stigma is capitate,
berry 3 loc. cells 2 to 4 seeds.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 21

4. Eunemiiitn Raf. cal. Sdent. cor. bilabi-
ate 4-1, tube filiform very long, flowers gemi-
nate as in Xylosteon. This also might be a
Genus. The type is C. longiflorum of Nipal,
Lindl. b. reg. 1232, with leaves petiolate oblong
lanceolate acute smooth, fl. axill. pcdunc ber-
ries white, honicera gUibrata belongs to it
perhaps, although the tube is short.

Meantime my G. Distegia has 2 types, Lo-
nicera ledebouril and mvolucrata, which is
my.

526. Distegia nutans Raf. Xylosteon invo-
lucr. Richardson, Dec. Lonic. do Spreng.
Lindl. b. reg. 1179. Leaves petiolate ovate
oblong acute, pilose beneath, fl. axil, drooping
— at Hudson bay and Boreal America, flowers
small yellow.

527. Xylosteon PUNicEUM Raf. Symphorea
do. Loudon, Lonicera do Hooker bot. mag. 2469.
Leaves cordate ovate petiolate acute concolor
smooth ; peduncles axillary biflore, berries dis-
tinct. — Canada, flowers red. Loudon made
this a Sijmphoria^ but it appears a Xylosteon.

528. Sympiioria heterophyla Raf. leaves
petiolate ovate and obovate, lobate or entire,
obtuse and acute, upper elliptical, flowers glo-
merate terminal naked, berries white — from
Missouri, seen alive in gardens, probably a sin-
gular deviation of S. alba our Snowberry. 8.
rubra js called Raccoon berry.

529. DiEiiviLLA LONGiFOLiA Raf. Autikon.
Leaves with short petiols, oblong ovate 4 to 6
inches long, acuminate serrate, base subcor-
date or obliqual, beneath glaucous reticulate
peduncles 2-3flore — .if this is only a variety of
Diervilla canadensis^ it is like the next, a wide
deviation and incipient sp. A shrub 3 to 5

23 NEW SYLVA

feet high, with large leaves, and few small flow-
ers, often axillary. On the Oqiiago Mts. of
New York, north end of AUeghanies, it blos-
soms late in August.

530. DiERviLLA PARViFOLiA Raf Stem or
branches decumbent, leaves with short petiols,
uncial, ovate acuminate serrulate, lower round-
ed, fl. terminal subsessile 1 to 3^ — in the Mts.
Alleghany, leaves seldom over one inch long.
The real D. canadensis is a shrub of 5 to 10
feet high with ovate leaves, and trichotome co-
rymbs of flowers. I noticed in this sp. or de-
viation a very long style with a large stigma
like the head of an Amanita, convex above,
concave beneath.

531. Sapindus acuminata Raf. S. saponaria
Elliot and North Am. hot. not Lin. and Antil-
les ! Leaves with 8 or 9 pairs of folioles alter-
nate lanceolate acuminate obliqual entire, pe-
tiols simple striate, calix with 2 larger sepals,
4 to 6 petals lanceolate base hairy — in Florida,
Carolina, Alabama c5*c, seen alive in Bartram's
garden : wrongly mistaken for the Antillian sp.
which is very different by winged petiol. A
tree 20 to 30 feet high, pistil trigone, 3 united
styles, 3 obtuse stigmas, 3 united capsules ven-
tricose monosperm. The S. marglnata of
Wild, and Dec, found also in Florida and
Georgia and the S. sapowaria of Mx. differs by 6
pairs of folioles not acuminate, and half wing-
ed petiols as in real S. saponaria, I have both
our compilers call them both by that old name.

Genus VISCUM,

532. Viscu3i SEROTINUM Raf. purpur. and
verticil, of some hot. stem thick terete ru-
gose 2-3chotome geniculate, leaves oppo-
site evergreen subpetiolate, obovate ob-
tuse hardly unincrve thick ; flowers trifid

OF NORTH AMERICA. 23

monoical axillary spicate, male spikes terete
verticillate triandrous shorter than leaves, fe-
male spikes glomerate, herries snowy white. —
Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, &:c, parasitical
shrub on trees, it blossoms late in the fall and
till December, flowers yellowish, almost simi-
lar to those of Genus Osi/i'ts (see my disserta-
tion,) discovered 1819, indicated 18*20 as new.
We have in N. Amer. at least 3 sp. of Viscum
with white berries, blended with V. album of
Europe by Walter, Muhlenberg &c, or with
V. flavens and verticillntum of South Amer.
and Antilles by Pursh, Elliot <Slc, but quite dif-
ferent from all these. This is the Western sp.
the berries are snowy white persistent in Win-
ter, purplish when dry ; thus perhaps V. pur-
pureum of some botanists.

533. Viscum ochroleucum Raf. V. verti-
cillatum Elliot Nut. Tor. not L. album Walt,
not L. flavescens Pursh, Beck, not Swartz —
Branches terete opposite or quternate genicu-
late leaves subsessile obovate obtuse trinerve
ofl:en quaternate, spikes nearly equal to leaves
axillary often 4nate, flowers 3-4fid, 3-4andr.
berries spiked yellowish white. — From New
Jersey to Florida, parasitical, stem 1 or 2 feet,
flowerrj very small vernal April and May.

534. Viscu.M LEucARPUM Raf. fl. lud. 251.
exclus. syn ? stem articulate very branched,
leaves opposite sessile oblong obtuse, flowers
sessile axillary glomerate, glomerules pauciflore
2-3flore and 2-3berries white — in West Louisi-
ana and Texas probably, distinct by the few
flowers, probably enervate also.

535. Viscum oblongifolium Raf V.rubrum?
auct. Branches rugose, leaves petiolate oblong
or narrow elliptic, base acute, end obtuse, se-

24 NEW SYLVA

mitrinerve, rugose, spikes very short, berries
solitary oblong (red ?) — my specimen is from
Florida, there also grow the V. ruhrum of L.
and Catesby, stated to have lanceolate leaves ;
not seen by Elliot nor any of our Authors.
Mine is now better described.

536. ViscuM RUGosuM Raf. purpureum ? of
some Authors ! Branches rugose, leaves petio-
late oboval or broad elliptic obtuse trinerve ru-
gose ; spikes very short, berries spicate ternate
or geminate oboval white, but red when dry —
in Delaware and Virginia, often on the Nyssa.
The V. purpureum seen by few botanists is sta-
ted to have retuse avenous leaves, my speci-
mens have 3 nerves reaching beyond the mid-
dle of the leaves.

Therefore it is evident that this Genus was
quite obscure to our botanists, who had seen
few species, and mistaken those seen. Neither
Smith nor Elliot had seen the V. rubrum and
purpureum, and only copied the errors of Lin-
neus, who blends 2 or 3 species in V. purpu-
reum^ with purple and white berries, the sp of
Plumier and the Antilles is probably the real
species, yet Smith deems it the V. huxifolium.
The 2 sp. of the Bahama Islands figured by
Catesby appear different from all ours, and are
thus. 1. V. vulram of Cat. 2. t. 81. leaves petio-
late cuneate obtuse concave, berries red globu-
lar spiked verticillate. 2. V. purpureum. Cat.
2. t. 95. leaves petiolate obovate obtuse enerve,
berries purple turbinate racemose opposite, pe-
duncles swelled.

The blunders of Linneus on this Genus are
egregious, see the criticism of Smith in Rees.
His V. terrestre ! is a Lysimachia ! He has
blended 2 sp. in V. verticillatum, the real sp.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 25

Kyf Jamaica is Aphyllous and perhaps not of this
Genus ; the other is V. huxifoUum I of Smith
with leaves ovate obtuse trinerve, and berries
safron color. Yet our American Botanists per-
sist to this day to call 2 or 3 of our species by
that name ! others unite our sp, to the V. fla-
vens of Schwartz and Jamaica with ovate ve-
nose leaves and yellow berries! none of our sp.
have ovate leaves, they are obovate ! Such are
the blunders of our best Botanists, and yet they
pretend that our Botany is well known and our
shrubs &.C properly named . . !

537. DiosPYRos ciLiATA Raf. Branches di-
varicate pubescent, leaves ovate and obovate or
elliptic shortly acummate, smooth above, pu-
bescent beneath when young, margin ciliated,
Bowers axillary, solitary or geminate subsessile
— Florida, seen alive in gardens, only a shrub
5 to 6 feet high, much spreading, branches te-
rete ash color, leaves very unequal and various
on the same branch, 1 to 3 inches long, smooth
beneath when old, but always ciliate, petioles
short, peduncles still shorter, calyx flat 4lobed
corolla ovate urceolate end 4iobe, lobes broad
short, stamens 8 to 12, anthers just protruding.

538. Cephalanthus obtusifolia Raf. bran-
ches nearly hexagone, leaves ternate petiolatc
ovate elliptic obtuse not acuminate, base subo-
bliquate, beneath smooth yellow glaucous,nerves
subpubescent — ^sent me from Missouri, also
seen in West Kentucky : differs from both C
puhescens and C. acuminatus or occidentalis.
The peduncles of heads has verticillated scales
the corolla is slender equal to stamens, but the
style is twice as long ; flowers estival white and
fragrant. It forms a shrub 5 to 6 feet high
growing as the others near streams,

4

26 NEW SYLVA.

Genus CHRYSOBALANUS.

This tropical Genus near to Prunus extends
to Florida and we have several sp. only one
was known, I shall describe 4.

539. Chrysob. oblongifolius Mx. Branch-
lets redish rugose, leaves subsessile oblong or
subcuneate undulate, acute at both ends, lucid
reticulate quite smooth, flowers terminal pani-
culate, dichotome and trichotome, calix white
tomentose — in Florida, leaves 3 inches long,
yellowish minutely reticulate on both sides,
flowers small white, calix campanulate acute,
stamens smooth. Not less than 3 sp. appear to
have been blended by our Authors with this.

540. Chrysobalanus retusa Raf. Branch-
es dark purple leaves subsessile entire, oblong
base acute, end obtuse retuse emarginate, re-
ticulate and quite smooth on both sides, above
coppery lucid, beneath pale yellowish less lucid
— found by Nuttal in Georgia and Alabama,
not named but Genus ascertained (Collins herb.)
It differs from Clir. oblongifolius by the re-
tuse leaves of a metalic color above, 3 to 4
inches long, over one broad, but 2 other sp.
have evidently been blended by Michaux and
Nuttal.

541. Chrysobalanus incanus Raf. Var. of
oblongif. Mx. leaves oblong oboval, white and
wooly beneath — Florida. This must certainly
be distinct from the 2 above, having no speci-
men I cannot describe it better.

542. Chrysobalanus (Spondolobus) pruni-
FOLius Raf. Branches smooth, leaves petio-
late ovate serrulate acute at both ends, base bi-
glandular, both sides smooth not reticulate,-
flowers racemose, raceme pauciflore, drupes
oblong — from Florida, in the Herbarium of

OF NORTH AMERICA. 27

Collins, mistaken for Bumelia ! leaves small 1
inch long, quite similar to those of Prunus ! ra-
cemes terminal 5-6flore, no bracts, pedicels
long, calix broad flat campanulate 5dentate per-
sistent, 5 petals obovate, stamens about 15 al-
most monadelphous at the base, filaments sub-
ulate, pistil on a thick thorus. oblong acute pro-
minent, style lateral incurved or flexuose, stig-
ma obtuse. I have not seen the ripe fruit, but
the young fruit is unlike any Prunus being o-
blong elongate acute like a pod one side strait.
I have united this shrub with this Genus for
the lateral style ; but it deserves to be a pecu-
liar subgenus by the calix, thorus, stamens &c,
a connecting link with Padiis, I propose to call
it Spondolobiis Raf, meaning j}lumh-pod.

543. CnuysopnyLUM ludovicianum Raf. fl.
lud. 165. C, glahruni Robin not L. Spinose,
leaves oblong lanceolate acute, silky beneath,
flowers fasciculate axillary — in West Louisiana
and Texas, only seen by Robin, mistaken for
C. glabi'um of Antilles, but this has smooth
leaves. Omitted by our compilers and added
here to recall it to their dull memory. A shrub
8 to 10 feet high, flowers small greenish, calyx
5parted, stigma sessile, berry globular, seeds
compressed.

544. CHRysopnyLUM Cainito var. rotundifo-
lium Raf Leaves on short petiols rounded
ovate acute at both ends, veins paralel, above
shining lucid brown, beneath silky lucid rusty,
flowers geminate, pedicels longer than flowers,
fruit oboval rounded. — South Florida, and Flo-
rida Keys, A small tree, branches smooth
ashy brown, leaves alternate coriaceous thick
beautiful almost round very entire 2 or 3 inch-
es long, nearly as broad, with a single thick

28 NEW SYtVA,

nerve and many paralel veins. Flowers scat-
tered, very small. My specimens labelled C«
cainito appear to form another variety or de-
viation,^ perhaps it is a peculiar sp. as many
have beon blended in C. cainito with round and
oval fruits.

Genus BUMELIA,

545. BuMELiA UNDULATA Raf. Branchcs
inermous subopposite striate brown, leaves ter-
minal alternate on long petiols, broad elliptic
smooth minutely reticulate on both sides, base
acute, end obtuse, margin undulate entire ;
flowers scattered fasciculate shorter than pedi-
cels — a small tree from South Florida, labelled
JB. salicifolia in Collins Herbal, but quite
distinct from the Bahama and AntillTan sp.
with narrow acuminate leaves. This has
leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 1^ or 2 broad,,
quite obtuse and even somewhat retuse at the
end, petiols 1 or 2 inches long : flowers not ax-
illary scattered below the leaves 2 to 5 togeth-
er, seldom solitary, calix smooth, sepals ovate
acute, fruit oval style persistent.

546. BuMELiA ARACHNoiDEA Raf. ArborcSf-
cent, inermous ? branchlets dark purple subru-
gose, leaves petiolate fasciculate cuneate oblong
entire obtuse, smooth and reticulate above, be-
neath and petiols hairy arachnoidal, flowers on
short pedicels fasciculate rufous hairy — in Ar-
kanzas and Texas, large tree 40 to 50 feet
high, leaves about 4 inches long and one broad,
not lucid, dull on both sides, minutely netted
nerves above, tomentose like spider webs be-
neath, very acute at base and very obtuse at
end. Flowers very small and short, sepals of
calix ovate obtuse. The B. ohlongifolia of
Nuttal is akin but differs by being a small tree

OF NORTH AMERICA, 29

15 to 20 feet high, leaves smooth (so says Nut-
tal although Eaton calls them hairy beneath)
not so cuneate, branches thorny, flowers sub-
sessile 4'C.

547. BuMELiA DENTicuLATA Raf. shrubby
inermous 1 branchlets smooth rugose, leaves
petiolate thin, broad oval elliptic, base acute,
end subacuminate, margin remotely denticulate
smooth on both sides, flowers solitary on long
erect filiform pedicels, calix smooth, sepals
round — from Florida, leaves 2 or 3 inches long
with a few remote obtuse teeth on the sides,
texture very thin, with veins rather than nerves
slightly reticulate, pedicels over one inch long,
stiff* although filiform, flowers pretty large
smooth. A very distinct species.

548. BuMELiA? SERRULATA Raf. shrubby
inermous, branchlets cinereous with white dots
leaves subopposite petiolate smooth, obovate
elliptical acute at both ends serrulate glauces-
cent beneath minutely veined reticulate with
some scattered hairs — from Apalachian Mts.
of Alabama small shrub, leaves small pale
green, nearly glaucous beneath. Collected by
Lyons, my specimen of Collins herbal has no
flowers, but is labelled a new Bumelia, We
have thus at least 10 sp. of this Genus with the
6 already known, and I have nearly all in my
Herbarium ; but one requires correction, 2 or
3 sp. being perhaps blended under B. lanugi-
nosa. My specimens collected by Ware in
Florida have leaves elhptic obtuse or acute,
hairy rusty beneath like the branches, and flow-
ers thickly glomerate rufous hairy, is it a pe-
culiar sp. B. rufa ? Raf. while the B. lanugi-
nosa of Elliot and Authors, has leaves ovate
lanceolate tomentose beneath, a third var. is

30 NEW SYLVA

the var. sericea or B, chrysophyloides of fl.
Louis, with similar leaves, but silky silvery and
ffilded beneath.

549. Genus ANTHELIS.

The Genus Cistus of Linneus was a medley
of 150 heterogenous species, the modern botan-
ists in restoring Helianthemum of Tournefort
overlooked the perfect identity with Helian-
THus ! both meaning Sun flower. To avoid
this equivocal name I changed it in 1812 in my
Chloris Etnensis to Anthelis being a transpo-
sition (flower of the sun) this correction is indis-
pensable. Of this Genus 5 sp. have been des-
cribed as North American, and with 5 others
from Mexico and Brazil form a peculiar group
or subgenus quite American ; Decandole calls
this group Lecheoldes owing to the similarity
with Lechea, but if it is to become a Genus in
future this derivation will not do. I am going
to add several new sp. thereto and thus venture
to call it HoRANTHES flowers of an hour.

S. G. HORANTHES, sepals 5, external 2
narrow, internal 3 margin scariose, petals 5 yel-
low, stamens few 12 to 20, stigma capitate
large sessile or subsessile, capsule glabrous uni-
loc, 3 valve— small suffruticose plants, leaves
opposite below, no stipules, flowers evanescent
or petals fugacious. The H. tripetala of Mex-
ico is probably a Lechea ! all our sp. are es-

tival.

550 Anthelis (Horanthes) pouanisia Raf.
erect pulverulent pubescent, stem virgate sim-
ple, leaves adpressed linear cuneate acute mar-
gin reflexed; flowers in axillary fascicles, or
racemes, pedicels unequal, one terminal much
longer, calix with 3 oval sepals, 2 linear equal,
cap^sule oval equal to calix — on the Red River

OF NORTH AMERICA. 31

in Arkanzas Louisiana and Texas, stem pedal
base suffruticose, leaves one inch long narrow,
flowers small, calix cinereous pubescent.

551. Antiielis (Horanthes) arenaria Raf.
many procumbent stems nearly smooth, leaves
linear acute sometimes ciliate, pedicels axillary
uniflore equal to leaves, 3 sepals membranace-
ous rufous smooth trinerve ovate acute, 2 linear
subciliate — in sands of Pine barrens in South
New Jersey and Florida, first discovered by
Kin in 1801. Root large deep, many short
diffuse stems, leaves small, flowers rather large.

Monograph of CELTIS.
I mean to give a complete account of the
N. American sp. of this Genus, increased to 15
kinds whereof 9 are trees and 6 are only shrubs.
Linneus had only one, Lamark and others in-
creased it to 3 or 4, our latest compilers have
only 4 sp. although I had added 3 others as
early as 1817 ; but this Genus was little attend-
ed to, the species being very similar in habit
have usualy been blended, even when seen, and
often reduced by the leaves rather than flow-
ers. They are known indiscriminetly by the
vulgar names of Nettle tree, Beaver wood,
Hackberry, Dogcherry, Cherry elm, Hoopash,
Slc ; they bear vernal blossoms, and edible ber-
ries, leaves distichal alternate, the wood is hard
and valuable ; but they are rather uncommon
in our forests except two kinds.

552. Celtis canina Raf Am. M. M. 1817
Decads 6. Tree with smooth bark, branch-
lets smooth angular dotted, leaves ovate acu-
minate, unequaly uncinate serrate trinervate,
base acute entire obliqual unequal, smooth on
both sides but wrinkled above, and axils of
nerves pubescent beneath, fruit red globular

32 NEW SYLVA

solitary axillary, pedicels longer than petiols--*
a small tree 15 to 25 feet high, discovered 1816
in the State of New York, near the Mattawan
Mts. it blossoms in April and May, the branch-
es are spreading, covered with glandular dots.
Torrey insisted that this was the C. occidenta-
lis of Linneus, and yet believes it perhaps,
therefore I will give the contrasted account of
that sp. from my specimens, confirmed by the
ample descriptions of Lamark, Smith and El-
liot.

553. Celtis occidentalis L. and Authors.
C. uRTiciFOLiA Raf a better name — tree, bark
rimose, branchlets pubescent angular not dot-
ted, leaves ovate acuminate subequaly uncinate
serrate trinervate, base acute entire obliqual
unequal, young leaves villose,old leaves smooth
even above, beneath quite pubescent, petiols
pubescent, fruit purple globular solitary axilla-
ry, on pedicels subequal or shorter than petiols.
— A large tree 30 to 70 feet high, spread thin-
ly from New England to Carolina, flowering in
March and April. — Thus it differs from the
last by the bark branches, being larger, quite
pubescent, leaves also larger 3 to 5 inches long,
fruit sweeter dark purple, Elliot says the sterile
flowers are frequently ternate. The C. aus-
trails of Europe hardly differs except by
rougher leaves and black fruit. The C tenu-
ifolia, pumila, alba &.c had all been deemed
varieties of this by turns, and even Nuttal deems
the C.cordata as such! they might as well unite
all the sp. of Asia and the Antifles into one!

554. Celtis alba Raf fl. lud. 68. Var. in-
tegrifolia of Amer. Authors, not the C. integrif.
of Lamark, african sp. — Tree with smooth bark

OF NORTH AMERICA. 33

branchlets tomentose, smooth when older sub-
angular dotted, leaves broadly lanceolate entire
gradualy acute, base acute obliqual unequal
trinervate, quite smooth on both sides, glaucous
above, nerves reticulate beneath, fruits red
small globular solitary or ternate, axillary on
pedicels equal to petiols — a very distinct spe-
cies, well described and named by me as early
as 1817, neglected by our compilers ; I have
specimens collected in Arkanzas by Nuttal as
a N. sp. or mistaken for the C integrifoUa of
Senegal, which is totaly unlike having round
and rough leaves &.c. It grows in Missouri,
Arkanzas, Louisiana and Texas. Fine shady
tree 40 feet high, bark whitish and scaly, cool-
ing and anodyne. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long,
one wide, of a whitish color, being glaucous
above, while beneath less so, flowers small
green; anthers opening as in Laurus says
Robin, 2 hairy stigmas. Berries small red
sweet. Blossoms in March.

555. Celtis fuscata. Raf. C. longifolia
Raf. fl. tex. 9. Tree, branchlets smooth suban-
gular verrucose, leaves smooth oblong lanceo-
late acuminate trinervate, fuscate base acute
obliqual unequal, margin equaly serrate, be-
neath reticulate, pedicels equal to petiols — a
small tree from Florida, Texas and also the
Island of Cuba, where collected by Jalambic :
quite distinct from the rough leaved sp. of the
Antilles with broad or cordate leaves. Some
of the leaves are broadly lanceolate,others quite
narrow, commonly 2 inches long, their color is
peculiar brownish, dark above, yellowish be-
neath. My specimens have no fruit. Found
anonymous in Collins Herbarium. Var. tex-
ensis was my C. longifolia of 1833 only differ-

5

-31 n;ew sylva-

ence leaves base truncate, roughish above.

556. Celtis sALiciFOLiA Raf. Tree, branch-
lets terete pilose with white dots, leaves oblong
elongate narrow subacuminate sharply serrate^
base obliqual acute trinervate,potiols and nerves
pubescent — in Arkanzas and Louisiana, a small
tree 20 feet high, leaves 2 to 4 inches long simi-
lar to some Willows but quite obliqual, very
different from all the narrow leaved kinds,
nearer to C. occidentalis, but very different
leaves. Is it a deviation of C, fuscata 1 chief
difference in terete pilose branches, nerves pu-
bescent ^c.

557. Celtis levigata W. Loud. Leaves
unequaly cordate obliqual acuminate nearly en-
tire, smooth on both sides — in Louisiana, small
tree 20 feet high. I have not seen it, it was
described in Wildenow Enumeration, I copy
the notice from Loudun Cyclop, of plants. It
appears different from all the cordate leaved
kinds by the smooth leaves, and from my 7nori-
folia and patula by obliqual acuminate leaves.

558. Celtis morifolia Raf. C. cordata of
some botanists ? — Tree, branchlets redish hir-
sute angular or striate, leaves ovate oblong ser-
rate acute or acuminate, base subcordate or
truncate, slightly obliqual, scabrose above, be-
neath smooth pale reticulate,nerves yellow hir-
sute, petiols pubescent, pedicels longer than pe-
tiols — this is one of the 3sp. blended and call-
ed Hackberry in the Western States. This is
a tree 20 to 40 feet high, the branches have
neither warts nor dots. Leaves 3 to 5 inches
long, 1 or 2 wide, becoming quite smooth be-
neath when old, but always rough above hardly
trinervate, but nerves regular and reticulate.
Found in Illinois, Kentucky ^c, if I remember

OF NORTH AMERICA. 35

right the berries are blackish and ovate ; but
my specimens have no tVuit. It has evidently
been often mistaken for the next, which has
shorter thicker leaves more acuminate, more
cordate and more obliqual, quite pubescent be-
neath ; it is nearer to C micranthes of Antil-
les differing chiefly by larger serratures, pubes-
cent branches, petiols ^'C.

549. Celtis crassifolia Lamark and many
Authors, C. cordata Persoon and others — tree,
branches terete rough, leaves broadly ovate
acuminate, unequaly serrate, base cordate obli-
qual, thick or subcoriaceous, rough on both
sides, peduncles mostly biflore — a small tree 15
to 40 feet high, with large dark thick leaves
quite rough, common from West Pennsylvania
to Missouri and Kentucky, blossoms in May.
Berries black large sweet, called Hackberries
or by corruption Hagberries, Hogberries.

560. Celtis reticulata Torrey, Eaton.
Leaves broad cordate pubescent subcoriaceous,
subentire, subobtuse, base unequal obliqual, pa-
pillose scabrose above, reticulate prominent
nerves beneath, peduncles uniflore — in the
Western parts of Missouri and Arkanzas ex-
tending probably to the Origon Mts. found by
James described by Torrey ; I have not seen
it and only copy his account to show that it
differs no more from C. crassifolia than my
C. morifolia, all 3 have cordate leaves and re-
ticulate nerves, whence the name is not very
proper. Is it a tree or a shrub ? compare C.
patula.

561. Celtis maritima Raf. 1817. Decads
7. Shrubby, branchlets terete tortuose pubes-
cent, leaves ovate acuminate trinerve rough on
both sides with large equal serratures, base

36 ViEVr SYLVA

broad nearly cordate obliqual, petiols and
nerves pubescent, pedicels subequal to petiols,
a small crooked shrub 3 or 4 feet high growing
on the downs of the sea shores from Long Is-
land to Chesapeak. It blossoms in May, the
branches are cinereous and slightly dotted,
leaves small uncial. Very near to the next,
but distinct by locality and acuminate rough
leaves,

562. Celtis pumila Raf. C, occid var. pu-
mila Mg. and some others, but not Pursh nor
his copists. — Shrubby, procumbent, branchlets
slender terete subtomentose, leaves thin ovate
acute with large equal serratures, base trun-
cate hardly obliqual trinervate both sides near-
ly smooth, petiols and nerves hardly pubescent
— in the Alleghany Mts. from Pennsylvania to
Virginia. A small low shrub only 2 feet high
or long. Leaves hardly over one inch, hardly
acuminate rather acute, very thin and green,
with very large teeth. This is marked in Col-
lins Herb, as the real pumila var of Muhlen-
berg, but it appears that all our 6 shrubby sp.
must have been blended under this name ; I
shall now distinguish them properly although
the synonyms are difficult to fix, owing to all
copying Pursh rather than describe what they
saw. The large teeth and truncate base will
distinguish this from all others besides the pro-
cumbent stem.

563. Celtis tenuifolia Raf (or parvifolia)
C. pumila Pursh, T. B. Sec. C. occid. var.
tenuif Lam. Pers. Nuttal ? &.c — shrubby erect
branches divaricate, branchlets angular smooth
leaves uniform ovate acuminate, serrulate in
the middle, base acute obliqual unequal entire
trinervate, both sides smooth, pedicels axillary

OF NORTH AMERICA. 37

uniflore longer than petiols, fruits round oboval
brown — a shrub 3 to 5 feet high, erect with
spreading branches, found by myself in the hills
of Maryland, blossoming in May, said to grow
also in the Mts. of Virginia and in Louisiana,
easily known by the few small teeth, leaves 1
or 2 inches long rather thin.

504. Celtis heteropiiyla Raf. shrubby,
branchlets smooth terete rugose, leaves multi-
form, ovate or cordate, oblong or lanceolate,
base hardly obliqual rounded or cordate, end
acute or acuminate, margin entire or with a
few teeth, but all smooth thin with nerves reti-
culate beneath, pedicels axillary uniflore longer
than petiols, young fruits ovate — sent me from
Alabama, a very singular species offering all
kinds of leaves on the same small branches (1 or
2 inches long) yet unlike any of the other shrub-
by kinds. Is it the C. pnmila found by short
and Riddell in Kentucky ?

565. Celtis patula Raf shrubby diffuse,
branches divaricate, branchlets angular smooth
leaves uniform cordate acute, entire or serru-
late in the middle, rough above, beneath smooth
reticulate, base not obliqual, petiols and pedi-
cels very short — from Florida, humble shrub,
branches quite divergent, sometimes reflexed,
leaves over one inch long and broad, pale above
as in C. alba. Near to C. reticulata^ which
differs chiefly by leaves pubescent obliqual
obtuse.

566. Celtis floridana Raf shrubby, branch-
lets angular pubescent above, petiols pubescent
very short, leaves broad ovate obliqual acute
serrulate in the middle above rough rugose, be-
neath reticulate by grey pubescent nerves, pedi-
cels short but longer than petiols, fruit depres-

38 NEW SXLVA

sed ? — Florida and Alabama in the hills, leaves
uncial, base and end quite entire, middle teeth
small but close subequal.

Genus ULMUS.
Without giving a complete monograph of all
our Elms, I will try to rectify and improve
this Genus by adding 5 to those already known
or admitted. There are several overlooked sp.
of it, since Thomas has quite lately described
the v. racemosa from New York : the others
known are V. americana, nemoralis, fulva
and alata^ to which I shall add U. longifolia,
oboimta, alba, dentala and dimidiata. ; thus
we know already 10 N. Amer. Sp. and there
are more perhaps, those of Origon are not yet
described.

567. Ulmus longifolia Raf. shrubby,
branchlets slender smooth striated, leaves on
short petiols, smooth on both sides, thin, oblong
elongate, base subcordate hardly obliqual, end
acuminate, margin duplicate serrate — Alaba-
ma and Tennessee, near to Jj. alata, but branch-
es not winged and leaves longer subcordate. A
shrub 8 to 10 feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches
long about one wide,

568. Ulmus obovata Raf Tree, branches
patent, branchlets terete smooth rugose, leaves
ample on short petiols obovate acuminate, base
obtuse obliqual. margin duplicate serrate, near-
ly smooth above, villose beneath — in Kentucky
and Illinois, a tree 30 to 40 feet high, with
large leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 4 wide,
near to the two next which differ by oblong
leaves and white hanging branches, or ovate
rough leaves &:c.

569. Ulmus alba Raf fl. hid. 387. U. Amer.
Var, pendula of Authors— Tree with hanging

OF NORTH AMKRICA, 39

branches, bark whitish, leaves oblong, base
acute obli(iual, duplicate dentate, roughish and
lucid above, villose beneath — in Louisiana and
other States, 50 to 60 feet hii|;h, long flexible
branches. As this with the last and next are
often blended under the vulgar name of White
Elm, I must add what I consider as the real
U, Americana.

570. Ulmus A3IEUICANA L. Autliors : (sessi-
lis Raf. better name.) Tree, branches divar-
gent, branchlets terete smooth rugose, leaves
subsessile ovate acuminate, duplicate serrate,
base very obliqual subcordate, above rough, be-
neath soft hardly pubescent — chiefly in the Al-
leghany mts. large tree 60 to 80 feet high,
leaves 3 to 4 inches long 2 or 3 broad. Thus
quite distinct from both the preceding.

571. Ulmus dentata Raf. Tree, branchlets
terete smooth, leaves ample and thin, on long
petiols, obovate, base acute entire, not obli-
qual, large sharp teeth above, end subacumi-
nate, smooth on both sides, fruits fasciculate pe-
duncled oblong bifid fimbriate on the sides — a
fine new Elm, sent me from Alabama as U,

Julva,, but totaly unlike, much nearer to U. ne-
moraUs ? which diflfers by oblong leaves and
sessile flowers. Leaves very large G to 7 in-
ches long, 3 to 4 broad, petiols over one inch
longer than in any other sp. the large subequal
teeth are only in the upper half, fascicles of
flowers multiflore, pedicels filiform, calix cam-
panulate,stamens exserted, pistil cuneate oblong-
bifid by the 2 styles. It is called the yellow
Elm.

572. Ulmus dimidiata Raf shrubby, branch-
lets smooth angular, leaves on very sliort peti-
ols, quite smooth biforme, some smaller ovate

40 NEW SYLVA,

acute, some larger oblong acuminate dimidiate,
all equaly serrate, base very obliqual, often one
side decurrent the other reduced in size or di-
midiate. — In Florida and Georgia, shrub 8 to
12 feet high, leaves pale subcoriaceous, 1 or 2
inches long, in the narrow leaves the base of
one side is removed upwards of the petiol and
that side is much reduced in size whence the
name : unlike any other sp. very singular and
curious, fruit not seen. The fine U. alata is
alone somewhat akin in size of shrub and leaves
I have found that fine sp. in Kentucky and
have it also from Tennessee and Arkanzas.
The TJ. pinguis or fat Elm of Louisiana must
be compared and distinguishedif different from
both. The JU. pumila of Walter is said to be
the U. alata.

This fine and useful Genus was thus like
Celtis in great disorder, Linneus united six
European sp. in his U. campestris ! and we
have nearly as many in our White Elms ! It is
now supposed that U. nemoralis is the Vlane-
ra aquatica and also Rhamniis carpinifolia !
being put into 3 Genera! and although Sir James
Smith doubts the fact, he acknowledges having
seen only one kind. I have not yet obtained the
Planer a and cannot clear the subject; but all our
botanists distinguish it from U. nemoralis^^Mho'
they cannot show distinct specimens of both, if
two they are both called Water Elm. Elliot
omits the U. nemoralis, but describes twice
the Planera in pentandria and polygamia !
I hope my remarks and new sp. will make this
Genus better known. Ahelicea or Planera
will only be perhaps a subgenus of Ulmus,
merely distinguished by polygamy and capsule

or NORTH AMERICA. 41

swelled obliqual reticulate or squamose. 3 sp.
Abelicea cretlca, sihlrica, and aquatica our
own.

573. PLEUROSTENA Raf, fl, tel. 413.
Calix rhomboidal 5fid unequal. Stamens 5
subequal, stigmas 3 sessile. Seed conical lon-
ger than calix, unequal trigone, one side nar-
rower. Floicers axillary polygamous. One
of the 20 Genera blended in Polygonum^ re-
vised by me in fl. tel. The type of this is a
small western shrub. The name means nar-
row side.

574. Pleurostena serotina Raf. Polyg. do
Raf. All nat. 93. Sutfruticose, stem striate
much branched, branches angular virgate,
leaves nearly sessile ovatoblong acute smooth,
sheaths split lacerated, flowers axillary fasci-
culate — discovered and published in 1820, a
small shrub 2 or 3 feet high woody only at the
base, quite autumnal blossoming late in Octo-
ber, growing in fields and glades in Kentucky.
Leaves quite small, flowers green 2 to 5 to-
gether on short peduncles, often polygamous
by the abortion of stamens. Different from
&topinaca fl. tel. 405 or Polygonella of Mx,
which I have also.

575. SPERMAULAXEN Raf fl. tel. 416.
Monoical, male fl. campan. 4-5fid, segments
subequal obtuse colorate. Stam 4-5 very short,
female fl. similar larger more unequal, seg-
ments erect obovate, stigmas 2-3sessile. Seed
pyramidal double of calix trigone, base con-
crete, one side concave canaliculate. Shrub-
by fl. spiked — another very distinct G. of same
tribe akin to the last, to which perhaps belong
also the exotic sp. blended as Polyg. ochreatum

6

42 NEW SYLVA

and grandiflorum. The name applies to the
sulcate seed.

576. Spermaijlaxen diciioi omus Raf. stem
shrubby dichotome sulcate, leaves petiolate
oblong lanceol. acute smooth, margins rough,
sheaths obsolete, spikes filiform, flowers remote
some a,re peduncled — Florida, found without
name in Col. herb, flowers small purplish male
and female on same spike, no tubular sheaths
but instead a small subulate deciduous stipule
in some leaves and flowers.

577. TOXYLON Raf. 1817 in Mus. Nat.
Sc. misprinted loxylon (an I for a T) correct-
ed in Med. flora Vol. 2 page 268. Maclura of
Nnttal 1818 posterior name, and a Genus of
shells was since called after Maclure who was
no botanist ! Morus or Brussonetia tincto-
RiA ! of Sprengel Kunth and Torrey ! not of
Linnens, quite a different tree ... I was the
FIRST to describe this Genus of trees and give
it a better name than Nuttal. His name how-
ever was adopted by some botanists, while
others blundered so far as to blend it with the
tropical RIorus tinctor'ia of Linneus, I cor-
rected this mistake in 1830 in my m.edical flora,
Nuttal has also corrected it in 1834 in his plants
of Wyeth ; but v/ithout mentioning my previous
name ! — I gave a long account and history of
it in 1817 to which I refer Amer. Monthly
Mag. Vol. 2 p. 118, and will only recapitulate
the main characters here : adding the real M,
tlnctoria (to evince the difference) which forms
the Genus Fusticiis.

Characters of ToxYi.us Raf. flowers dioical
in catkins, male fl. calix 5parted, 5 stamens,
female fl. in globular fleshy catkins, calix im-
mersed pentagonal concrete, Ovary oboval

OF NORTH AMERICA. 43

Simple deciduous filiform villose stigma simple
fruct a fleshy sjncarpe or concrete berry by
coalescent berries verrucose tesselated as in
Artocarpus, forming many cells at the periphe-
ry, each Nvith one seed obovate. Spinose tree
with alternate distichal leaves^ J'ruits large
axillary. — Thus intermediate between Arto-
carpus and Fusticus. My name means Boic-
iDood (loxilon would have meant arrow-wood)
one of its name.

578. ToxYLON MACLURA Raf. T. pomiferum
Raf. 1817. Madura aurantiaca Nuttal 1818,
Eaton. Brouss.tinctoria Spr. K. Torrey! Leaves
smooth lucid ovate acuminate petiolate entire,
a recurved spine near their base, fruits orange
like, axillary subsessile drooping — in Arkanzas,
Texas and upper Missouri, a small tree 20 to
30 feet high, branches spreading, leaves 2 to 4
inches long, petiol about one inch, fruits size
and shape of an orange, nearly same color, but
structure like the bread frujt or pine apple, con-
taining a sweet amylaceous milk. Wood yel-
low tough and heavy, used to make excellent
bows, bark affording a fine flax. Tree easily
raised from cuttings and layers, forming excel-
lent hedges. Called Ayac by the Indians, also
Bow-wood, yellow wood, stinking wood, Osage
apple. — I made two oversights in my first ac-
count of this valuable tree in 1817, calling the
leaves serrate and wood used for arrows. Seen
alive in many gardens with flowers and fruits.
Nuttal calls the nerves puberulent beneath, they
are only so when young, the flowers and styles
are yellow.

579. FUSTICUS Raf. Fustic tree differing
from MoRus or Mulberry by female Catkins
globular, flowers distinct, calix scariose 4par-

44 ?5EW SYLVA

tite, sepals unequal obovate obtuse, ovaiy obo-
vate corapressed, a single style terminal smooth
filiform tlexuose, a single stigma. Fruit a glo-
bular compound berry or syncarpe by baccate
calix as in Morus, concrete at the base but.
distinct at the end, seeds compressed. Trees
distichal serrate leaves, fruHs axillary jjen-
dulous — several blended species. If the good
name of Fusticus does not appear classical
enough, I propose for substitute Sukaminea a
name of Dioskorides for the Mulberry. This
G. is nearer Broussonetia than Morus and Tox-
ylon. The first only differs by fem. calix tubu-
lar 3-4dentate, style lateral, seed elavate : the
Morus differs from all 3 by the double styles
and stigmas, with the oblong fruits. My G.
Calostima fl. tel. 589 which was the Urtica
baccata of L. is akin to all these, a connecting-
link with Basella, it differs by the many radia-
ted stigmas and racemose fruits not forming a
syncarpe. All are deemed to belong to the
tribe of Urticides or Nettles, forming a peculiar
group MoRiDEs by baccate seeds. Sir J. Smith
regreted that the blended Fustic trees had not
been well distinguished, I shall try to distin-
guish 4 of them.

580. Fusticus glamra Raf. Broussonetia
tinctoria Jalambic in Collins herb. Branches
terete inerme yellowish punctate of white, pe-
tiols very short, leaves quite smooth ovatoblong
repand or serrate in the middle only, baseobli-
qual subcordate, end acuminate elongate, fe-
male catkins on short peduncles — in South
Florida and Cuba. It is on this sp. that I have
framed the Generic character. Leaves 2 or 3
inches long without spines, catkins small not
one fourth of Toxylon, It is probably this sp.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 4»

that is meant by some writers, but I cannot as-
certain tlie synonyms ; yet I can voucli that it
is quite unUke my Toxylon, having seen both.
The flowers are pale yellow, styles of same co-
lor, fruits not seen.

581. FusTicus VERA (or tinctoria) Raf.
Morus tinctoria Lin. syst. nat. Mant. not sp. pi.
Miller, Brown, Sloan, Smith &c. Bark yellow
leaves oblong acute entire rough, base obliqual
cordate, no spines — in Central America, Yuca-
tan, Jamaica &c the real Fustic of dyers, a
large tree 60 feet high, fruits sweet eatable
size of a nutmeg.

582. Fi sTicus xANTHoxv LOxN Raf. Morus do
Lin. Syst. nat. et Mant. 4D5. Smith, Morus
tinctoria Lin. sp. pi. Poiret, Jaq. t. 247. Fluk.
phyt. t. 239. Bark grey, leaves ovatoblong
acute serrate nearly smooth, base obliqual,
spines axillary half uncial equal to petiols. —
From Yucatan to Bahama, it is the Bastard
Fustic a smaller tree 40 feet high, it was the
original M. tinctoria of L. but he since descri-
bed the real one above : Lamark again blends
them ; but they are quite distinct botanicaly
and economicaly as proved by Smitii, the wood
being less valuable as a dye. Perhaps found in
Florida.

583. FusTicus TATAiiiA Raf. M. tinctoria L.
Sm. Poiret 4°c. Tatai-iba Marcgrave hist. braz.
119 fig! Bark grey, leaves petiolate ovate lan-
ceol. acumin. serrate or repand smooth, base
acute not obliqual nor cordate, no spines, fruits
subsessile — Brazil, a very distinct sp. figured
150 years ago. A very large tree, v> ith leaves
like the Beech tree. Fruit pretty large sweet-
ly acid eaten with wine and sugar, the flowers
are pale, the styles brown. I have verified the

4G NEW SYLVA.

figure — the Q,uecluie of Orinoco mentioned by
Caiilin p. 15. is probably another Fustic, the
fruit is green and sweet falling as soon as ripe.

584. BR0uss0x^^KTiA papyuifeua Duhamel,
W. i^^c Papyria of Lamark, Morus papyrifera
L. Sin. &.C. A well known useful tree native
of Japan and Polynesia, now introduced in the
open grounds of Europe and America, quite
common in our gardens where it bears the
winter pretty well, altho' injured sometimes
by frost. We have only the male trees.

Genus MORUS.

585. Morus alba L. &.c. A well known
tree, now widely spreading with us, almost wild
in some localities. White Mulberry. This is
said to be constantly monoical, but the other sp.
are often dioical and polygamous.

586. Morus nigra L. &c. Black Mulberry,
also cultivated for the fruit. — The best Mono-
graph of this Genus are those of Lamark and
Smith, including the Fustic trees however ; but
Lamark has a new American sp. M. canaden-
sis, and Wildenow another M. Scabra, I can
add 4 others besides the M. multicaulis. Eaton
has only 3 ! Nuttal admits the M. scabra. I
have 9 whereof 7 seen alive and one dry.

587. MoKus RUBRA L. cur well known Red
Mulberry found from Canada to Louisiana. It
has some Var. 1 pallida fruits pale, 2 hetero-
phijlla with all the leaves unlike. Often dioi-
cal like all our American kinds. It is even
stated that the same trees often vary each year
in their sexes ?

588. Morus riparia Raf. distinct from M.
rubra by long petiols, spjooth leaves ovate deep-
ly cordate, seldom lobed lateral, quite smooth
and thin crenate serrate, acute not acuminate,

OF IVORTfl AMKRICA. 47

and not obliqual at base. Found in tlie Alle-
ghany mts. on the banks of the Susquehanah,
leaves 3 to 5 inches long nearly trinerve at base
nerves yellow quite smooth, berries dark red,
called the wild black Mulberry, or Water Mul-
berry. A pretty tree growing even among
rocks.

589. MoKiJS CANADENSIS Lamark. leaves
ovate obliqual base rounded not cordate, ser-
rate nearly sniooth long acuminate — in Canada
Maine and the Alleghanies, called the Rock
Mulberry, fruits not seen.

590. MoRus PARviioLiA Raf. Monoical, pe-
tiols long and slender, leaves small and smooth,
ovate acute or obtuse not lobate, equaly sub-
crenate, base truncate often obliqual, fruits short
on very short peduncles. — Mts. Alleghanies and
Apalachian, called the Indian iHulberry, said
to have been cultivated by the Indians, often
mistaken for the White JJulberry, the fruits
being very small ovatoblong of a flesh color and
sweet. Leaves only 1 or 2 inches long, not so
thin as in M. riparia, petiols over one inch,
Male catkins on same branches, with longer
peduncles, segments of calix rounded. Styles
very short.

591. Mouus scABRA W. enum. Leaves am-
ple thin trilobed, base cordate, rough on both
sides, pale beneath, serrate, large teeth inter-
jected in the sinusses, fruits terete black acid —
in Louisiana called the black Indian Mulberry,
communicated to me by Jyt. Mease. Leaves 5
to 8 inches long and wide, lobes acute not acu-
minate, lateral lobes oblong, terminal oval or
narrosvest at base.

592. MoRus TOMENTosA Raf. fl. lud. 379.
Leaves broadly cordate acuminate dentate,

48 NEW SYLVA.

above lucid rough, beneath tomentose, spikes
often nionoical, fruits oblong white — in Louisi-
ana, well noticed by me in 1817 in my flora of
Louisiana where detected by Robin. It is the
White Mulberry of the S. W. often mentioned
by the old travellers. A large handsome tree,
bark white and smooth, it blossoms in March,
male catkins terete and loose, female shorter
and thicker, but they are generaly united, the
male flowers being then at the base.

593. MoRus MULTicAULis Raf. and of Gar-
deners, not introduced yet into our books, nor
do I find any botanical account of it, even in
Loudun Cycl. A small shrub with many stems
and ample leaves, cordate rounded not obliqual,
nor lobed, crenate, acute, somewhat rough, but
thin. I have seen leaves one foot long and
wide. Native of China and the Philipines, late-
ly introduced and much esteemed as the most
productive for the breeding of silk worms and
easy gathering of leaves. But all our Mul-
berries are eaten by the silk worm, and the M.
rubra produces a fine strong silk. — As the sub-
ject of silk culture now begins to attract much
attention, I hope this account of all our Mul-
berries will be acceptable.

N. O. EMPETRIDIA Raf. 1815. Empe-
TREAE Nut. 1818, Don 1826, Torrey 1835 !

I first noticed this order in my Analysis of
Nature 1815, therefore Torrey is wrong to as-
cribe the discrimination of it to Nuttal 3 years
after, who had besides deemed it only a section
of Conifera ! while I had perhaps properly unit-
ed it to Phytolacca ! and if the berry is multi-
locular they are quite akin notwithstanding the
remote habit. I have since in my Flora tellur.

OF NORTH AMEIIICA. 49

033 revised it and separated by the unilocular
berry, reducing to Saucocidia the Genera Phy-
tolaca, Raxamaris, Schefferia &c, and to Ri-
viNiDiA the pretended Chenopodea with a ber-
ry. — The Empetrides are more akin to those
than to Euphorbides and Celastrides, and are
quite unlike to Conifera. The genera belong-
ing thereto are Grubbia, Coilosperma, Batis,
Ceratiola &.c besides the types Empetrum and
Colema . . . but the Genera Skimmia, Nandi-
na, Melicytus &c are very near also. The
whole requires a careful revision.

594. COLEMA Don 1826. EuleucumRaf.
1886 fl. tel. Dioical, calix 5-6parted, stamens
3 to 4, style 3-4parted, berry 3-41ocular, 3-4
sperm. Evergreen shrubs^ hahit of heaths^
flowers terminal and axillary glomerate —
This had been based on the Empetrum album
of L. but our sp. may be of quite a different
Genus, the real Colema having the ternary part
constant, no style but 3 stigma, a berry nearly
monolocular when ripe. Therefore it must
form the subgenus Euleuca, and our sp. with
heterogonal parts and stamens, a style, and pro-
bably a 41ocular berry must form a subgenus
Endammia Raf. if not a Genus, meaning in
sands,

595. Colema arenaria Raf. or Endammia
ericoides Raf Empetrum conradi, Torrey 1835.
Cespitose procumbent smooth, leaves subverti-
cillate and alternate, narrow linear acute glan-
dular, margin revolute, flowers glomerate and
capitate — in the sandy tracts among the Pine
woods of New Jersey, first noticed by Kin in
1800, who gave it to me as an American heath
in 1802, found by me in 1804 near Pemberton,
long before Conrad, and twice again in 1833 at

7

50 NEW SYLVA.

\

Cedar bridge ; but always without flowers and
eeeds. It must blossom in winte^ or very sel-
dom. Torrey only saw the flowers dry and in
a garden and omits to state the time, his ac-
count is however very good. It is a small ever-
green shrub 5 to 10 inches high, much branch-
ed and growing in patches like the Hudsonia.

596. Ceratiola ericoides Mx. and all bo-
tanists, Hooker hot. mag. *2758. From Caro-
lina to Florida, well described by Michaux, El-
liot, Hooker &c. I have many specimens, in
which the leaves are mostly fallen as in the dry
Heaths.

597. Empetrum purpureum Raf. E. nigrum
Mx, and all our Amer. botanists, not of Lin.
and European hot. E. rubrum Lapilaye fl. —
Procumbent smooth, leaves scattered crowded,
lower patent, upper imbricate, oblong linear
sessile uninerve obtuse flat on both sides, thick-
ish, berries purple, sessile equal to the leaves
and costate — in Canada, Labrador, Newfound-
land, White Mountains, Lake Superior, near
the rocky shores. Michaux who first noticed
this blended it with the boreal sp. of Europe,
and has been followed by all our subservient
botanists except Lapilaye who has blended it
with E. rubrum of Austral America in his New-
foundland Flora. My specimen is from La-
brador and has red berries strikingly like those
of Phytolaca ! Those of our Botanists who saw
the berries are few, they mostly copy Michaux!
is there a sp. in boreal America with black ber-
ries ? My sp. is perfectly distinct, the branch-
es are terete smooth but sulcate among the
leaves, these are only 2 or 3 lines long, with a
single nerve beneath not at all revolute and
hardly any verticillate ; the flowers and berries

OF NORTH AMERICA, 51

are solitary near the end, calix scaly of about
6 unequal ovate and obovate scales persistent
much shorter than the large berry which has
about 9 oblong seeds and is crowned by as many
thick stellate clavate stigmas.

598. Empetrum nigrum L. and all European
bot. A boreal plant of which I have specimens
from Sweden and the Alps. They answer to
the Linnean description of it by leaves quater^
nate petiolate ovate lanceolate obtuse, berries
black subsesslle. Therefore quite difterent
from our American species ; but I have also
specimens from Sibiria and the Alps nearer to
our sp. and therefore there may be two species
in Europe as probably also with us. Wilde-
now thus say E. nigrum has oblong revolute
leaves.

599. Empetrum crassifolium Raf. smooth
procumbent, leaves 3-4nate petiolate linear ob-
tuse thick, fiat above, convex enerve beneath,
patent crovvded. — Sibiria and perhaps other
parts, my specimens have no berries, and but
few flowers, leaves 3 lines long, quite thick,
sometimes sulcate beneath, but not nerved,some
appear to be fistular : flowers as in E. nigrum,
sent me as such. Is it found in Origon ? berries
probably black.

Shrubby LABIATE.

600. RAFINESaUIA or Diodeilis R. fl.
tel. 750. Cunila, Melissa and Gardoquia of Au-
thors ! . . Calix tubular strait striated subbilabi-
ate upper lip bidentate, lower tridentate, mouth
closed by hairs, corolla tubular erect bilabiate,
upper lip concave notched, lower 31obe subequal
stamen.s 4 remote, anthers cordate bilobe, seeds
smooth. Shrubby, floivers axillanj red, — A
very fine peculiar Genus forced into 3 alien

52 NEW SYLVA

Genera, I have proved in flora tellur. how dif-
ferent is Gardoquia. It is one of the Genera
to which I give my own name, and if any one
cavils at it I offer a second abridged from
Diodontocheilis ! that 1 may not lose the mer-
it of my sagacity in ascertaining this Genus.
I have already two sp. of it.

601. Rafinesquia coccinea fl. tell. 751.
Cunila ! do Hooker, Melissa! do Spr. Gardo-
quia ! hookeri Benth. Don. Lindl. b. reg. 1747.
Shrubby smooth, leaves obovi^te sessile suba-
cute, peduncles axillary l-3flore — A small
shrub of Florida with handsome large scarlet
flowers, branches terete sub 4 angular, leaves
commonly remote small.

602. Raf. coccinea var. obtusifolia Raf.
differ, branches more 4angular, leaves equal to
internodes obtuse one third inch long, flowers
scarlet ever one inch long.

603. Rafinesquia angustifolia Raf. sufi'-
ruticose, branches filiform hardly angular,Ieaves
sessile smooth oblong or cuneate obtuse crow-
ded above, peduncles very short uniflore — in
Alabama, smaller shrub still with narrow
leaves and smaller flowers rather red than scar-
let. Given me as a var. of R. coccinea by Du-
rand ; it is very near Gardoquia chilensis in
habit, but quite unlike in the calix and flowers.

604. PILOBLEPHIS Raf. Satureia and
Cephalothymus Benth. Quite a peculiar G.
discovered by Bartram 60 years ago, unnoticed
by all our botanists, altho' in their herbals ! un-
til Bentham found it in Banks Herbarium, but
he left it with Satureia as a subg. with an im-
proper name, mine means ciliated head. It
differs as much from Satureia as Pycnanthes
does, both by characters and habit. Shrub

or NORTH AMERICA. 53

iDitJi habit of Ericas and Empetrum, flowers
capitate without involucre, but many ciliate
imbricate bracts, calix large membranaceous
5fid subequal campanulate, corolla nearly as in
Satureia, 4 filaments and anthers, seeds 1 or 2
at the bottom of the large calix — this will pro-
bably be like Pycnanthes an American Genus
of many sp. but now I know of only one type.
All the Satureias are foreign to America.

605. PiLOELEPHis RiGiDA (or ericoidcsj Raf.
Satureia rigida Bartr. 1775, Bentham. Anon-
ymos N. G. Baldwin in Collins herb. Shrubby
decumbent, branches terete rigid leaves imbri-
cate linear obtuse smooth margin revolute, flow-
ers in terminal globular heads, bracts linear
lanceol. obt. hairy ciliate as long as flowers —
Shores of Florida, in sands, small procumbent
Shrub quite evergreen, flowers incarnate con-
cealed among the bracts. If this shrub has
been unnoticed for 60 years (after Bartram) in
our books, I may hope that in 60 years licnce
my new plants will also be properly noticed
again ! . . . . Bartram did not describe it, I de-
scribe my new plants ! Baldwin found it again
in 1816 and deemed it a new genus as I do,
altho' he neglected naming it like so many other
rare plants of his.

606. AuDiBERTiA iNCANA Bcuth. Lindl. b.
reg. 1469. Sufli'uticose glaucous, leaves cune-
ate and obovate, flowers verticillate, bracts or-
bicular ciliate — Origon, a N. G. of Bentham
with habit of Origanum, but very distinct by 2
stamens like Cunila, flowers blue, calix ovate
bilabiate, upper lip entire, lower bifid, corolla
tubular, subbilab. upper lip bifid, lower trifid,
medial lobe notched, anthers dimidiate. Not

54 NEW SYLVA

in Eaton, nor any of the above shrubby Labiate.

MONOGKAPH OF CEANOTHUS.

This pretty and useful natural Genus de-
serves a complete examination, being now great-
ly increased in species : they are all small
shrubs, or bushes, but some are perennials.
Linneus had only one, Michaux, Bigelow, Nut-
tal Hooker and myself have added many others,
altho' Eaton enumerates only 6. All have es-
tival white flowers in thyrsoid corymbs, but C
azureus has blue flowers. Leaves alternate
with short petiols. Roots red and medical see
my Med. flora. This G. commonly united to
the Rhamnides, rather belongs to the Phylici-
des with Phylica, Bumalda, Brunia, Hovenia,
Colletia, &c, having all fruits coccular as in
Euphorbides ; but the stamens are opposed to
petals and often inserted thereon. The Asiatic
and African sp. of this G. appear to form pecu-
liar genera, the asiatic form the G. Carpode-
tus, the Polynesian the G. Pomaderis, and the
African must form my G. Hypoma, see fl. tel.

607. Ceai^othus officinalis Raf. Med. fl.
2 p. 205. Americana L. and Authors, now be-
come an absurd name, the whole G. being
American — Shrubby, branches terete smooth
fuscate leaves ovatoblong acum. serrate trinerve
pubescent and pale beneath, petiols pubescent,
base rounded, panicles lax terminal or on long
peduncles angular, pubescent, pedicels gemi-
nate or fasciculate — from Canada to Alabama
and Louisiana, 2 or 3 feet high, leaves 2 or 3
inches long, end often obtuse altho' acumiftate,
flowers very small, panicles often with one or
two small leaves. Var. 1. Ocatus, leaves
rather oval, 2 Acutus all the leaves acute, 3

or NORTH AMERICA. Di>

Paniculatus large compound ovate panicles. 4
Foliosus, with foliose panicles.

608. Ceanothus glomeratus Raf. americ.
Elliot. Shrubby branches pubescent angular
fuscate, leaves ovatoblong acute at base and
apex, serrulate trinerve, petiols and nerves pu-
bescent fulvous, panicles glomerate axillary on
long hairy peduncles, pedicels short crowded
with lanceolate bracts — in Virginia, Carolina,
Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky &.c commonly
blended with the last, leaves smaller with fus-
cate or rufous nerves pale beneath with few
hairs except on the nerves, flowers on smaller
panicles glomerate crowded larger, the small
bracts often fall off in the anthesis. Var. fus-
catus, with dark fuscate branches and nerves,
even leaves fuscate above, flowers quite glome-
rate. Both 2 or 3 feet high. Root more as-
tringent and darker red.

609. Ceanothus latifolius Raf. americ.
var. tardiflora Eaton. Shrubby, terete pubes-
cent fuscate, leaves broadly oval, base subcor-
date, unequaly serrate acute trinerve, petiols
hirsute, quite villose and glaucous beneath, pan-
icles lax ovate compound axillary, peduncles
villose cinereous bifoliate — Glades of West
Kentucky and Tennessee, stem 2 or 3 feet,
leaves large 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 wide,
panicles with shorter peduncles, but long pedi-
cels.

610. Cean. herbaceus Raf. 1808 Tor. Beck
Eaton (or C. levigatus) C. perennis Pursh,
Nut. El. Perennial, quite smooth, stem simple
annual terete fuscate, leaves ovate acum. base
acute, trinerve serrulate, glaucous beneath
nerves fuscate, panicles laxthyrsoidal — Virgin-
ia and Carolina near streams, disc, by Hings-

56 NEW SYLVA,

ton in 1800 at the falls of the Potowmak, where
found by me again, stems 1 or 2 feet high sel-
dom branched, leaves as large as in C. glome-
ratus, peduncles,and flowers similar to it,butnot
glomerate quite lax.

611. Cean. ELLiPTicus Raf Shrubby, leaves
remote elUptical hardly serrulate trinerve ob-
tuse, beneath puberulent, raceme thyrsoidal
small on short petiols and bracteated — Apala-
chian Mts. of Georgia and Alabama, Cheroki
and Wasioto Mts. one or two feet high, leaves
small on very short petiols, flowers small with
bracts as in C. glomeratus.

612. Cean. virgatus Raf. intermedius Mg.
El. P. N. Shrubby, branches elongate slender
virgate subangular smooth rusty, leaves broadly
lanceolate acute subserrate trinerve, nerves and
petiols pubescent, racemes short corymbose lax
— from Virginia to Florida, pedal or sesquipe-
dal, with some long branches at the base, leaves
small uncial narrow, panicles quite small on
long peduncles, formed by two or 3 small um-
bels.

613. CeANOTHUS ? ATROPURPUREUS Raf.

Shrubby, quite smooth, branches terete spread-
ing rigid dark purple, leaves subsessile oblong
entire, lower acute, upper obtuse, not trinervate,
tip of petiol and base of main nerve often bear-
ded — I refer protem to this Genus, a doubtful
shrub of Florida, found without flowers in Col-
lins Herb, owing to the similarities of habit
with the last and next sp. but it may turn out to
be something very different, perhaps an Ilex ?
or Bumelia ? Leaves just like the last in size,
but entire or slightly erose, and petiols exceed-
ingly short.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 57

614. Cean. sanguineus P. N. Hook. Eat.
Shrubby, branches purple, leaves subsessile cun-
eate oblong serrate pubescent beneath, panicle
axillary glomerate, flowers crowded — regions
of Missouri and Origon, seen dry, shrub 3 feet
high.

615. Cean. glandulosus Raf. ovalis Big.
Beck, Eat. ovatus Dec. intermedins Hook. fl.
interm. var. corymbos. Mg. Perennial ? stem
sulcate pubescent, leaves ovatoblong obtuse
some obovace, glandular crenate trinerve, pe-
tiols and nerves pubescent, panicle terminal
corymbose formed by lax umbels — Canada and
Lake Champlain, a very distinct sp. my speci-
men is quite heterophylous, the name of Ova-
lis does not apply, blended with my Southern
C. virgatus by Hooker, leaves 1 or 2 inches
long, large flowers, peduncles calix and corols
white. Apparently not shrubby. This was
my Forrestia thyrsoides of 1808 but it is not
even a subgenus, unless the glandular leaves of
this and the 3 next appear to indicate one.

6 16. Cean. velutinus Hook. fl. tab. 45.
Shrubby, leaves rounded elliptic coriaceous
glandular dentate trinerve, white tomentose be-
neath, panicles tenninal thyrsoidal foliose at
base— in the Origon Mts. not seen by me, adop-
ted from the good figure of Hooker, and I add
two others of his to complete this monograph.

617. Cean, levigatus Hook. fl. differs from
last by, quite smooth, panicle quite foliose, flow-
ers glomerate— found at Nutka by Menzies.

618. Cean. bicolor Raf thyrsiflora Esholtz
and Hook. fl. shrubby, branches angular, leaves
subsessile oblong trinerve, nerves pilose, glan-
dular serrate, panicle thyrsoidal base foliose—
New Sibiria in N. W. America, calix blue, pe-

8

58 NEW SYLVA

tals white, whence my name, since all the sp.
are thyrsifiore.

619. Cean. azureus Desf. ic. 232. Lod. cab.
110, Edw. b. reg. 291. Dec. Shrubby pubescent
leaves ovatoblong acute rough serrate, beneath
tomentose, panicle thyrsoidal, base foliose, flow-
ers blue — in Mexico, New Mexico and Texas,
an elegant species.

620. Cean. microphylus Mx. E. &c. Shrub-
by much branched, quite smooth, branches di-
vergent, leaves fasciculate minute oboval or
rounded obtuse trinerve, racemes terminal co-
rymbose — Florida, Georgia, Alabama, a very
peculiar sp. habit unlike the others, but like the
next, flowers vernal as in the Southern species.

621. Cean. serpyllifolius Nut. Eat. De-
cumbent bushy, branches filiform, leaves mi-
nute nearly smooth elUptic ovate obtuse serru-
late, petiols and nerves strigose, panicles axill-
ary peduncled pauciflore glomerate — Florida,
very small, habit of thyme like the last, and
probably both ought to form a subgenus. Is it
only a var. of it ? Elliot has blended both ; disc
by Dr. Baldwin near St. Mary.

Genus EVONYMUS.
Without giving a complete monograph of
our sp. I can greatly increase them having 4
or 5 new ones to describe. They form 3 sub-
genera with opposite leaves and axillary pedun-
cles. This G. had been wrongly united to
Rhamnides, since the stamens are alternate to
petals, and the fruit is peculiar, ^ belongs to a
peculiar family (with Tobira) near to the Ce-
lastrides. Tobira differs by 6 stamens and
caps 31oc. polysperm.

622. Platomesus Raf. calix 41obed, 4petals,

OF NORTH AMERICA, 59

4 stamens, capsule commonly 4lobe 41oc. 4
sperme.

6^3. Pentinius Raf. cal. Sdentate, 5 petals,

5 stamens, capsule commonly 51obe 51oc. 5
sperme.

624. Physcondra Raf. calix inflate mem-
branaceous entire or subcrenate, petals 4 or 5,
anthers 4 or 5 sessile, capsule 4 or 5 sperme.

625. EvOxVYMus (Platom) cuneatus Raf.
Branches terete smooth, leaves cuneate acute
serrulate smooth, peduncles triflore longer than
petiols, petals 4 oblong obtuse — Origon region,
shrub 4 or 5 feet high, branches naked below
nearly articulate, petals white, fruit not seen,
leaves uncial terminal.

626. EvoN. (Platom) heterophylus Raf.
Branches subangular smooth subrugose, leaves
dissimilar cuneate or obovate acute, or ellipti-
cal acuminate, entire or serrulate, rugose be-
neath, peduncles biflore elongate longer than
petiols, pedicels divaricate, petals 4 obovate ob-
tuse, fruits smooth — Apalachian Mts. shrub 4
feet high, petals white, fruits incarnate 2 to 4
lobed.

627. EvoN. (Platom.) acuminatus Raf.
Branches terete smooth, elliptic acuminate,
base acute, subcrenate, some lower ones obtuse
or retuse, peduncles elongate l-2flore, petals 4
cuneate obtuse, fruits smooth deeply lobed. —
— Origon and Sibiria, has been blended pro-
bably with E. europeus, which I have also and
diflfers by smaller narrower entire leaves and
peduncles multiflore as long as leaves. This
has large leaves on long petiols, the petals white
fruits red with 2 or 4 lobes.

628. EvoN. (Pentinius) muricatus Raf- a-
mericanus L. ^. Branches 4gone smooth,

60 NEW SYLVA

leaves subsessile ovate or lanceolate acute or
acum, serrate, peduncles l-3flore, petals 5 obo-
vate, capsules muricate verrucose — from Cana-
da to Carolina in Mts. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high,
branches rigid, leaves middle size, petals green-
ish white with rose tinge. Several varieties 1.
Biflorus, leaves all ianceoL acum. subserrate,
peduncles all biflore, petals rounded unguicu-
late. 2. Obliquatus, leaves ovate lanceol.
commonly obliqual, peduncles uniflore. Mts.
Alleghanies.

629. EvoN. (Pentinius) sarmentosus Raf.
amer. var. sarm. Nut. Eat, ^^c. Stem sar-
mentose 4gone radicant, leaves subsessile ovate
lanceol. acute undulate crenate opaque lucid,
peduncles 2-3flore, fruits scabrous — Rocky
woods of the Alleghany Mts. and River Sus-
quehanah, certainly a distinct sp. forming a
Vine 10 to 20 feet high with many slender
branches.

630. EvoN. (Pentinius) angustifolius Lyon,
Pursh, El. Eat. <!^c. A rare species of the A-
palachian Mts. of Georgia and Alabama, not at
all doubtful, my specimen from Lyons in Collins
Herb, has slender 4gone branches, leaves re-
mote subsessile narrow lanceol. acute falcate
entire, peduncles erect uniflore with 2 setace-
ous bracts.

631. EvoN. (Platom) atropurpureus Jaq.
and all Authors. A fine shrub 6 to 15 feet
high, assuming the appearance of a small tree,
near streams chiefly from Carolina to Kentuc-
ky, Missouri and Origon, flowers dark purple,
3 Var. 1. oblongifolius, 2 latifolms leaves
ovate and obovate acum. 3, grandifolius large
elliptic leaves 5 to 8 inches long.

632. EvoNYMUs (Physcondra) obovatus Nut.

OF NORTH AMERICA. '61-

&c. A very small sp. well described by Nut-
tal, creeping pedal, found from New England
to Ohio. Almost a peculiar Genus by the shape
of calix, but petals as in E. muricatus — Thus I
have nearly rectified this G. and 8 sp. of it.
My N. sp. are distinct from E. verrucosus and
latifolius of Europe which I have.

Natural family of SPIRADIA.
The Linnean Genus Spirea has been kept
nearly entire by Decandole but divided into
subgenera, that differ so much in habit and
characters that they ought to become Genera.
Filipendula of Tournefort, Aruncus of Adanson,
Gillenia of Mench, now generaly adopted, and
Purshia of Decand. are certainly peculiar Gen-
era, as well as my G. Thecanisia, Epicostorus
&c. As early as 1815 I formed a new family
the Spirades in my Analysis of Nature page
173 with these Genera, adding Rhodalix, Ba
silima, Drymopogon; the Genera Tigarea, Neil
lia ? Tetracera, Suriana, tf-c probably belong
to it. This natural family is quite distinct from
the Poterides and Senticoses by the fruit cap-
sular with lateral styles and opening valvular.
Gillenia, Aruncus, Thecanisia, Filipendula
that are not frutescent will be illustrated else-
where and in my fl. tellur. I now propose to re-
vise the shrubby Genera chiefly, which are Spi-
rea, Physocarpa, Basilima, Schizonotus and
Epicostorus. The Monographs of Spirea by
Smith in Rees, Poiret in Cycl. and Seringe in
Decandole are by no means perfect even as to
species and synonyms and I shall rectify them.
I have verified many kinds by the figures of
Pallas in flora Rossica, which had not always
been properly applied and quoted.

62 NEW SYLVA,

633. SPIREA Raf. calix 5fid persistent
campanul. bearing on a glandular ring the 5 pe-
tals and stamens 20 to 30, Pistils 5 free sessile,
styles lateral, 5 free capsules sessile equal open-
ing inside oligosperni. Shrubs with simple al-
ternate leaves^ Jloicers paniculate, thyrsoidal,
branches racemose spicate or corymbose. The
name ought to have been written Spiraia, it
answers to the Subgenus Spirenia of Seringe.
Chamedryon has umbellate or corymbose
flowers.

634. Spirea tomentosa L. &c. Dec. Beck.
Stem angular nearly simple, rusty tomentose,
leaves petiolate ovate lanceolate, acute at both
ends, unequaly serrate, beneath white tomen-
tose, panicle ample compound racemose, calix
and capsules fuscate villose — This is the origi-
nal sp. of Kalm, Lin. <^'C found near Philadel-
phia and from New York to Carolina ; but so
many sp. have been blended with it, that near-
ly all the synonyms apply to others. A small
shrub 2 to 4 feet high, flowers purple handsome
estival. Eaton had many var. of this in his first
editions as myself in Med. flora, that are my
next distinct deviations or Sp. the real var. are
1. alblflora, 2 elatior. 3, ramosa with a few
branches, and the next.

635. Spirea tontentosa, var. virgata Raf.
(Elliot) Branches virgate rusty tomentose leaves
rugose above, petals small hairy outside often
trilobe — Hills of Carolina and Apalachian Mts.
large 4-6fcet, often ramose.

636. Spirea rosea Raf. diff*. 634, leaves lan-
ceolate remotely serrate acute, fulvous tomen-
tose beneath, panicle lax, peduncles as long as
calix — West Kentucky to Alabama, disc, by
Mrs. Holley, a beautiful shrub with fine rosate

OF NORTH AMERICA. 63

flowers, it deserves to be deemed a peculiar sp.
by narrow leaves not white beneath, and lax
rose flowers.

637. Spirea ferxjginea Raf. stems angular
simple fuscate tomentose, leaves oblong cune-
ate sessile, broadly serrate, beneath rusty to-
mentose, panicle ample Ibliose at the base,
branches spicate, flowers subsessile, calix and
capsules rusty rugose scabrous — East Kentuc-
ky, Mts. Wasioto and Apalachian, shrub 2 or 3
feet high, woody at base, fl^owers purple : easily
known by the color, cuneate leaves, spikes and
capsules. Var. angu^tifolia, leaves narrow
cuneate, spikes slender. Pine barrens of New
Jersey.

638. Spirea glomerata Raf. tomentosa
Med. fl. tab. 88 stem simple terete sulcate fus-
cate tomentose, leaves petiolate elliptic or ova-
toblong jagged serrate, beneath fulvous tomen-
tose, panicle slender spicate, flowers subsessile
glomerate, calix fulvous tomentose — Alleghany
Mts. very small suffruticose pedal without bran-
ches, flowers small incarnate. Near to Sp. ro-
sea, but different leaves, sessile flowers quite
jagged or duplicate serrate, nankin color be-
neath. Var. 1 major, bipedal, 2 pallida.

639. Spirea glomerata var. cinerea Raf.
differ, virgate, stem subterete not striate, ashy
tomentose, leaves also beneath, and calix like-
wise — Pine barrens of New Jersey, pedal, flow-
ers quite glomerate sessile redish.

640. Spirea parvifolia Raf. Stem branch-
ed angular purplish smooth, branches tomen-
tose, leaves sessile small elliptic base entire,
serrate above, beneath grey tomentose, panicle
spicate glomerate, flowers sessile, crowded, ca-

64 NEW SYLVA.

lix and capsules grey tomentose — Canada, Lake
Champlain, Saranac and Oquago Mts. a small
ramose shrub pedal, flowers incarnate, leaves
only half inch long. — All the above sp. agree in
nothing but the tomentose leaves beneath, to
deem them all varieties would be preposterous,
as no character including them all could be fram-
ed ; but they afford like the 8 blended sp. of S.
salicifolia, fine illustrations of real natural spe-
cific deviations, similar to those of the Genus
Azalea ! now admitted as species.

641. Spirea salicifolia L. Dec. &c. Q,uite
smooth, branches elongate terete yellowish,
leaves subsessile broadly lanceolate equaly ser-
rate, acute at both ends concolor, panicle ra-
cemose compound base foliose, bracts oblong.
— In North Europe, Sibiria and Origon, my
specimen is simple 2 feet long, leaves 3 inches
long one wide, flowers white peduncled crowd-
ed. Five other American sp. have been blend-
ed with this by all the botanists, which altho'
deviations perhaps are totally distinct from this:
I have compared them all carefully and ascer-
tained excellent peculiar characters in each,
they only agree in having thin smooth leaves
and the branches of the panicle nearly corym-
bose. Var. Slhirica Pallas fl. Ross. t. 21. dif-
fer branches yellowish, leaves unequaly serrate
panicle lax not foliose, flowers large incarnate.
Perhaps a peculiar species Sp. Sibirica Raf.

642. Spirea flexuosa Raf. salicif. of many
Amer. bot. alba? Erhart. Mg. Q,uite smooth,
branches flexuose angular redish, leaves petio-
late oblong lanceol. deeply serrate, base entire
cuneate pale beneath, panicle racemose base fo-
liose, no bracts — Mts. Alleghanies and hills
from Canada to Virginia, pretty shrub ^ to 4

OF NORTH AMERICA. 65

feet high, leaves only two inches long, flowers
small white estival. If it is the sp. alba of Er-
hart it is also found in Sibiria.

C43. Spirea amena Raf. 1808. Quite smooth
branches fuscate terete below angular above,
leaves imbricate sessile oblong or elliptical
sharply serrate,some obovate below, panicle ra-
cemose ovate naked. — 'From New Jersey to
Kentucky, perhaps Origon and Sibiria,as I have
received it also as Sibirian, similar to the last
but distinct by stem flowers larger incarnate,no
petiols and leaves smaller commonly uncial.
Var. paucijlora, leaves oblong lanceolate or
narrow elliptic serrulate, panicle capitate al-
most simple with few large pink flowers. Sibi-
ria, this is Sp. salicifolia var. b. Pallas fl. ross.
tab. 22. branches flexuose.

644. Spirea ov ATA Raf Quite smooth, shoots
simple virgate terete rugose purplish, leaves
subsessile ovate acute imbricate deeply serrate
or jagged, lower obovate, panicle racemose
glomerate, base not foliose, some oblong bracts
— Mts. Alleghanies, Wasioto and Apalachian,
stems simple 1 or 2 feet high, only woody at
base, leaves uncial or smaller, flowers white.

645. Spirea carpinifolia W. enum. Wat-
son dendr. 66, Loudun Cycl. Quite smooth,
leaves ovate eUiptic acute at both ends coarse-
ly serrate, panicle racemose spreading — Said to
be from North America, flowers white, not
seen, nearest to my Sp. ovata, stated by Muh-
lenberg to be the same as my Sp. corymbosa,
but that is not paniculate ; therefore a doubtful
species.

646. Spirea heterophyla Raf Quite smooth
branches angular purplish, lower leaves round-
ed or lobed, medial obovate, upper elliptical.

66 SEW SYLVA

all subpetiolate acute and sharply serrate, pan-
icle racemose not foliose but with linear bracts
— Alleghany Mts. and Alabama, 2 or 3 feet
high ramose, leaves biuncial very broad, flowers
white. A very distinct sp.

647. Si'iREA ciLiATA Raf. salicif. Elliot. Stem
angular pubescent, leaves sessile imbricate con-
similar cuneate acute, base entire, ciliate, sharp-
ly serrate upwards, panicle racemose glomerate
elongate, bracts hnear — From the River Wa-
bash to Carolina near streams chiefly, a very
peculiar sp. quite ciliolate, middle nerve often
also, bipedal, leaves small uncial, flowers white
Var. 1. petiolata, leaxes subpetiol. broader, 2
multijlore panicle ramose.

648. Spirea obovata Raf. dec. 25. crena-
ta Tor. Eat. Mg. hypericif. var Beck, chame-
drif Pursh. C^uite smooth cespitose suffruti-
cose creeping, branches flexuose angular red-
ish, leaves similar obovate subsessile obtuse,
base acute entire, upwards unequaly serrate,
corymbs racemose terminal, bracteoles linear,
petals obovate crenate undulate — Rocky sum-
mits of Mattawan and Kiskanom Mts. of iVew
York disc. 1817, descr. 1818 in my decads,
mistaken or omitted by all our botanists, proba-
bly a boreal plant. Shoots or branches assur-
gent woody only 4 to 16 inches high, leaves un-
cial concolor, panicle thyrsoidal ovate formed
of small lateral corymbs, thus forming a pass-
age to the subg. Chamedryon, flowery white
blossoming in June. Having obtained speci-
mens of the real Spir. crenata, ulmifolia and
chamedrifolia I can vouch that this is quite dif-
ferent and no Chamedryon. Var. Sibirica of
Pallas nameless fig. t. 26 f. 2, merely differ by
narrow leaves nearly entire glaucous beneath.

or NORTH AMERICA. 67

649. Spirea bkacteata Raf. levigata ? L.
or of some botanists. Quite smooth, branches
terete yellowish, leaves quite sessile oblong en-
tire, base cuneate, apex obtuse cuspidate, some
mixt ovate elliptic, panicle racemose, bracts
ovate acute — Sibiria and New Sibiria, proba-
bly a large shrub, branches thick, leaves 2 or 4
inches long, one broad, base almost semiam-
plex. panicle compound, flowers white race-
mose. In my specimen some elliptical smaller
leaves intermixt. Not quite answering to Sp.
levigata see below, yet sent me as such.

650. Spirea cuneifolia Raf. Herb. Quite
smooth branches terete dark purple, leaves ses-
sile cuneate entire, apex very obtuse cuspidate,
panicles axillary and terminal racemose, bracts
subulate — Origon and New Albion, a fine hand-
some shrub disc, by Walton, quite different
from last by red flowers, small bracts and large
leaves 3 to 6 inches long, quite cuneiform or ta-
pering from end to base. The real Sp. levi-
gata of Lin. is akin to both these sp. but it ap-
pears to differ by lanceolate glaucous less ob-
tuse leaves and white flowers, (some botanists
call the cuneate leaves lanceolate ! which is the
reverse tapering from base to end) while Smith
blends the Sp. altaica with it, which I add for
contrast.

651. Spirea altaica Pallas fl. ross. t. 23.
Stem terete redish, leaves fasciculate sessile
cuneate acute repand glaucous, racemes pani-
culate axillary and terminal, bracts lanceolate.
— Altaic Mts. flowers white large, capsules
large smooth 2sperme, leaves 2 or 3 inches
long, not cuspidate nor obtuse ; thus quite dif-
ferent from the two last. Is it the real levigata
of Linneus as deemed by most of botanists ?

08 NEW SYLVA.

652. Spirea douglassi Hook. fl. Pubescent-,
leaves elliptic apex serrate, white hairy be-
neath, panicle oblong, calix reflexed, capsules
smooth— N. W. America, flowers small, near
to Sp. tomentosa, no more different from it than
my removed deviations.

653. Spirea menziesi Hook. fl. differs from
last only by leaves smooth beneath, yet made a
species by Hooker.

Subgenus Chamedryon Ser. Dec. only differ-
ence flowers umbellate or corymbose, calix of-
ten nervose or venose. .

654. Spirea (Ch.) chamedrifolia L. Jaq.
and Europe. Smooth, branches cinereous su-
bangular, leaves petiolate obovate entire obtuse
base acute or unequaly repand lobed or jagged
near the end, racemes terminal simple corym-
bose, pedicels filiform lax — Carpathian and
other European Mts. many short branchlets,
leaves small thin uncial, flowers really in a co-
rymbose racemes, the lower having long slen-
der pedicels, petals white rounded. My des-
cription is original from a specimen of Jacquin,
introduced here to compare it with the blended
kinds.

655. Spirea (Ch.) versifolia Raf. chame-
drif. Pallas ft. t. 15. Sm. Hooker fl. bor. &c.
Smooth, branches terete redish, leaves petio-
late acute at both ends ovate serrate, base en-
tire, the lower dupHcate serrate ovate lanceol.
flowers subumbellate — Sibiria and New Sibiria,
flowers white, almost in umbels since pedicels
fasciculate, thus distinct from the last, and
leaves quite unlike ; but Pallas says the leaves
are variable, probably many species are even
blended here, one of which 1 can ascertain.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 69

656. Spirea (Ch.) daurica Raf. chamedrif.
Tar. Pallas t. 15. differs by leaves elliptic pu-
bescent nearly entire, crenate above, tomentose
beneath — Daurian Mts. of Sibiria, nearer to Sp.
douglassi than the Sp. versifolia, but flowers
not paniculate.

657. Spirea (Ch.) ulmifolia Scop. t. 22.
W. P. Sm. chamedrif. Amman Lind. b. reg..
1222 ! Smooth, branches slender flexuose an-
gular, leaves petiolate ovate laciniate serrate
acute, base entire subacute, floAvers terminal
corymbose crowded, pedicels filiform often with
a subulate bract — Mts. of Europe and Sibiria,
my specimen is an original one of Scopoli from
Carniolia. and agrees perfectly with the figure
of Lindley with mistaken name : totaly differ-
ent from Sp. chamedrif. leaves and flowers lar-
ger.

658. Spirea (Ch.) eetulifolia Pallas fl. t.
16. not Pursh. Smooth, shrubby branches te-
rete redish, leaves subsessile ovate rounded la-
ciniate serrate, yellow beneath, flowers termi-
nal corymbose lax — Sibiria and New Sibiria ?
flowers white.

659. Spirea (Ch.] ostryfolia Raf. betuli-
folia Pursh not Pallas. Suffruticose, quite
smooth, shoots terete redish, leaves petiolate
acute at both ends ovatoblong laciniate ser-
rate except at the base, apex often obliqual,
glaucous beneath, corymb, pauciflore simple fo-
liose crowded — Alleghany Mts. of Virginia
found there 1825, intermediate between the
last and the next, semipedal, leaves 2 inches
long quite thin, flowers white. Var. ptimila, 4
inches high flexuose few leaves the lowest large
duplicate serrate, corymb glomerate, Wasioto
Mts.

70 NEW SYLYA

660. Spirea (Ch.) corymbosa Raf. 1804,
precis 1814, Mg. 1812, 1818. Lod. cab. (or
sp. glauca Raf.) carpinifolia ? W. SufFruticose
quite smooth, stem angular redish, leaves peti-
olate ovatoblong acute at both ends, unequaly
serrate entire at the base, quite glaucous al-
most white beneath, corymb terminal multiflore
compound subfoliose each peduncled crowded
— Alleghanies of Pennsjlv. Maryland and Vir-
ginia on dry ridges, stems pedal often annual
leaves 1 or 2 inches long, nerves prominent be-
neath, flowers white in large multiflore corymbs
with 1 to 3 small ovate entire leaves, flowers
nearly level large, stamens long. By a mis-
print I stated this sp. to be trigynous in my pre-
cis 1815, it is Sgynous. I discovered this plant
in 1804 and communicated it to Muhlenberg.
Sp. glauca would be a better name as there are
so many corymbose kinds.

661. Spirea (Ch.) repens Raf. corymbosa
Torrey, Beck, Eaton &.c. Stems suflruticose
creeping, shoots terete redish erect, leaves ses-
sile smooth variable obovate oblong and ovate,
obtuse or acute, unequaly serrate, base entire,
pale beneath, corymb terminal compound com-
pact fastigiate subfoliose, stamens elon ate. —
Lake Champlain, Mts. Saranac and Oquago,
shoots 4 to 6 inches long, leaves uncial, flowers
small pale incarnate. Var. pubescens^ leaves
oblong obovate pubescent beneath, stem pedal
and flowers pale rose color. This is the Sp.
corymbosa of the above Authors, said to be pu-
bescent. My specimens are all glabrous. Do
they mean the next species ?

66'2. Spirea (Ch.) crenata L. Bar. t. 564.
Smith hypericif. var. crenata Dec. not Beck.

OF NORTH AMERICA, 71

Puberulent or pulverulent, branches angular
purplish, leaves petiolate glaucous cuneate en-
tire or apex crenate dentate obtuse, base acute,
smooth above, trinerve and puberulent beneath,
corymbs terminal on branchlets pauciflore sub-
umbellate, stamens very short — Europe from
Spain to Hungary ; my specimen is from Hun-
gary, with branches ramose not virgate, leaves
small semiuncial, flowers white, corymbs 5-7
flore, pedicels puberulent sometimes with a su-
bulate bract. This Linnean sp. is not Ameri-
can, Hooker has it not, Smith has proved that
several sp. were blended, the Sibirian is my
next. Even Linneus in taking barrelier's plant
as type, mistook others for it and called the
leaves ovatoblong, he meant obovate oblong.
The name being equivocal and liable to objeC'
tions, might be changed to Sp, pulverulenta
Raf.

663. Spirea (Ch.) denticulata Raf. cre-
nata Pallas, fl. 1. 19. Wild. Pers. &lc. Smooth,
branches yellowish, leaves sessile obovate or
cuneate denticulate acute upwards, beneath
glaucous, lower leaves petiolate ovate denticu-
late, corymbs lateral pauciflore — Sibiria and
probably New Sibiria, flowers white ; even Pal-
las speaks of some varieties, one with laciniate
trinerve leaves may be a distinct Sp, laciniatal
Raf.

664. Spirea (Ch.) japonica Raf. crenata
Thunb. fl. Smooth, branches virgate, leaves pe-
tiolate lanceol. hardly serrate, flowers umbel-
late, calix campan. deeply 5fid. petals emargi-
nate — in Japan, called there Awaju, another
mistaken reference to Sp. crenata, quite dis-
tinct from all, nearer to the next by the um-
bels.

t^ K£W SYLVA.

665. Spirea (Ch.) italica or reticulata
Raf. hypericifolia Sm. and many Authors, type
in Bocc. mus. t. 96. Quite smooth, branches
angular purplish, leaves sessile cuneate entire
obtuse concolor, beneath nerves reticulate, flow-
ers in small pauciflore umbels sessile at the end
of branchlets, calix venose, each segments ovate
with 3 veins — Native of the hills of Umbria in
Italy where discovered by Bocconi, and again
by Sir James Smith see Rees Cycl. it has be-
come common in gardens, where it is blended
with the next, and botanists have been perplex-
ed for its locality: hypericifolia having become
equivocal ought to be changed as I propose.
Leaves small semiuncial not glaucons nor tri-
nerve, but slightly trinervate sometimes, umbels
of 3 to 7 flowers, petals white obovate.

666. Spirea (Ch.) virgata Raf. hypericifo-
lia of Lin and many botanists, hyper, var. plu-
kenetiana Dec. Hooker, Beck. Pluk. aim. 218.
5 — Branches fuscate angular rugose virgate,
leaves sessile cuneate obtuse or retuse, entire
smooth above, pubescent and glaucous beneath,
nerves with paralel branches not reticulate, um-
bels pauciflore lateral subsessile foliose at base,
pedicels angular, calix decangular at base, seg-
ments uninerve. — This is the real American
Species, so long deemed doubtful, native of bo-
real America and New Sibiria, common in our
gardens ; flowers vernal in white umbels almost
sessile at first, but peduncled and foliose as the
leaves unfold, these are small semiuncial nearly
similar to the last in shape and size, but thick-
er and quite different beneath, the calix is very
peculiar by its 10 angles or nerves. Var. hook-
eriana Raf. Leaves smooth entire, umbels
corymbose sessile, of N. W. America is proba-

OF x\ORTII AMEKICA. 73

bly a peculiar species near to my Sp. crenata,
as it cannot be Sp. italica ! It must be better
described, and may be called Sp. Iiookeriana
R. It is akin to Sp. japonica. I hope to have
thus ascertained many obscure or lost species,
and elucidated the whole genus ; in order to
remove the difficulties I have been compelled
to introduce some species not strictly Ameri-
can, but have greatly increased ours also. This
will conclude the true G. Spirea, I shall now
describe the akin blended Genera.

6G7. PHYSOCARPA Raf. subg. of Ser.
(or Physotheca.) Ditf. Spirea, calix. deeply 5fid,
pistils 3 united at base, capsules 3 coalescent
swelled smooth, apex free bivalve, leaves lobed,
flowers in short corymbose racemes hractea-
ted — Thus it differs as much as Gillenia but
has not a tubular calix.

668. t*HYsoc. RiPARiA Raf. Spirea opulifo-
lia L. «^c. Var. tomentella Dec. Beck. Branch-
es angular pale, leaves petiolate ovate rounded
or oblong unequaly serrate often lobed or trifid
acute quite smooth, beneath pale trinervate,
corymbs terminal, bracts oblong or laciniate,
pedicles filiform pubescent, calix tomentose
acute, capsules smooth much swelled — From
Canada to Carolina, Louisiana and Missouri,
on the banks of streams. Shrub 5 to 10 feet
high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, flowers white
with pink shades, capsules fulvous or fuscate,
seeds rounded yellowish. This has always been
deemed the Sp. opulitblia by our botanists, and
it was really that of Linneus, since he gives A-
merica as its only locality ; but now many
others must be separated. Var. 1. parHfolia,
2. arhorea.

669. Physog. opulifoiia or glabra Raf. Sp.

10

74 NEW SYLVA

opulif. Dec. and many botanists. Var. glabra
Hooker. Cluite smooth, branches angular ci-
nereous, leaves ovate trilobe, petiolate, dentate
or crenate, corymbs terminal, bracts ovatobiong
pedicels smooth, calix smooth obtuse, capsules
smooth compressed at the end — Mts. of East
Europe, Sibiria and Origon. Very distinct
from the laot by many characters, entitled to be
a species, seeds obovate yellow.

670. Physoc. tomentosa Raf. Sp. capitata
Pursh, Eat. Sp. opulif. var. tomentosa Hook,
fl. Leaves ovate sublobate, doubly dentate, re-
ticulate and tomentose beneath, corymbs ter-
minal crowded subcapitate on a long peduncle,
calix tomentose — Origon, another distinct sp.
blended by Hooker, aitho' distinguished by
Pursh and others. The Sp. monogyna of Tor-
rey is also reduced to Sp. opulif. by Hooker,
while it is even a peculiar Genus ! See the next.

671. EPICOSTORUS Raf. atl. J. page 144.
Sp. monogyna Tor. rocky mts. 119. Eaton <!^c,
Sp. opul. var. monogyna ! Plook. fl. Calix cam-
panul. 51obed, petals 5, stamens 20 inserted on
a circular free torus or base monadelphous, pis-
tils 1 or 2 stipitate, with a style,capitate stigma,
capsules 1 or 2 compressed not swelled free
villose bivalve trisperme. Habit of Fhyso-
carpa, pedicels few, no bracts. — Epic, monta-
Nus Raf. as above. Leaves rounded ovate base
subcordate, subtrilobe, incise, dentate pubes-
cent beneath, corymbs on short peduncles pau-
ciflore, pedicels filiform calix obtuse pubescent
— in the Origon mts. disc, by James, descr. by
Torrey 1827, mistaken by Hooker since, ascer-
tained by me in 1832, the generic name means
20 on a torus.

672.^ SCHIZONOTUS Raf. calix rotate

OF NORTH AMERICA. 75

deeply 5fid colorate villose, petals 5 equal ve-
nose, stamens 20 inserted on a torus adnate to
the base of calix, pistils 5 equal sessile, capsu-
les 5 sessile tomentose monosperm. Habit of
the paniculate Spireas. I have adopted this
Genus and name on the suggestion of Lindley,
who proposed to unite to it "ihe next, but the
habit is too different. Schizonotus appears to
mean Split back and I do not know how it ap-
plies unless the capsules o})en outside.

673. ScHizoNOTus DISCOLOR llaf. 8pirea do
Pursh, Torrey Dec. ariafolia Sm. Hook. Lind.
b. reg. 1365. Leaves petiolate ovatoblongsub-
lobate and laciniate serrate, white villose be-
neath, flowers terminal paniculate racemose,
pedicels and calix villose, petals oblong with 3
veins — Origon region and Mts. A very pecu-
liar shrub, quite different from my Thecanisia
discolor 297, to which I refered by mistake the
Sp. discolor of Pursh, flowers white, leaves cal-
led elliptic by Smith, ovate by Pursh and Torrey
but they are realy ovate oblong.

674. BASILIMA Raf. 1815. Sorbariasubg.
Ser. Schizonotus liind. Cal. patent Sparted
smooth not colorate, base acute, petals 5, sta-
mens 15 to 20 inserted at the base of the calix,
pistils 4 to 5 sessile, capsules 4 to 5 unequal ses-
sile smooth monosperm. Large shrubs with
the foliage of Roses and Sorbus, leaves alter-
nate stipulate oddly pinnate, folioles oppo-
site sessile, flowers bracteolate panicidate or
corymbose — This fine natural Genus is certain-
ly more different from Sjnrea than "Lowea is
from Rosa ! it may be known at first sight by
its habit.

675. Basilima sorbifolia Raf Sp. do L.
&.C. Pallas fl. t. 24. Quite smooth, branches

76 NEW SYLVA.

terete flexuose, leaves with 11 to 21 folioles
broad lanceol. acuminate duplicate serrate, sti-
pules oblong entire, flowers paniculate crowded,
panicle oblong, bracteoles lanceol. equal to the
short clavate pedicels — Sibiria and New Sibiria
in N. W. America, a large shrub, with fine in-
carnate odorous flowers, folioles 1 or 2 inches
long. My specimens have racemose panicles
before anthesis, becoming glomerate in full
bloom.

676. Basilima PYGMEA Raf. Sp. sorbif. var.
pygmea Pallas fl. t. 25. Quite diflerent from
the last by folioles broader less acum. ovate
lanceol. laciniate and flowers corymbose — Mts.
of Sibiria and probably in boreal America, a
small dwarf shrub. Not seen but the figure of
Pallas is strikingly diflerent. It must not be
blended with the Sorbus pumila of Origon, that
has edible berries.

Monograph of HYDRANGEA.

Linneus had only one species, our botanists
have gradualy increased them to 4 ; but I shall
still further increase them to 10. They are all
shrubs growing in mountains and hills on rocks
and near streams, blossoms estival. Ihe Ge-
nus had been united to the Saxifragides, but
Lindley dreamt that it was to be united to the
Caprifoliacea ! with berries and monopetal co-
rollas ! It really belongs to the Natural family
of DicEKACEA in the Nat. Order Ascadia,
which includes all the Saxifragides with ovary
and capsule coalescent or inferior. It includes
two subgenera.

Apleria. Flowers uniform consimilar.

Megasteira. Flowers dissimilar, the exterior
enlarged neutral radial, as in Opulus, 3-4fid un-
equal.

OF NORTH AMERICA. 77

The habit is peculiar, leaves opposite petio-
late, flowers terminal cyniose or paniculate. It
is therefore a natural Genus, having atlinities
with the Myrtoides, Hederacea and Viburnides.
The Gr. Itea and Cunonia ditler by free pistil.

677- Hydrangea (Apl.) vulgaris Mx. P. B.
E. Sec arborescens L. Slc. Branches terete
sulcate pale, leaves ovatoblong acuminate,
equaly serrate smooth pale beneath, petiols and
nerves pubescent, base rounded, cymes naked
pubescent uniform, 2 oblong bracts — Alleghany
Mts. and hills from Pennsylv. to Carolina and
Kentucky, B to 5 feet high, leaves *2 or 3 inches
long, flowers white and small. Var. carnea^
flowers incarnate.

678. Hydr. (Apl.) paniculata Raf. Quite
smooth, branches terete fuscate, leaves ovato-
blong both ends acute, glaucous on both sides,
nearly entire or remotely dentate, 6'yme panicu-
late lax with oblong sessile bracts — A very dis-
tinct Sp. found without locality in Collins herb,
probably from Origon and Sibiria, leaves large
4 inches long 2 wide, petiols shorter uncial
slightly ciliolate, flowers niuch larger than in
the last, with large lanceolate, petals, calix an-
gular, stamens erect longer than petals.

679. Hydrangea (3Ieg,} acuta Raf. Bran-
ches sub angidar purplish, leaves ovatoblong un-
equaly serrate, acuminate, base acute entire,
pale beneath, nerves puberulent, cymes pubes-
cent naked hardly radiate, bracts small ovate —
Apalachian Mts. Leaves very thin, cymes
small, commonly with 1 to 3 small neutral flow-
ers unequaly trifid acute white. Thus a pas-
sage to the subgenus Megasteira.

680. Hydr. (Meg.) GLAucARaf. radiata glau-

^y NEW SYLVA.

ca Mg. Branches terete biangular, leaves o-
vate serrate acum. base rounded, beneath glau-
cous smooth, upper leaves subsessile, cymes ra-
diate, neutral rays 3-4fid — Alabama and Alle-
ghanies, leaves thin large, flowers white, rays
with unequal rounded segments. Capsules as
in most species with 10 prominent nerves.

681. Hydr. (Meg.) rotundifolia Raf.
Branches angular rough, lower leaves petiolate
rounded and orbicular acum. serrate, base not
cordate, rough above, pale beneath, nerves
rough pubescent, upper leaves sessile ovate
base acute, cymes radiate, rays 3-4fid large
rounded obtuse. — Wasioto Mts. of Kentucky
and Virginia on rocks, 3 to 4 feet high, leaves
small, flowers large white, rays very large un-
equal.

682. Hydr. (Meg.) heterophyla Raf.
Branches subangular, leaves elliptic, base cor-
date or truncate or obliquate, apex acumin.
falcate, unequaly serrate, beneath concolor ;
nerves puberulent, upper leaves rounded base
rounded, cymes hardly radiate pubescent, rays
ovate acute. — Wasioto Mts. of Kentucky disc.
1823 with the last, akin but distinct by leaves
and rays, these sometimes lacking.

683. Hydr. (Meg.) cordata Pursh. E. «&c.
Branches angular,leaves firm rounded base sub-
cordate, dentate shortly acuminate, rough above
beneath concolor veins reticulate smooth, cymes
radiate, rays many ovate acute, 2 oblong bracts
— Virginia, Carolina, Kentucky &lc on rocks,
humble shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with larger
thicker leaves, and ample cymes.

684. Hydr. (Meg.) amplifolia Raf. Branch-
es subangular leaves on very long petiols thin
ample ovate, lower subcordate at base, smooth

or NORTH AMERICA. 79

acumin. laciniate serrate pale beneath, cymes
hardly radiate, bracts oblong — Banks of the
Delaware and Susquehaimah in Alts, Allegha-
nies, a large shrub G to 10 feet high, leaves very
large 5 to 8 inches long, petiols 3 to 5 inches,
cymes ample, only 1 or 2 neutral rays.

685. Hydr. (Meg.) discolor Raf. Branches
angular, leaves elliptic acumin. base often acute
serrulate, beneath whitish closely tomentose,
cyme villose subradiate, bracts 2 lanceol. fal-
cate sessile, rays small obovate acute — Apala-
chian Mts. often blended with the next proba-
bly, but distinct by leaves and rays, shrub 6 to
10 feet high, seen alive in gardens.

686. Hydr. (Meg.) nivea ]\Ix. P. E. ^c. ra-
diata Walter. Branches terete dark purple,
leaves firm ovate acum. base subcordate, ser-
rate, rugose above and pubescent along the
nerves, beneath snowy white tomentose, cymes
subradiate, rays lanceolate — Apalachian and
Unaka Mts. on the R. Santi &c, elegant shrub,
well described by Elliot, my speciniens are but
slightly cordate, flowers white late vernal.

687. Hydr. (Meg.) quercij olia Bartr. trav.
ic. Pursh, E. 4*c. A well known shrub, now
common in our gardens, found by Bartram in
the Cheroki mts. 60 years ago, published and
figured in his travels 45 years ago, yet omitted
by Wild. Pers. and all till Pursh ! Easily known
by the lobate leaves and large thyrsoid panicle
of pink flowers many neutrals: Bartram says
it grows on the R. Oconi and in North Alaba-
ma near streams, has many divergent stems 5
to 6 feet high, the bark peals as in Physocarpa,
the broad oboval neutral flowers are at first
rosate, but gradualy change to red, purple, rus-
ty and brown.

80 KEW SYLVA

FAGUS and CASTANEA.
The Beech and Chesnut trees so unhke and
easily known by their fruits had _been kept sep-
arate by the old Botanists, but Linneus took the
fancy to unite them under his Fagus. — This
linnean blunder was never assented to by the
French Botanists, and now after 100 years the
two genera are again acknowledged. But as
to our American Sp. they are yet miscalled and
deemed the same as the European ; which is
erroneous, none of our trees being quite identic!
I must therefore revise them and add some
new kinds.

688. Fagus alba Raf. sylvatica of Amer.
bot. not L. nor Europe. Bark smooth white,
branchlets terete cinereous, leaves on short pe-
tiols ovate lanceol. dentate'~ ciliate, acute at
both ends, green concolorf aments on short pe-
duncles, nuts ovate mucronate obtusely trigone
— Our white Beech tree, common all over N.
America, 50 to GO feet high, leaves 2 or 3 in-
ches long. Dioical or polygamous,

689. Fagus heterophyla Raf. Bark and
branches grey, branchlets terete, leaves subpe-
tiolate ovate obovate rhomboidal and elliptic,
acute at both ends, remotely uncinate serrulate
above, sometimes jagged on one side, margin
and nerves pilose, surface yellowish green con-
color, aments on long filiform pilose peduncles,
nuts ovate angles obtuse — Our Grey Beech is a
rare tree, smaller than the last, occasionaly
met in the dry hills of the Alleghanies, leaves
thin about biuncial of a yellowish cast, quite en-
tire till the middle then serrulate and subacu-
minate.

690. Fagus ferruginka Ait. purpurea of

or NOllTlI AMERICA. 81

some botanists. Bark redish, branchlets terete
sulcate dark purple, leaves subpetiolate ovato-
blong remotely serrate acuminate, base acute
or obtuse often obliqual, margin ciliate, young
nerves pilose, surface rusty, pale beneath, a-
ments on thick peduncles, nuts ovate acute with
sharp angles — our Red Beech is found from
New England to Missouri, the wood has a red-
ish tinge like the bark, leaves 2 or 3 inches
long, monoical, female flowers with many linear
smooth bracts. A large tree 50 to 100 feet
high.

691. Fagus nigra Raf. Bark fuscate, branch-
lets blackish teretej_sulcate, leaves subsessile
ample ovate rhomboidal, acumin. base acute,
margin denticulate, surface dark green glossy
on both sides, nuts acute angles sharp — This
tree called Black or Brown Beech is sparingly
found with the others, 40 to 70 feet high,
branches so dark purple as to be almost black,
leaves very large 4 to 5 inches long.

692. Fagus rotundholia Raf. fl. tex. 10
atl. J. 177. Bark fuscate, branchlets terete
fuscate, leaves petiolate rounded repand acute,
petiols margins and nerves above and beneath
silky pilose, aments commonly geminate on
short and thick peduncles silky like the bracts
■ — A very distinct Sp. first described by me in
1833, it appeara to have an extensive range, it
first appears in Arkanzas and Texas, extend-
ing to Origon and Sdbiria, perhaps even to Eu-
rope, where several' blended Sp. exist which I
shall shortly notice for contrast with ours. This
Beech tree is smaller than the others 20 to 30
feet high, leaves 1 or 2 inches long and broad.
It may be, called the Silky Beech.

693. Fagus sylvatica L. &c. Branches

11

S2 ?fEW SYLVA

diffuse fuscate, leaves petiolate ovate acute sub-
serrate undulate, smooth glossy yellowish, mar-
gin villose, peduncles filiform villose, nuts ovate
angles obtuse — Europe and Sibiria. Var. san-
guinea leaves red.

694. Fagus ASPLENiroLiA Raf. Leaves ovate
serrate laciniate or lanceolate lobulate — Eu-
rope and Sibiria, a small tree.

695. Castanea vesca W. P. Dec. &c. Fa-
gus castanea L. 4^c, Leaves petiolate lanceo-
late acuminate, serrate by mucronate uncinate
teeth, smooth beneath, capsules echinate dis-
perme, nuts large dimidiate smooth mealy in-
side — South of Europe, very large tree, nuts 4
times as large as ours, darker, farinaceous not
oily, one side flat, the other convex.

696. Castanea Americana Raf. 1804. vesca
var. amer. W. P. and the Amer, botanists.
Branchlets fuscate rugose, leaves petiolate o-
blong lanceol. acum. remotely mucronate ser-
rate, beneath glaucous and smooth (pubescent
in young leaves,) aments fasciculate spicate in-
terrupted glomerate, capsules echinate 3-5seed-
ed, nuts small ovate apex villose acute, coryla-
ceous sweet inside — AH over North America
from Canada to Louisiana and Origon, quite a
peculiar Sp. ascertained by me since 1804 in
my fl. columbica. A smaller tree than the Eu-
ropean only 40 to 60 feet high, growing in dry
and rocky ridges and Mts. leaves 4 to 8 inches
long, fruits quite unlike the European Chesnuts,
small similar to filberds in size and taste, sweet
oily, and edible raw, while the European must
be boiled or roasted being acerb. Nuttal has
well described the fructification. Var. 1. an-
GusTi FOLIA Raf. Leaves very long and narrow

OF NORTH AMERICA, S3

lanceolate, on the Susquehanah. 2 Var, lati-
folia. Leaves broader and shorter, rather acute
than acum. High Mts. a small tree. Perhaps
these are two incipient Sp. I regret that I did
not see the fruits.

697. Castanea pumila of late Authors, Fa-
gus do L. &c, our well known Chincapin nut,
edible sw^eet, from Delaware to Florida. Var.

fulva Raf. Leaves broader often nearly obo-
vate, almost fulvous beneath, nerves quite so,
aments compact. Alleghany Mts.

698. Castanea nana Mg. El. Eat. alnifolia
Nut. a small shrub 2 or 3 feet high with ovate
lanceol. leaves, almost obtuse, subtomentose be-
neath, capsules monosperm — Carolina to Flo-
rida, in sandy tracts, creeping.

699. CLADRASTIS Raf. fl. Kent. 1824,
Neog. 1825. Virgilia Sp. Mx. and others. Ca-
lix gibbose campan. unequaly 51obed, petals 5
unequal unguiculate, superior larger obovate
notched, 4 oblong obtuse subcordate at base.
Stamens 10 free unequal filiform, pistil stipitate
oblong, style curved compressed, stigma acute.
Pod stipitate linear flat membranaceous poly-
sperm, seeds oblong. Trees with odly pinnate
leaves and racemose white flowers^ without
bracts. As soon as I found this tree in Ken-
tucky in 1821 I ascertained that it was not con-
generic with the African Virgilias which have
calix bilabiate, 2 of the petals cariniform, stig-
ma obtuse, seeds lenticular &c. The name
means brittle branches.

700. Cladrastis tinctoria (or albiflora)
Raf. Virgilia lutea Mx. ic. Nut. Eat. Dec.
Kentukensis Dumont. Smooth tree. Leaves
5-7folioles petiolate alternate ovate acumin. en-
tire, glaucous beneath, the odd larger ovate

84 NEW SYLVA

rhomboida], base acute, flowers in simple lax
nodding racemes, white odorous, pods smooth.
— From Kentucky to Alabama, but very local,
a fine tree 30 to 50 feet high, branches brittle,
wood branches petiols and nerves yellow, leaves
ample, folioles 3 to 6 inches long very smooth.
Flowers white fragrant like those of Robinia,
not yellow as stated by Nuttal and after him by
many, even Decandole ! Michaux does not say
so, in his colored trees they are white, his im-
proper name lutea applied to the wood not the
flowers, Nuttal did not see the flowers and mis-
took his meaning. 1 have seen them ! The
wood is yellow and dies yellow like Fustic.
The vulgar names are yellow wood and yellow
Locust. The V. Kentukensis of Dumont Cour-
set (Botaniste cultivateur) is only the young
tree before blooming. It blossoms only in May
for one week on the banks of the River Ken-
tucky. I shall add two other new Genera
rather akin but with yellow and blue flowers.
They all belong to the Leguminose, suborder
Lomentaria with free stamens, and natural
family of Sophorides.

701. ZANTHYRSIS Raf. calix persistent
campanul. equaly Sdentate, petals 5 subequal
cuneate obtuse, 1 narrower, 10 stamens sube-
qual, pistil stipitate, podogyne villose longer
than calix, ovary smooth terete curved, style
very short, stigma acute, pod stipitate podo-
gyne tomentose, pod falcate subterete, seeds . .
Tree with odly pinnate leaves, no bracts^
thyrsoidal yelloiv floicers^— This Genus is
nearer Sophora than the last, but has some very
peculiar characters, the name applies to the
yellow thyrsus.

702. Zanthyrsis paniculata Raf Virgilia

or KORTH AMERICA. 85

aurea Collins herb, not of Authors. Branches
fuscate siibangular and piiberulent, leaves with
many folioles sessile oblong obtuse nearly
smooth concolor, petiols pubescent, panicle ter-
minal foliose lax, peduncles 2-3flore — South
Florida and Cuba, a small tree, habit and leaves
like Amorpha and Virgjlia, folioles 21 to 25 half
uncial. Flowers in a lax compound raceme
forming a panicled thyrsus, small and yellow,
half size of Cladrastis. The podogyne is very
remarkable by its length and white hairs. I
add for contrast the real Virgilia aurea of
Africa.

703. Virgilia aurea Lam. t. 326. f. 1.
Wild. Pers. Poiret Sm. Dec. Shrub, leaves
with many folioles petiolate elliptic obtuse
smooth glaucous beneath, raceme simple with
small lanceolate bracts, pods shortly stipitate
oblong compressed reticulate, seeds lenticular
— In Abyssinia in East Africa ! thus totaly un-
like our American plant and having the char-
acters of the African Virgilias, calix bilabiate,
petals unequal, 2 cariniform, a short smooth
stipes to the pod. Flowers golden, called white
by mistake in Poiret.

704. AGASTIANIS Raf. Virgilia, Sophora,
and Broussonetia ! of Authors. Calix bilabi-
ate, lips 2 and 3 dentate, petals 5 unequal, vex-
illum oval emarginate larger, 4 oblong biauri-
culate at base, 2 connivent'cariniform. Stam.
10 unequal free persistent, pistil terete shortly
stipitate, a style, stigma obtuse. Pod oblong
tomentose convex on both sides. iShrub with
odly pinnate leaves^ floivers blue in simple
racemes with bracts — This fine shrub has been
shuffled in several Genera, I deemed it myself

85 NEW SYLVA.

a Cladrastis in 1825, but am now convinced
that it is realy a peculiar Genus as deemed by
Ortega ; but his name of Broussonetia had
been employed, mine means remarkable blue,

705. Agastianis secundiflora Raf. Brous-
sonetia do. Ort. dec. 7. Virgilia do. Cav. t. 401.
Pers. Sm. Sophora do. Dec. Branches angular,
leaves with ll-15folioles subsessile oval smooth
rigid, petiols swelled at base, racemes tomen-
tose secundiflore, pedicels with 3 bracts, 1 at
base, 2 beneath the calix — Mexico and Texas,
a pretty shrub with handsome blue flowers, the
vexillum or large petal pale blue. Decandole
says the pods are moniliform as in Sophora, but
he did not see them : even if they are the calix
and petals are different from the real Sophoras,
still more so from those with 4gone or monos-
perm pods that must form the Genera Gonon-
dra and Aplenda Raf. 1815, and fl. tel.
Monograph of CHIONANTHUS.

This Genus of the Fraxinides family is very
near to the Ornanthes,'differing only by a drupe
for fruit and simple leaves. Linneus had only
Ch. Virginica of N. Amer. some presumed va-
rieties were since noticed, but I have been able
to ascertain 6 species quite distinct, although
forming a very natural Genus ; called vulgary
Fringe trees : they are all small trees, with
handsome panicles of vernal white flowers, and
opposite leaves quite entire. The Sp, of South
America and Ceylon &:c must be examined
again and will probably form peculiar subgene-
ra if not Genera. Mayepea, Linociera and
Thouinia must be restored. All our Sp. have
a small 4fid calix, 4 linear petals and 2 stamens
not 4 as Mayepea.

706. Chionanthus 3iariti3ia Raf. Virg. L.

or NOllTII A3IERICA. 87

&.C. var. marit. Pursli Eat, Beck. Branches
terete fuscate pubescent, leaves petiolate obo-
vate elliptical membranaceous obtuse or acute
pubescent beneath, panicles multiflore lax,
bracts ovate and oblong, peduncles mostly tri-
flore, calix unequal, fruits elliptical purple — A
small tree 10 to 30 feet high, growing near the ,
sea shores or near streams of the littoral region
from New Jersey to Florida, leaves 3 to 4 in-
ches long, commonly obovate, sometimes ellip-
tical, panicles with many large flowers. Var.
rhomhifolia Raf. leaves elliptic rhomboidal,
base acute, end obtuse, bracts lanceolate. In
Delaware,

707. Chion. obovata Raf. domingensis?
Lam. Quite smooth, branches terete whitish
with round warts, leaves subsessile obovate
rounded, base acuminate, apex very obtuse,
panicles cymose pauciflore lax, peduncles bi-
flore rigid divergent, bracts obovate sessile, ca-
lix unequal, fruits ovate acute — Hills of Alaba-
ma, large leaves 4 to 6 inches long, quite round
at the end, firmer and broader than in the last,
fewer flowers. Probably also found in the An-
tilles and Florida.

708. Chion. heterophyla. Raf. virginica
Mx. Leaves petiolate obovate acute or elliptic
acuminate or ovate lanceolate pubescent be-
neath, nerves rufous, panicles lax pauciflore,
bracts sessile ovate or oblong, peduncles 1-3
flore, calix subequal, fruits ovate subacute — A-
palacbian and Wasioto Mts. medial between
Ch. maritima and montana.

709. Chion. Montana Raf. virg. L. var.
mont. P. B. E. Branches smooth pale 4anr
gular rugose with oblong warts, leaves firm sub-

88 ^EW SYLVA.

sessile ovate lanceol. acute at both ends, glau-
cous beneath and smooth, nerves fuscate hardly
puberulent, panicles multiflore compact, pedun-
cles triflore, bracts ovate or oblong, calix equal,
fruits oval. — Alleghany and Apalachian Mts.
from Virginia to Georgia, a small tree 4 to 10
feet high, leaves 3 to 4 inches long. The warts
are singular oblong with a fissure.

710. Chion. longifolia Raf. Branches su-
bangular pubescent fuscate, leaves subpetiolate,
oblong lanceol. undulate acum. at both ends,
nerves fuscate pubescent, racemes simple elon-
gate paucilKore lax pubescent bracts elliptic,
peduncles filiform l-2flore, calix equal — Lou-
isiana and Texas, leaves 6 to 8 inches long,
about 2 wide, flowers rather smaller than in
the others : fruits not seen.

711. Chion, angustifolia Raf. virginica?
Elliot, virg. angustif Ait. Quite smooth, bran-
ches pale subangular with flat ringed warts,
leaves petiolate lanceolate acute or acuminate
glaucous beneath, panicles lax pauciflore, bracts
ovatoblong, peduncles mostly triflore, calix sub-
equal elongate — Carolina and Florida, a very
distinct Sp. by leaves very narrow, 8 to 4 inches
long, but hardly one broad, flowers small, fruits
globular. Very peculiar warts on the stem
round flat with a circular concentric furrow.
Shrub 3 to 10 feet high (Elliot.) Var. cylin-
drica Elliot, with long cylindrical multiflore
panicles.

712. FORESTIERA Foiret 1811, Bige-
lowia Smith 1821 not of Raf. 1817- Adelia
Brown and Michaux not of Lin. Borya of
W^ildenow and Persoon, not of Labilardiere
and Poiret. See my article Adeha in first part; ,

t)F NORTH AMERICA. 89

I have since ascertained that Forestiera was
the first unemployed name given to this Genus
by Poiret, and must be adopted by all correct
Botanists ! This Genus thus made ambiguous
in name is also somewhat doubtful in charac-
ters, because the dioical flowers are difficult to
examine : it contains probably many species
as these shrubs are unnoticed unless met in
bloom. They are very near to Fraxinus by
the flowers, and Chionanthus by the fruit, and
simple opposite leaves: Thus evidently of the
same natural family. But like Fraxinus they
include several subgenera, that ought perhaps
to be Genera, and I will consider them as such
in order to distinguish them better.

713. Forestiera Poir. Raf. Dioical, calix 4
parted persistent, 2 or 3 anthers on a single
central filament, fem. fl. calix 2 or 4 parted
iinequal,no corolla, one pistil with style and bilobe
stigma. Fruit a berry drupaceous one seeded,
seed cartilaginous sulcate or rugose. Shrubs
with coniTnonkf entire opposite leaves and la-
teral sessile flowers. This includes most of
the species; but they must all be examined
again, in bloom.

714. CARPOXIS Raf. (sharp fruity Poly-
gamous ? Calix 4parted Stamens 4 inserted in
the calix (Elliot,) calix with a 5th smaller seg-
ment outside and more than 4 stamens, each
on a filament. Fem. fl. ternate on fascicled
peduncles, no calix, pistil oblong, no style, stig-
ma sessile acute. Drupaceous berry oblong
acuminate, seed sulcate. Shrubs often thorny,
leaves <^c as in Forestiera. I have followed
the figure of Michaux which shows almost a
polyandrous flower ? and the whole quite dif-
ferent from the others. Elliot justly doubts the

12

90 NEW SYLVA

genus of his Shrub ; it must be evidently a pe-
cuHar one near to Nudilus and some Ilexides
to be compared, as well as my Genus Nestro-
nia 503.

715. NUDILUS Raf. fl. tex. 1. in Atl. J.
176 and Herb. Raf. Dioical, male fl . , . . fem.
fl. no calix nor corolla, pistil ovate, a long style,
stigma capitate. Drupaceous berry ovate one
seeded. Shrubs with opposite or suhalterne
leaves, flowers lateral peduncled. This is the
only Genus I have been able to examine alive,
and I only met the female flowers, which have
really no calix as in some Fraxinides, whence
the name of Nudilus. I shall now enumerate
12 species belonging to those 3 Genera, altho'
our botanists have only 3 or 4, Elliot and Eaton
only two.

716. FoRESTiERA LiGUSTRiNA Poirct, AdcHa,
Borya, Bigelowia of Authors. Leaves thin sub-
petiolate lanceolate oblong entire, fruits ovate
— In Illinois and Tennessee, habit of liigustrum,
only found by Michaux, not in Elliot nor Ea-
ton, not seen by me.

717. FoRESTiERA DisTicHA (or licterophyla)
Raf. Borya distichophyla of Nuttal. Quite
smooth, branches divergent subterete levigate
grey, leaves distichal subsessile thin entire, mar-
gin scabrous, uninerve, the lower ovate, the up-
per lanceolate or oblong acute, bud scales acu-
minate pungent — found by Nuttall in East
Tennessee on the banks of Frenchbroad River.
My specimen is from him in Collins Herb. A
tall shrub 12 to 16 feet high, leaves small un-
cial or less. Flowers and fruits not seen.

718. FoRESTiERA VERRUCOSA (or glauca) Raf.
Branches terete verrucose, leaves petiolate co-
riaceous glaucous entire obtuse elliptic or sub-
oboval, base acute, fruits fasciculate peduncu-

T

OF NORTH AMERICA. 91

late oblong obtuse— found in Florida by Dr.
Baldwin and mistaken for F. ligustrina by Col-
lins altho' nearer F. porulosa. The warts are
remarkable similar to those of some Chionan-
thus, unequal oblong flat rimose, the leaves are
uncial quite glaucous on both sides, slightly re-
ticulate and with no pores beneath, but a few
scattered white small warts or dots, probably
an Aecidium or parasitical fungus ; the berries
are similar to Barberries as long as the pedun-
cles, and dark purple.

719. FoRESTiERA PORULOSA Poirct. Adclia
do Mx. Borya do W. P. Elliot. Leaves cori-
aceous sessile oval lanceol. obtuse, margin re-
volute entire, beneath porulose punctate arid
rusty— Sea shore of Florida, flowers and fruits
not seen, even by Elliot.

720. FoRESTiERA cuNEiFOLiA Raf. Branch-
es rugose subangular, leaves petiolate cuneate
lanceol. acute entire smooth, a single rufous
nerve, fruits lateral subternate naked ovate
acute subsessile — Discovered in fruit by Dr.
Ward on the banks of the Wabash, seen alive
without flowers. It may be a Nudilus or some-
thing else, altho' quite near F. ligustrina, but
leaves quite cuneate and often alternate, uncial,
neither coriaceous nor membranaceous.

721. FoRESTiERA cAssiNOiDEs Poir. Adclia
Br. t. 36. Borya W. P. &-c. Leaves petiolate
oblong obtuse coriaceous smooth, margin revo-
lute, beneath reticulate— Antilles and South
Florida.

722. FoRESTiERA (or Carpoxis) nitida Raf.
Borya do Loud. Cycl. Leaves opposite and
alternate ovate acute serrulate shining — This
and the two next, I only find noticed in Lou-
dun Cyclop, of plants, who does not quote his
Authorities, but given them as North American,

WZ NEW SYLVA.

They may be of a different Genus and approx-
imate to Carpoxis by the leaves not quite entire,
728. Forest, (or Carp.) prinoides Raf.
Borya Loud. Leaves ovate lanceolate serrate
— Is it Ilex prinoides ? flowers green, leaves 2^
inches long, one broad.

724. Forest, (or Carp.) retusa Raf. Borya
Loud. Leaves alternate tapering in short pe-
tiols, retuse emarginate mucronulate very
smooth glaucous. — Very near to my Ilex retusa
but that is a real Ilex with 4seeded berries.

725. Carpoxis spinosa Raf. Adelia acumi-
nata Mx. ic. 48. Borya W. P. &.c. Bigelowia
Sm. Branches spinose, leaves petiolate, rhom-
boidal, lanceolate, serrate (entire in the figure)
acute smooth, fruits subternate drooping oblong
rostrate acuminate — Carolina and Georgia,
margin of streams, the description and figure of
Michaux do not agree, and Elliot Sp. appears
distinct. Leaves uncial, fruits long on filiform
peduncles. Stamens over 4 ?

726. Carpoxis inermis Raf. Borya acumi-
nata Pursh, Elliot &c. Branches not spinose,
leaves oval lanceol. attenuate at both ends pe-
tiolate membranaceous serrulate — Carolina,
only seen dry by Elliot, who says that it has
really 4 stamens.

727. NuDiLus PARADOXUS Raf. fl. tex. &-c,
duite smooth, branches terete, leaves opposite
and altern. lanceolate sessile acute entire fas-
ciculate, fem. fl. peduncled racemose 2-4flore —
from West Kentucky to Texas, very rare, a
small shrub 3 to 5 feet high, flowers small ver-
nal before the leaves, which are uncial rather
thin and commonly alternate, berries ovate
black ? but not seen ripe.

728. FRAXINUS Lin. and all Authors,
This Genus ought to follow the last, and I could

OP NORTH AMERICA. 93

give a Monograph of 32 Species at least, while
our Authors have only 7 or 8 ; but Bosc and
Loudun have noticed 27 North American Sp.
while Wildenow and Persoon had only 10.
However I have but a dozen Sp. in my Herba-
rium often without flowers or fruits, and I must
delay this labor ; when I will easily prove that
this extensive Genus must be divided into 5
Genera at least, and I am now going to estab-
lish them.

729. Fraxinus Raf. "^all the Species with
naked flowers, without calix as in Nudilus, 2
stamens, and fruit a winged samare. Leaves
pinnate, floicers paniculate polygamous.

730. LEPTALIX Raf. Those differing by
a small calix 4dentate &.c. Such as Fr. caro-
liniana, acuminata, jnibescens, jiiglandifolia
and many other American Sp. but Bosc has not
noticed this important character.

731. ORNANTHES Raf. 1815. Ornus P.
Pursh, B. E. &c. Quite different by having
not only a calix, but also a corolla of 4 petals
as in Chionanthus . . Ornus being the root of
many names I changed it to Ornanthes mean-
ing the flowering Ash : 3 Sp. at least O. rotun-
difolia, mannifera and Americana.

732. APLILIA Raf. Flowers and fruits to
be examined and described, leaves simple.
Probably more than a subgenus. Two Sp. at
least. A macrophyla and laciniata, the Fr.
simplicifolia of late Authors.

733. SAMARPSES Raf. A minute triden-
tate calix, stamens 3 ? Fruit a peculiar samare
obovate with 3 wings like Halesia, seed trian-
gular, heaves pinnate — This must constitute
a very peculiar genus, the flowers must be bet-
ter described.

734. Samarpses tkiptera Raf. Fraxinus do

94 NEW SYLVA.

Nuttal, Elliot. Folioles about 7 obovate entire
subsessille obliquate, villose and pale beneath,
nerves smooth — In the Oak forests of Car-
olina.

APPENDIX.

I must conclude here this third part of my
New Flora and first of my New Sylva, not be-
ing able to include in it all our New Trees and
Shrubs as I expected, owing to the need I had
to enlarge my labors by illustrations and mono-
graphs of compared or revised Genera and Spe-
cies of Trees and Shrubs. Another part shall
be required for this New Sylva ; since I have
only revised one half of what I intended. In the
prolific Genera Quercus, Salix, Populus, Betu-
la, Hicoria, Kalmia, Mimosa, Magnolia, Illici-
um, Azalea, Ribes, Rubus, Calycanthus, Tilia,
^c. I have few additions to make, and I have
already illustrated elsewhere the G. Vitis, Rosa
Abies, Aker &:c. But there is nevertheless a
number of Genera as yet untouched that require
revision or additions — such are — Andromeda,
Vaccinium, Rhamnus, Ilex, Viburnum, Loba-
dium, Aesculus and Pavia, Prunus and akin
Cerasus, Padus . . . The Coniferes, Pomiferes,
Hypericines, Malvaceous . . . and also Myrica,
Nyssa, Fraxinus, Artemisia, Lantana . . . be-
sides all our Palms, Yucas, Smilax, Zamia,
Cactus and Upuntia.

Several of our small Genera are pretty well
settled, such as Olea, Catalpa, Callicarpa, Pte-
lea, Pinkneya, Staphylea, Fothergilla, Dirca,
Menziesia, Mylocarium, Bejaria, Illicium, Ho-
pea, Halesia, Corylus, Carpinus, Platanus . . .
But others have great additions or improve-
ments to receive, for instance Clethra, Aralia,
Asimina, Chiococca, Cyrilla, Itea, Sambucus,

OF NORTH AMERICA. 95

Berberis, Arbutus, Myrtus, Ficus, Avicennia .~.

There is also a number oi" new or rare Trees and Shrubs
discovered in Florida and described by Bartram 50 or 60
years ago, that are not yet received by our supine Botanists
— others of Robin disc, in 1802, described 1807 and by me
again in 1817 in Florula Ludoviciana, are yet quite neglected
by them — Even those few noticed or well ascertained by
Lewis and Clarke 30 years ago, in Origon,are hardly known.
All these ought to have been long ago added at least as Sy-
nonyms or in an Appendix to our Botanical Works, and 1
mean to do so, unless introduced by me in the proper mono-
graphs ; I will now add here the names of the most remarka-
ble among them.

Among Bartram's Trees orShrubs of Florida were Nyssa
coccinea, Lycmm salsum, Corypha repens and obliqua,
Areca floridaiia R. (Corypha palma B.) Erythrina corallo-
dendron, Magnolia fragrans and acuta Raf. and several Sp.
of Michaux long before him,Quercus incana and many others,
many Sp. of Azalea, Aesculus, Myrica, Lantana, Prinos, An-
dromeda . . . also Cupressus purpurea Raf. Rhizophora con-
jugata, Agave vivipara, Carica papaya or ftoridana Raf. . . .
Besides several new Genera, my Xiphodendron, Nestronia,
Sc^erotris, Piloblephis &c.

Among those of Lewis and Clarke are my Sorbus pumila,
Sambucus ceruleus, Juniperus radicans, Betula rupestris, Pi-
nus humilis and macrocarpa, Pyrus fuscata . . . besides sev-
eral Sp. of Cactus, Ribes, Vaccinium . . . and all my new
Firs see Abies.

Among those of Robin and Louisiana to be admitted in our
Sylva, are my Laurus ludoviciana, Fraxinus discolor, undu-
lata and lacera, Arbutus obtusifolius, Cornus polygama, As-
cyrum grandiflorum, Hypericum rostratum and fulgidum,
Tilia stenopetala, Frangula fragilis, Prunus stenophyla, Gle-
ditsia heterophyla, Ptelea tomentosa, Hicorius integrifolia,
Cassine ramulosa, £cc . . . Besides my N. G. Chimanthus,
Adnaria, Diplonix, Pseudopetalon, Philostemon ... all des-
cribed since 1817!

We should look in vain for these Trees and Shrubs in the
Works of our Compilers and neglectful Botanists. They
will all be noticed again in my New Sylva, or given as sy-
nonyms when rectified.

END OF THE THIRD PART. AND NEW SYLVA FIRST
PART

INDEX OF GENERA.

SUBGENERA AND SYNONYMS OF THIS NEW SYLVA.

Synonyms are in Italics — References to the numbers.

Abelicea 572. '

Jlddia 712.
Agastianis 704-5.
Amorpha 507.
Anthelis 549-51.
Aplenda 705.
Apleria 676.
Aplilia 732.
Audibertia 606-
Bdsilima 674-6.
Bigelowia 7 J 2 . Borya 712.
Broussonetia 577 to 584, 704.
Bumelia 51^5-8.
Caprifolium 5 1 6 to 525. ^
Carpoxis 714, 725.
Carpodetus 607.
Castanea 695-98.
Ceanothus 607 to 621.
Celastrus 506.
Celtis 5 52 to 566.
Cepbalanthus 538.
Cepkaloihymus 604.
Ceratiola 596.
Chamedryon 653.
Chionanthus 706 to 711.
Chrysobalanus 539 to 542.
Chrysophylum 543-4.
Cistus 549-51.
Cladrastis 699, 700.
Colema 594.
Cralegus 501.
Cuni/a 600.
Cypheola 525.
Diervilla 529-30.
Liodeilis 600,
Diospyros 537.
Distegia 525-6.
Empetridia page 48.
Empetrum 594 to 599.
Endammia 595.
Epicostorus 671.
Euleucum 594.
Eunemium 525.
Evonymus 622 to 632.
Fagus 688 to 694.
Forestiera 712 to 725.
Fraxinus 728 to 734.
Fusticus 579 to 583.
Gardoquia 600.

Gonondra 705.
Hamamelis 509 to 515.
Horanthes 549-51.
Hydrangea 677 to 687.
Hypoma 607.
Kantemon 523-5-
Leptalix 730.
Linociera 706.
Lonicera 516 to 530.
Madura 577.
Mayepea 706.
Megasteira 676
Melissa 600.
Morus 577 to 593.
Nestronia 503-5.
Nudilus 715, 727. r .^
Ornanthes (Ornus) 754* .'
Pentinius 623, 632.
Physcondra 624.
Physocarpa 667-70.
Piloblephis 604-5.
Planora 572.
Platomesus 622.
Pieurostena 573-4.
Polygonum 573-6.
Pomaderis 607.
Pyriis 508.
Rafinesquia 600.3.
Rhamnus 505, 572.
Samarpses 733-4.
Sapindus 531.
Satureia 604.
Schizonotus 672-3.
Sophora 701-4.
Sorbaria 674.
Sorbus 508.
Spermalauxen 575-6.
SpiKADiA page 61.
Spirea 633 to 676.
Spondolobus 542.
Symphoria 528.
Toxylon 577-8.
Trilopus 509-15.
Ulmus 567 to 572.
Virgilia 699 to 705.
Viscum 532-6.
Xeromalon 501-3.
Xylosteon 527.
Zanthyrsis 701-2.

NOTICE.

This Work will contain six similar parts
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%

c

NEW FLORA

OF

NORTH AMERICA, f

BY

4.

PROF, RAFINESaUE.

1'//

FOURTH PART.

Neobotanon.

PHILJIDELPHIJI

-»»•••«—

1836.

NEW FLORA

AND BOTANY

OF

IVORTH A ^1 ERICA

OR

A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,

ADDITIONAL TO ALL THE BOTANICAL WORKS ON
NORTH AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES.

Containing 1000 new or revised Species.

BY C. S. RAFINESaUE A. M. Ph. D.

Prof, of Botany, the Historical and Natural
Sciences, member of many learned Societies.

IN FOUR PARTS.

I Lexicon and Monographs.

II Neophvton &c.

III New Sylva &c,

IV Neobotanon &c — with Introductions,
Sketches, Notes, Indexes, &c.

The floral wealth in this wide land concealed
Will be at last by learned care revealed,

PHILADEI^PHIA.

1836.

Price Five Dollars — $20 for 5 Copies.

rVEOBOTAIVOIV.

NEW FLORA

AKD BOTANY

OF

NORTH AMERICA.

BEING A SUPPLEMENTAL FLORA,

To the various Floras and Botanical Works
of Michaux, Muhlenberg. Pursh, Nuttal, El-
liot, Torrey, Beck, Eaton, Bigelow, Barton,
Robin, Hooker, Riddell, Darlington, Schvveinitz
Gibbs, <Slc.

Besides the great works of Linneus, Wilde-
now, Vahl, Vitman, Persoon, Larnark, Decan-
dole, Sprengel, Jussieu, Adanson, Necker,
Lindley, &c. containing nearly 500 additional
or revised New Genera, and 1500 additional
or corrected New Species, illustrated by figures

inAuTIKOJV BOTANIKON.

BY C. S. RAFINESaUE, A. M.— PH. D.

Prof, of Botany, the historical and natural sciences —
Member of many learned Societies of Paris, Vienna,
r.onn, Bru.vlles, Bordeaux, Zurich, Naples, &c. and
in Philadelphia, New York, Cincinati, Lexington, &c.

The Flhral wecdlh In this wide land cucealed.
Will be at last by learhtd cure revealed

PHILADELP HIA:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER.

1836.

NOTICE.

Botanists and Naturalists are informed that
this work and nearly all my other works, man-
uscripts, figures, specimens c^c now forming a
long Catalogue in my Bulletins, may be had
from me either sold and exchanpied for their
own works, if they are not too costly. — My pub-
lished works extend besides IJotany, to all the
other branches of Natural History, American
History, Monuments and Languages, Ethno-
graphy and Geography, Astronomy with Celes-
tial and Biblical Philosophy ; Travels, Journals
and Miscellanies &c.^ — The Catalogues are
given or sent gratis.

The other works to be produced by myself
gradualy until 1840 and 1850, will also be nu-
merous — my History of the American Nations
before and after Columbus was suspended after
two volumes were issued ; but shall now be re-
sumed speedily, and the next volumes comprize
the History of the Tsalagis or Cherokis. — Of
the Tols, Chols, Chontals &c, and other Atlan-
tic Nations of Central America. — Of theMuyz-
cas and other Nations of New Grenada. — Of
the Nations of Austral America ^^c. These
being some of the most obscure parts of Ameri-
can History, may become very interesting, and
my researches will throw some new lights on
those Nations, their origines, events and civili-
zation.

INTRODUC TIO N .
To the Fourth and last Part.

I have already explained that the delay in
the completion of this work, was mainly owing
to the contemporaneous publication of my
Flora Telluria^a, where I inserted the natu-
ral classification, main principles of natural
Botany, and nearly '2000 newor revised Genera
or Species (under 1225 articles) whereof many
from North America likewise. I now conclude
this work like the Fl. Telluriana in 4 parts,
which will include over 1000 new Species with
some new Genera, many revised Monographs
<Slc ; but yet this is merely one half of what I
have ready to publish on our Flora, in order to
correct the glaring errors and omissions of our
Botanists.

Whereas Prof. Torrey has been at last indu-
ced to undertake a general Flora of North
America, a task which 1 had suggested to him
many years ago, I shall delay my future addi-
tions^ and corrections until after his Flora is
published. I call it his Flora, although he hopes
that Nuttal and others will help him, because
he means to insert in it only what he has seen
and ascertained, according to his own notions
of Species and Genera, overlooking varieties
and deviations of specific or generic Types; an
error into which he has fallen in common with
several other Botanists, who have reluctantly
adopted the natural methods of Botany. — But
time wall rectify these absurd and obsolete no-
tions, and as we now restore, adopt and value
the labors, genera and varieties noticed by the
fathers of correct or natural Botany, Adanson,
Jussieu, Necker, Richard. Lamark Sec, those of

6 INTRODUCTION.

our modern Improvers will be along with mine
properly valued in due time — There is a ten-
dency to resist improvements and neglect facts
for awhile by the old scho;)ls of science, which
are afterwards taken hold of by more liberal and
enlightened teachers or pupils.

Therefore my own Flora and that of Torrey
will not interfere in the least, but be supplemen-
tal to each other ; while his labor will proba-
bly save me the trouble of writing many Mo-
nographs, or verifying many synonyms and quo-
tations. When his Flora will be concluded, I
shall have me; ely to publish my additions to it,
in order to complete our real General Floka,
of all the plants actualy known to me or others.

It is well known that notwithstanding the
greatest industry and exertions, it is not possi-
ble for any botanist (or even a set of them) to
collect or see all the plants of a vast region like
our own: therefore there are many plants known
only to. myself or a few others ; and if besides
they are short sighted, or lack the botanical sa-
gacity of ascertaining generic and specific char-
acters, it may happen that they will overlook
many such, even when met with in the woods
or in herbals.

As I think that I am gifted with a peculiar
sharp sigacity in discriminating Genera and
Species of Plants and Animals, it behoves me
to use it in order to rectify these objects and
the sciences relating thereto. — It is what I have
often done, am now doing, and will continue to
do as long as I live, not being prevented by the
sneer or neglect or any one. whom I consider
less sagacious than myself, who cannot discri-
minate between the most conspicuous charac-
ters blended by the Linneists or modern Blen-
ders and Shufflers.

INTRODUCTION. 7

One of my main future works will be a conf-
plete Sylva of North America on our Trees and
Shrubs reduced to natural orders. Another en
our Ferns &c. There will bo much to do yet
in all the botanical classes, before they be pro-
perly rectified and made permanent. There is
an ample field of observations and researches in
the vast regions extending from Florida to
Texas, Origon and Boreal America, and con-
taining more Gen. and Sp. than Europe; even
excluding the Mexican and Tropical States till
Panama, that afford a vegetation equaly fruitful.
Some of my future Monographs of the Genera
or groups Prunus, Plantngo, Gentiana<t Eu'
phorbia, Vaccinmm^ Andromeda SlcvjiW con-
tain from 40 to 80 Species.

In this last part of my Supplemental Flora, I
will chiefly describe some of the most select and
rare plants or shrubs which I have in my Her-
barium ; they are all figured in my Autikon
like the others. — And I can vouch that they
are all as good and genuine Species as any of
our modern botanists, and much better than
one half of the linnean Species of old, often
blending half a dozen ; as in the Genera Gera-
nium^ Lichen^ Conferva, Agaricus, Aster, Eu-
phorbia, Veronica, Jnsticia, and 100 similar
families rather than Genera, that included 10
to 50 Good natural Genera, comingled as men
are comingled with the Monkeys, and Bats with
Birds ! ! ! by many ignorant men or pseudo-
philosophers lacking the sagacity of perceiv-
ing distinctions of parts and forms.

J^EOBOTANON

OR SELECTED NEW PLANTS ^C.

DICOTYLES.

735. OTAMPLIS Raf. Dioical, perigone
Gphyle, Ssepals internal narrower, male fl. 6 sta-
mens monadelphous at base. Female fl. ovary
single ovate, stigma sessile large capitate sublo-
bate. Fruit a single monosperm berry ? Volu-
ble, leaves alternate, Jl. axillary racemose —
Akin in habit (fee to Menispermum, but not
even of same family, lacking the multiple ber-
ries; it must form with Pseliiim of Loureiro
another small family of plants, the PSELIDES
distinct by single ovary and the stamens not op-
posed to equal petals. Pselhim of Lour. Mart.
Bosc, Smith, Decand. &lc differs by Perigone
with 4 sepals, 6 free stamens in male flowers,
stigma Ifid. The Ps. heterophylum is a twin-
ing shrub, with alternate entire leaves, growing
in Anam of Asia. Otamplis derives from Ear-
ed Vine,

736. Otamplis vitifolia Raf. stem twining
striate, leaves on long petiols palmate or lobed,
Snerved, glaucous beneath, base reniform, lobes
acuminate entire, ovate in lower leaves, sinusses
obtuse ; racemes shorter than petiols subcom-
pound. — A large herbaceous Vine, leaves quite
smooth, lower ample 6 to 8 inches broad, petiols
8 to 10 inches long, upper smaller with 3 short
lobes, racemes hardly over one inch long, flow-
ers small geminate or ternate, whitish, sepals
ovatoblong obtuse deciduous, the inner ones
smaller and whiter. On Red River in Arkan-
zas and Texas. My specimens are marked a
N. G. akin to Menispermum in Collins Herba-
rium,

NORTH AMERICAN 9

737. DIDIPLIS Raf. 1833. Calix persistent
campanulate 4fid, segments unequal acute. Co-
rolla none. Stamens 2, filaments exerted, an-
thers rounded, stigmas 2 subsessile. Capsule
globular bilocular polysperm. Leaves oppo-
site, flowers axillary sessile. — A very distinct
Genus blended with Peplis by Nuttal and De-
candole, which has a calix 12fid and 6 stamens!
the Peplis indica with spicate flowers, calix 8
dent. 4 stamens &lc, is also a peculiar Genus
Nexilis Raf. meaning not with 6, while Didi-
plis means two doubling.

738. DiDiPLis LINEARIS Raf. atl, J. and flo-
rula tex. 16 — Peplis diandra Nuttal in Dec.
prodr. — Stem terete ramose, leaves sessile prox-
imate decussate patent linear obtuse uninerve,
flowers sessile solitary axillary. — An aquatic
plant of Red River, Texas and Arkanzas,habit
of Callitriche, leaves narrow elongate uncial,
flowers small green. In Collins Herb, it was
marked a N. G. near Lythrum.

739. DiPHYLEiA CYMOSA Mx. This fine plant
seen by few, is so rare that its existence was
doubted by some of our skeptics, notwithstand-
ing the two fine figures of Michaux. It is a
vernal plant of the Unaka and Cheroki Mts,
where few botanists have dwelt or travelled.
My specimen in Col. Herb, was collected by
Lyons, and is in fruit, the angular stem has only
one leaf 6 inches broad, very angular but hardly
dentate, the cyme is trifid and ramose, berries
subovate obliqual. If it is a deviation it may
be called var. trifida.

740. DISCOPLIS Raf. Dioical, male fl . . .
female fl. calix persistent oval hirsute 4dentate,
ovary sessile sub4gone warty, stigma sessile
large sulcate. Fruit inclosed in calix, indehis-

2

10 NEOBCn.

cent Akena or nut bilocular disperme, outside
compressed discoidal rugose, 2 sides compressed
sulcate, edges echinate, integument thick and
hard, 2 oblong seeds inside. Herbaceous, leaves
opposite, flowers in slefider spikes — a most
singular N. G. with very peculiar fruit, proba-
bly akin to the Euphorbides, or rather Tragi-
DES, but the male flowers are required to ascer-
tain positively the natural affinities, perhaps
even a typical Genus if they have 4 stamens in-
serted on a similar calix. The name means
discus armed.

741. DiscoPLis SERRATA Raf. stem weak
2-3chotome flexuose smooth, leaves remote pe*
tiolate ovate serrate acute ; spikes terminal
filiform, bracts oblong longer than short pedun-
cles. — From South Florida and Cuba, my spe-
cimeUiS one foot high collected by Kin, stem fus-
cate, leaves acute at both ends yet subdeltoid
and even sometime subcordate, some white
hairs scattered above, spikes subracemose naked
slender 3 to 4 inches long, with minute bracts,
flowers small subsessile, the^ lower ones com>-
monly abortive, remote and green, quite hairy.

742. Plantago multinervis Raf. Scapose,
leaves petiolate subpilose broad lanceolate, at-
tenuate at both ends, remotely dentate 9 nerved;
scape longer sulcate hirsute, spike elongate,
flowers scattered or interrupted, flowers smooth,
calix carinate, bracts subequa) ovate acute,
style elongate persistent — found in Florida by
Kin (Col. Herb.) near to PL inierrupta which
differs by entire leaves, with few nerves, shorter
leaves and flowers, short bracts, calix not cari-
nate &/C . , . Here the leaves are 6 to 8 inches
long, nearly 2 broad, spikes 6 to 10 inches long.
Capsule disperme.

NORTH AMERICAN 11

743. Plantago albiflora Raf. scapose,
'leaves petiolate ample ovate, acute at both ends
base repaiid dentate, 7nerved, very smooth ;
scape longer striate subpilose below, spike elon-
gate imbricate, at base subverticillate, flowers
smooth, calix and bracts scariose oblong acute,
style elongate persistent pubescent. — In West
Kentucky and Tennessee, leaves to 8 inches
long 3 to 4 broad, subglaucescent, spike very
long pedal, calix whitish scariose with a green
nerve. Akin to PL cordata but not at all
cordate.

744. Plantago texensis Raf. Scapose, silky
pilose, leaves elongate sessile linear obtuse
hardly trinerve, scapes equal or longer terete,
spike ovate and oblong dense imbricate, bracts
and calix ovate obtuse villose, segments of co-
rolla rounded concave, capsule disperme, seeds
elliptic concave. — A very distinct sp. of Texas
and Arkanzas, leaves semipedal, broader above^
spikes from half inch to two inches long.

745. Plantago linearis Raf Scapose,
leaves sessile linear elongate entire quite smooth
obtuse trinerve rugose ; scape terete pubescent
above, spike oblong dense, bracts linear triple
of flowers, calix oblong obtuse. — In Florida
found by fJaldwin or Kin, nameless in Coll.
•Herb. Perennial as most sp. leaves 2-4 inches
iong, bracts remarkably long, spike short uncial.

746. Plantago globosa Raf. Scapose, leaves
sessile lanceolate uncial, base wooly, entire un-
cial, scapes longer filiform sulcate, spike glo-
bose minute dense, bracts and calix scariose
fulvous ovate acute. — Small, akin to PL indica
and my PL atrofasca, leaves seldom over one
inch, scapes 2 or 3 inches long, spike quite ca-
pitate very small as in PL indica. From South

V2 NEOBOT.

New Jersey to Florida in sandy soil, near Sea
Shores,

747. Plantago amblodes Raf, Scapose,
leaves subsessile uncial oblong cuneate ?rinerve
large obtuse teeth, margin and nerves ciliate ;
sca{3cs hardly longer pubescent angular, spikes
oblong densiflore pubescent, bracts equal ovate
acute — Another small sp. from the banks of
Arkanzas and Yazou Rivers. Some leaves are
subpectinate by elongate teeth.

1 have described above 6 of my most distinct
s[). of this Genus, 2 others Fl. gonophyla and
atrofusca of Illinois are in Atlantic Journal
page 150 ; but I have in my Herbarium a crowd
of other N. Sp. and varieties, some of which are
blended with VI. cordata^ media, lanceolata^
major ^c of our botanists ; when I shall pre-
pare a Monograph of this G. they shall be dis-
tinguished. I have called them P/. elliptical
compressa, crassifolia, undulata, repanda.,
rolundifolia^ riparian longipes, pycnanthes,
paticiflora, pilosa, brevifolia, breviseapis,
erlorhiza, serpentaria, peregrina, balduini.
. 748. LiTTORELLA FLExuosA Raf. This G.
was not deemed American, and this sp. will
form perhaps a N. G. when examined alive ; it
is at least a subgenus, which I call Xamotris
(dwarf raceme) and it differs by calix unequal,
imhricate segments of inner perig. or corolla
also unequal. Habit scapes racemose with-
out bracts. Scapose, leaves cespitose linear

obtuse falcate smooth, base wooly, entire or
with a few scattered gashes, uninerve ; scapes
shorter flexuose racemose pauciflore — Sent me
from Alabama and found in Arkanzas by Nut-
tal. deemed by him a nameless Plantago in Coll.
herb, annual, leaves 1 or 2 inches long narrow,

NORTH AMERICAN 13

scapes with 5 to 7 flowers on long pedicels, ca-
lix lanceolate acute, segments of corolla linear
acute, 3 or 4 as in Littorella, some flowers ge-
minate.

749. RiviNA or Pieiicea acuminata Raf.
Ric. hvis of Mg. and Nut. In Col. Herb, not of
Antilles nearer to hrasiliensis ! — Herbaceous
smooth, stem branched sulcate, leaves ovate
oblong acuminate base rounded, margin subre-
pand ; racemes axillary erect longer than leaves
— From Florida to Arkanzas, 2 or 3 feet high,
leaves 3 inches long thin and petiolate, racemes
4 to 6 inches long, flowers white, sepals of peri-
gone 4 ovatoblong obtuse persistent and green-
ish after anthesis, stamens 4 or isopere as in
the real G. Piercea of Miller, see my fl. tellur.
635, Rivina having 8 or 12 stamens. Habit
like Phytolaca but berries globular one seeded,
types of x\at. Family Rivinidia fl. tel. 634,

750. Rivina or Piercea obliquata Raf
Riv. humilis of some Am. hot. not of Antilles —
Herbaceous nearly smooth stem simple sulcate,
leaves ovatoblong subrepand, base commonly
obliqual, end attenuate obtuse and mucronate,
petiols somewhat pubescent, racemes erect
equal to leaves. — "^ everal sp. have been blend-
ed in R. humilis, this is quite distinct, found in
Florida by Baldwin; a small plant hardly pe-
dal, leaves smaller 1 or 2 inches long, pubes-
cence extendin^f sometimes to nerves and race-
mes, these short with fewer and smaller flow-
ers, sepals of calix linear oblong obtuse whitish,
style elongate, stig. capitate — as our botanists
have mistaken these two plants (they are not in
Elliot) it may be needful to state that the real
R. or P. hufnilis is frutescent quite pubescent,
riot sulcate, with acuminate leaves and larger

14 NEOBOT.

red berries. — While R. or P. levis has stem
terete, leaves not repand marginate of red, and
ilowers redish also with obovate sepals.

751. Pi.U3iBAGo FLORiDANA Raf. (ColHns
herb) stem slender virgate angular, smooth,
leaves minute ovate acute, spike slender base
squamose denudate, flowers terminal few,bracts
ovate reflexed, calix with stipitate glands. —
This G. was not known to be N. American, the
specimen of Collins was collected by Ware in
East Elorida, it is pedal, with small leaves and
flowers less than one inch long.

752. Melothria nigra Raf. 1820, An. nat.
112, M. pendula E. and most of our Authors,
stem, filiform angular trailing, leaves roughish
subreniform Slobed remotely denticulate, petiols
filiform elongate, flowers polygamous and mo-
fioical, peduncles uniflore, in the male multifl.
berries globular smooth, pisiform black, — From
Carolina to Kentucky, trailing 3 to 10 feet,
leaves and flowers small, these yellow. It has
several var. see my Monographs ; but all are
distinct from the M. pendula of Antilles, Lin-
tieus said that sp. grew from C^anada to Jama-
ica, but I never found it in the Northern States,
others have and ascribe to it a red berry, is it
another sp. or the next ? In this the berries are
shining black scarcely larger than a pea,

753. MELOTfiuiA repanda Raf Stem sul-
fate twining, leaves thick roughish cordate 5an-
gular subtrilobe, repand sinuate, teeth obtuse
mucronate, peduncles tmiflore, berries oblong
©liveform smooth. — This is most likely the sp.
of Linneus and many botanists, although L. as-
cribes an oliveform tuberculate berry to his,
petiols shorter than leaves and peduncles, I can-
laot say if the berries are black or red, my spe-

WORTH AMERICAN 15

cimen is from Arkanzas.

754. Melotiiria punctata Raf. stem fili-
form angular, leaves cordate 5angular smooth-
entire or subdentate, thin glaucous with minute
black dots on both sides, petiols equal to leaves
filiform ; peduncles uniflore, berries red elliptic
oliveform smooth — sent me from New Orleans
by Dr, Riddell as the M. pendula, the dots ap-
pear black glands as in Hypericum, berries ap-
parently red in the specimen, shape and size of
a barberry.

755. Melothria pendula (or edulis) L.
Brown, Lunan. Sw, and Antillian Authors. —
Seandent. petiols auriculate or alate, leaves
rough trilobe or triangular subcordate sinuate,
obtuse, fl. polyg. dioical, peduncles uniflore,
berries pendulous ovate black size of a nutmeg.
In Jamaica and the Antilles, totally unlike the
two others, fruit very large eaten when ripe and
pickled unripe says Lunan, probably also in
Florida and cultivated in Louisiana.

756. RIDDELIA Raf. family Cleomides—
calix 5 sepals subequal, petals 5 unequal, sta-
mens filiform short, commonly 5 subequal in-
serted on a flat disk, ovary sessile oblong, stig-
ma sessile obtuse. Pod sessile, linear compres-
sed bivalve polysperme bilocular, partition
contrary to valves, edges thick flattened. Jtru-
tescent, leaves simple stipmate, alternate flow-
ers, extra-axillary solitary. — Another pretty
G. of the family Cleomidia, which now contains
25 at least, (see my reform of it ; ) this is re-
markable by habit and fruit near to the G. Pe-
ri toma, Warea, N. Vodolobiis R. or Stanley a
N. &c but distinct from all these, yet they all
belong to my family of Cleomidks, not a sec-
tion of Capparides. Dedicated to Dr. John

16 NEOBOT.

Riddell who sent it to me from New Orleans as
an unknown G. with several other rare plants,
he is the author of a Western Flora and disco-
verer of many new plants there. If his name
has been employed already, we may substitute
Antiphyla serrata Raf.

757. RiDDELiA ANTIPHYLA Raf. Loaves
smooth lanceolate acute, equaly serrate, petiols
short pubescent, stipules subulate ; peduncles
extraxilary unifl. equal to petiols, sepals colored
linear lanceolate acuminate pubescent, petals
subequal cuneate obtuse, pod divergent strait
equal to leaves — apparently a virgate shrub,
branches fuscate terete rimose, leaves and pods
uncial, almost opposite to each other, flowers
yellow small, stamens 5 or 6, shorter than flow-
ers. Pods fuscate smooth, seeds black com-
pressed squared truncate.

758. Sesuvium verkucosum Raf. prostrate
roughened by warts, leaves thick petiolate obo-
vate and cuneate obtuse entire, flowers axillary
subsessile commonly solitary — a very distinct
sp. with the habit of Portulaca oleracea, but en-
entirely covered with rough tubercules and
warts, when dry of a fulvous glaucous color al 1
over, many branches, leaves small, flowers 1 to
3 in the axils, campanulate, white inside, sta-
mens many, and thus totaly unlike the S. pen-
tandrum of Elliot which is my G. Squihbia
maritima. This sp. was sent me from Arkan-
zas and the Chacta Conntry, where it grows
near streams on the Yazou and Salt River.

759. Spergula falcata Raf. Diffuse de-
cumbent smooth glaucous, leaves linear falcate
acute, base connate, peduncles axillary equal to
internodes and leaves, erect, segments of calix
ovate obtuse equal to petals and capsule, — On

NORTH AMERICAm 17

the banks of the lower Ohio, and Missouri ri-
vers, a small plant extending 3 to 6 inches with
many short branches, leaves 3 lines long.

760. DioNEA sEssiLiFLORA Raf. atl. J. 78.
Petiols winged oblong or cuneate narrow, acute
at both ends, leaves bilobe ; flowers sessile agre-
gate 3 to 5, bracts lanceolate. — The beautiful
G. Dionea is no longer monotype but has devia-
ted sp. 1>. miiscipula the type is quite distinct
from this by petiols broadly obcordate, flowers
corymbose. Seen alive in our gardens as well
as a variety Uniflora, smaller uniflore, with
broader shorter leaves, petiols oblong acute
winged. Both native of Carolina, flowers white
estival, leaves irritable in all. This G. is the
type of a Nat. Family Dionidia different from
Alsinidia by single style.

BORAGINES

761. PuLMONARiA ELLiPTicA R. Icavcs ellip-
tic acute at both ends, the radical on very long
petiols, upper ovate ; flowers axillary peduncu-
late nodding, calix with short segments lanceo-
late acute. — In the Apalachian Mts. of Virginia
and Carolina, stem smooth branched bipedal,
flowers blue and small.

762. LiTHosPERiviTJivi GRAciLE Raf. annual,
silky villose, stem slender erect virgate naked
below, leaves petiolate linear acute adpressed,
flowers terminal subsessile, tube of corolla
longer than calix, segments of corolla oblong
obtuse. — A very striking sp. sent me from Ala-
bama and found on Red River Arkanzas and
Texas by Nuttal in Collins herb, where noted
as perhaps a N. G. but I see no difference, un-
less the fruit be different, the corolla is realy
funnel shape, but the lobes deeper or longer.
Stem semipedal nearly simple, leaves uncial

3

18 NEOBOT.

sometimes revolute on the margin, flowers ter-
minal axillary white and small.

763. LiTHosPERMUM STRiGosuM Raf, quitc
warty strigose, leaves sessile ovatoblong, fl. ax-
ilary sessile, calix lanceolate rugose verrucose
strigose, seeds fuscate obovate. — In Florida,
found by Kin, my specimen is only in seed, pe-
dal covered all over with white warts ending in
a white rigid hair forming a great roughness,
leaves uncial rigid, calix large unequal.

701. LiTHOSFERMUM CUSPIDATUM Raf. Stcm

erect ramose sulcate hirsute, hairs spreading,
leaves linear lanceolate cuspidate rugose ciliolate
hirsute rough ; flowers axillary solitary, subses-
sile, seeds smooth lucid ovate fulvous not punc-
tate. — In Alabama and Georgia, pedal, leaves
uncial narrow, branches short erect angular.
Very different from L. angusti folium Mx.

765. LiTHosPERMUM ciLiATUM Raf. annual
erect subdichotome above, hardly hispid, leaves
sessile linear obtuse ciliate, flowers axillary sub-
sessile, segments of calix linear ciliate as long
as corolla. — Found by Hart on Red River and
by Drumond in Texas, semipedal slender few
leaves, flowers subracemose.

766. LiTHOSFERMUM FLORiDANUM Raf. an-
nual erect ramose canescent, hairs adpressed,
stem terete, leaves linear lanceolate acute, flow-
ers subracemose, calix equal to tube of corolla,
seeds pilose. — In Florida much branched, leaves
rather lax patent, linear on the branches, flow-
ers chiefly pedunculate, but some sessile, with
or without bracts, segments of calix more une-
qual than usual, lobes of corolla obovate, seeds
yellow pilose globular.

I have thus added 5 sp. to this G. which had
already 7 in Eaton, but some of these do not be-

NORTH A.VIERICAN 19

long to the Genus, the L. latifoUum forms my
G. Cyphorlma 1819 having 5 pits outside' of
the mouth of corolla, with 5 corresponding knobs
inside.

707. Batschia albiflora Raf. annual, glau-
cous, hairs all over white adpressed, stem sim-
ple, leaves petiolate ovate acute, flowers few
terminal, tube of corolla equal to calix. limb
campanulate large plicate hardly lobed. — On
the River Arkanzas on sand bars found by
Nuttal, deemed a N, G. but quite like Batschia
although habit a little different and corolla less
lobed, if a subgenus it may be called Onokiles
a Grecian name of Anchusa. Pedal, first leaves
opposite, small hardly uncial, flowers few large.

768. Lvcorsis ? axillaris Raf stem flexu-
ose angular, leaves sessile linear lanceolate
slightly scabrous and pubescent, flowers axillary
sessile, calix villose tomentose canescent —
Found in Florida by Mr. Ware, marked a Ly-
copsis in Coll, herb, but habit rather of Litho-
spermum, small plant, leaves elongate, over one
inch long. Very different from L. vlrginica^

0?,IBELLIFEROUS FLAJVTS.

7G9, MESODISCUS Raf dioical involucre
1 or none,involucels 2, male fl. with a thick len-
ticular disk convex central, no calix ! no style I
petals 5 obcordato, stamens 5 equal to petals,
anthers globose bilobe, female fl. and seeds un-
known .... Leaves commonly ternate, flow-
ers icldte. — Very singular Genus, perfectly di-
oical, which appears a paradox in this family of
plants: several G. however are polygamous.
Although the fruit is lacking yet this Genus ap-
pears perfectly distinct and unlike any other
except the next. I have 2 sp. of it, one of
which is anomalous again by a triple compound
umbel.

fO NEOBOT.

770. Mesodiscus simplex Raf. stem terete
solid base subangular few leaved, leaves remote,
petiols angular, folioles 3 entire oblong or lan-
ceol. acute, middle one acuminate; umbel single
involucre none, involucels 2 setaceous, 7 umbel-
lules 9-12flore, pedicels unequal, petals obcor-
date concave. — Sent me from Alabama, stem
slender pedal or more, folioles uncial, last leaf
a single linear foliole remote from umbel, flow-
ers quite white. — Var. major has stem bipedal,
the lower leaf with 5 folioles.

771. Mesodiscus proliferus Raf. stem te-
rete solid, leaves remote, petiols carinate, foli-
oles 3 or .5 lanceolate entire very acute, some-
times falcate : umbel thrice compound, first in-
volucre with 5 linear folioles, second involucres
none or one linear, commonly 5 umbellules,
7-15flore, involucels 21inear, petals flat obovate
scarcely obcordate. — Also from Alabama,leaves
gometimes with only 2 folioles, the lower have
5 subpinnate. Quite smooth and with white
flowers like the last : the triple umbel is a great
anomaly.

772. ^^ AT ARIA R. ombelif. polygamous.
Involucre none or 1 or 2 minute, involuces 3-6
subulate. Calix minute 5toothed petals equal
round obcordate incurved, 5short stamens, disk
almost conical, 2 short styles divaricate. Seeds
elliptic flat and thin, 5 striated, convexely in-
curved, surrounded by a thick fungose white
margin over both seeds. Leaves ternate, flow-
ers ocliroleucons — united to Peucedanon by
Nuttal (who did not see the perfect flowers)
which differs by petals oblong, seeds oval wing-
ed around, flowers yellow «^'C. Sataria was an
ancient name of Peucedanon. A few male
flowers are mixt in umbels.

NORTH AMERICAN HI

773. Sataria LINEARIS R.